Effect Of Acid Treatment Research Articles

Protective role of ellagic acid and taurine against fluoxetine induced hepatotoxic effects on biochemical and oxidative stress parameters, histopathological changes, and gene expressions of IL-1β, NF-κB, and TNF-α in male Wistar rats

PurposesHepatic bioactivation of fluoxetine (FXN) could increase free radicals' generation provoking hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the protective effects of ellagic acid (EA) and taurine (TAU) treatments against fluoxetine-induced liver damage in rats were examined. Materials and methodsSixty four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 8 groups (n = 8). Group (1) Control, group (2) FXN, group (3) FXN + EA, group (4) FXN + TAU, group (5) FXN + EA + TAU, group (6) EA, group (7) TAU, and group (8) EA + TAU. Then, the serum and tissue parameters of the oxidative stress were examined. Key findingsFXN significantly raised serum MDA, protein carbonyl, lipid profile, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, serum IL-1β; and gene expressions of IL-1β, NF-κB, and TNF-α. Moreover, it significantly decreased HDL-C, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), catalase activity, vitamin C, and SOD activity in the liver compared to group 1. When compared to group 2, EA and TAU treatment dramatically increased antioxidant capacity and lowered hepatotoxic biochemical markers and cellular inflammation. Results also showed a protective effect of treatment against oxidative damage caused by hepatocytes' cytoarchitecture. SignificanceOur study concluded the beneficial effects of EA and TAU on FXN-induced hepatotoxicity. These effects were derived from free radical scavenging properties and the anti-inflammatory effects related to IL-1β, NF-κB, and TNF-α gene expression inhibition.

Comparison the Effect of Bromelain Enzyme, Phosphoric Acid, and Polyacrylic Acid Treatment on Microleakage of Composite and Glass Ionomer Restorations.

Resin modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) shows low microleakage values. Bromelain enzyme is a deproteinizing agent with an anti-inflammatory effect in human body.Efective cavity treatment is an important factor in reduction of microleakage. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the deproteinizing aspect of 10% bromelain enzyme on the microleakage of RMGIC and composite restorations. In this experimental study, 40 non-carious extracted human molar teeth were categorized in eight experimental groups (n=5). Standard class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth (n=10). The specimen were classified as Group 1, in which 20% polyacrylic acid (PAA) was applied on the teeth then treated with 10% bromelain enzyme; Group 2: 10% bromelain enzyme was applied; Group 3: 10% bromelain enzyme was applied and then treated with polyacrylic acid; Group 4: 20% polyacrylic acid was applied. Groups1 to 4 were restored with RMGIC (Fuji II LC, GC, Japan). Group 5: etched by 37% phosphoric acid and then treated by 10% bromelain; Group 6: 10% bromelain enzyme was applied without etching; Group 7: teeth were deproteinized with 10% bromelain enzyme and then etched with 37% phosphoric acid; and Group 8: cavities were etched with 37% phosphoric acid. In the groups 5 to 8, Adper single bond (3M, ESPE, USA) and filled with composite resin Z350 (3M, ESPE, USA). After thermocycling, the teeth were sectioned. Microleakage scores were measured using stereomicroscope (40×). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for data analysis. (p< 0.05). Statistical analysis did not show any significant difference in occlusal and gingival margin microleakage in glass ionomer groups (1-4) (occlusal p= 0.218, gingival p= 0.192). Kruskal-Wallis revealed significant difference in occlusal and gingival margin microleakage of Groups 5 to 8 (occlusal p= 0.006 and gingival p= 0.00). Group 5 demonstrated the lowest occlusal microleakage (occlusal mean=0.00). Applying bromelain or polyacrylic acid did not affect the microleakage of glass ionomer filling. Due to the antinflamatory effects of bromelain, we suggest using it instead of PAA. Pretreatment of 10% bromelain enzyme after phosphoric acid significantly decreased microleakage in the occlusal and gingival margin of composite filling.

Matrix acidizing is a good stimulation process in which acid is introduced into the reservoir near the wellbore area via the wellbore or coil tubing. In the oil industry, formation damage is a prevalent problem. Bypassing wellbore damage by producing wormholes in carbonate reservoirs is the main purpose of acidizing the matrix of the formation. When doing lab tests, scientists

Matrix acidizing is a good stimulation process in which acid is introduced into the reservoir near the wellbore area via the wellbore or coil tubing. In the oil industry, formation damage is a prevalent problem. Bypassing wellbore damage by producing wormholes in carbonate reservoirs is the main purpose of acidizing the matrix of the formation. When doing lab tests, scientists are looking for a wormhole-inducing injection rate that can be used in the field. Meantime the ongoing works on the Ahdeb oil field's Mishrif reservoir, several reports have documented the difficulties encountered during stimulation operations, including high injection pressures that make it difficult to inject acid into the reservoir formation; and only a few acid jobs have been successful in Ahdeb oil wells, while the majority of the others have been failures; For this formation, there is a high incidence of oil well stimulation failed. This requires more study. Thus, in this work, we experimented to examine the effect of acid treatment on the petrophysical parameters of the Mishrif reservoir. The acid core-flood tests used seven core samples from a central Iraqi oil field.

Effect of acid treatment on the physico-chemical properties of Nafion 117 membrane

In this work, the effect on the physico-chemical properties of Nafion 117 membrane due to the treatment with HCl, H2SO4 and HNO3 was studied. Water uptake, crystallinity, proton conductivity and water dynamics were evaluated on treated and non-treated membranes. An increase in the water uptake and conductivity and a decrease in the crystallinity were observed in treated membranes in comparison with the untreated one. The water dynamics, studied by spin-spin NMR relaxometry, suggests that treated membranes have a more uniform channel size distribution. The treatment with HCl and HNO3 showed higher conductivity and water uptake than H2SO4.

Effect of acetic acid treatments and storage on the quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds

Seedborne fungi negatively affect the quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds and they are impact on their storability. Using the acetic acid can be an alternative to chemical treatment. Seeds were soaked for 30 minutes in a solution of acetic acid at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 2%. Untreated seeds, seeds soaked for 30 minutes with distilled water and seeds treated with Dithane NeoTec 75 were controls. Seeds germination, vigour and seed health before and after 18 months of storage at 4 and 20 °C were tested. Before storage the acetic acid solution at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5% significantly decreased number of dead seeds and increased germination at first and final counts, 2.0% solution worsened germination and vigour of seeds of both samples. Generally acetic acid solutions limited occurrence of fungi. Seeds stored at a lower temperature (4 °C) were characterized by significantly higher percentages of total germinating seeds (Gmax) and percentage of germination at first and final counts. Deterioration of the germination at first and final counts was found only after soaking the seeds in acetic acid solution at a concentration of 2%. Acetic acid solutions at concentration 0.5 and 2.0% effectively reduced occurrence of Alternaria alternata.

Boosting the VOCs purification over high-performance α-MnO2 separated from spent lithium-ion battery: Synergistic effect of metal doping and acid treatment

Spent lithium-ion batteries and VOCs both pose a significant threat to the environment and human health. In this work, a series of high-performance α-MnO2 catalysts with metal dopant and acid treatment are synthesized from acid leaching solution of cathode materials, which were separated from spent lithium-ion manganese battery (SLMB). Compared with pure α-MnO2, all SLMB-MnO2 (α-MnO2 prepared from SLMB) exhibit better catalytic activities of VOCs oxidation. Among them, SLMB-MnO2-2, with a molar ratio value of KMnO4 to Mn2+ of 2, exhibits the best catalytic activity (T90 = 224 °C and 297 °C for toluene and chlorobenzene oxidation, respectively). By comparison of their physicochemical properties, it can be found that SLMB-MnO2-2 possesses a larger specific surface and abundant mesopores, better redox ability at low temperature, much more generation of oxygen vacancies, and abundant adsorbed oxygen species. Moreover, the suitable dopant of copper and appropriate concentration of acid treatment play a synergistic role in enhancing the catalytic performance of VOCs oxidation on SLMB-MnO2-2. Furthermore, combined with in-situ DRIFTS and TD/GC–MS, the catalytic mechanism of toluene oxidation is explored on SLMB-MnO2-2.

Effects of elemental doping, acid treatment, and passivation on the fluorescence intensity and emission behavior of yellow fluorescence carbon dots

Hydrothermal methods are commonly used to synthesize carbon dots (CDs), but the synthesized CDs have the disadvantage of low quantum yields. In this paper, we used acid treatment, elemental doping, and passivation to treat the CDs, which could increase the quantum yield from 36% to 42%, 61% and 68%, respectively, and the doping and passivation treatments resulted in red-shifted and blue-shifted emission behavior of the CDs. The optical properties, morphology and chemical structure of CDs are analyzed to investigate the reasons for the quantum yield increase and the mechanism of excitation dependent emission (EDE) and excitation independent emission (EIE). The increase of quantum yield is mainly due to the increase of pyridine N content. The different optical behaviors depend mainly on the surface states of CDs. C–OH and C–O–C can create new energy levels leading to the appearance of EDE properties. C=O is an electron-absorbing group that weakens the conjugation effect leading to blue shift.

The effect of oxalic acid and NaOH treatments on the character of Wonosari natural zeolite as Ni, Cu, and Zn metal support catalyst for hydrocracking of castor oil

The effect of oxalic acid and NaOH treatments on the character of Wonosari natural zeolite as Ni, Cu, and Zn metal support catalyst for hydrocracking of castor oil

Synthesis of Zeolite from Waste Concrete Powder

This study investigated the conditions for zeolite synthesis from waste concrete powder (WCP) using the hydrothermal synthesis method. The WCP was prepared by milling the waste concrete using pot mill equipment. The synthesis conditions, i.e., the heating time, heating temperature, and NaOH solution concentration were varied. Furthermore, hydrochloric acid-treated WCP (WCP-HCl), which is removed the calcium component, was prepared to examine the effectiveness of acid treatment in the zeolite synthesis. The zeolite synthesis was investigated using X ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analcime-type zeolite was synthesized using WCP and WCP-HCl. The requirements of synthesis conditions for analcime were as follows: heating time above 12 h, heating temperature above 433 K, and NaOH solution concentration above 2 mol/L. With a progressive increase in the concentration of the NaOH solution from 5 to 7 mol/L, analcime could be synthesized at NaOH concentrations below 4 mol/L, while cancrinite was synthesized at NaOH concentrations exceeding 5 mol/L. The peak intensity of analcime and cancrinite of WCP-HCl showed high value in comparison to the WCP. Thus, the effectiveness of the HCl treatment of WCP was confirmed from the XRD patterns.

Salicylic Acid Treatment Reduces Lipid Peroxidation and Chlorophyll Degradation and Preserves Quality Attributes of Pointed Gourd Fruit

The marketability of pointed gourd fruit is drastically reduced after harvest due to moisture loss, chlorophyll degradation, yellowing of the skin, and shriveling. The present investigation studied the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) treatment on senescence and fruit quality attributes of pointed gourd during storage under ambient conditions. Fruits were treated by immersing them in different concentrations of SA (1.0 mM, 2.0 mM, and 3.0 mM) and distilled water (control) for 5 minutes. The investigation showed beneficial effects of 3.0 mM SA treatment in lowering weight loss (16.8%), maintaining higher chlorophyll (32.8%) in the skin, and reducing lipid peroxidation (20.2%) compared to the control. SA (3.0 mM)-treated fruits retained 15.3% higher ascorbic acid and about 18% higher total phenol, flavonoids, and radical scavenging activity over pointed gourd fruits in the control group. However, significant difference in the total antioxidant capacity after 6 days of storage was not noted between SA-treated and control fruit. Thus, postharvest salicylic acid treatment can beneficially be used to extend marketability and delay quality deterioration of pointed gourd fruits stored under ambient conditions.

Highly selective separation of eucalyptus hemicellulose by salicylic acid treatment with both aromatic and hydroxy acids

Aromatic and hydroxyl acid treatments demonstrate their respective characteristics for the separation of lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, the effect of salicylic acid (SA-A) treatment on the separation of eucalyptus components with both aromatic and hydroxyl acid properties was analyzed. The optimal conditions were SA-A concentration 9.0%, reaction temperature 140 °C and time 75 min. The separation yield of xylose was 85.93%. The separation of cellulose and lignin was inhibited by SA-A treatment in contrast to the separation by glycolic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid treatment. Moreover, SA-A treatment resulted in a larger fiber crystallinity index and higher thermal stability. The SA-A-treated samples contained lignin that was rich in β-O-4 and hydroxyl groups. The degradation and condensation of lignin was inhibited. The selectivity of aromatic acids for separating hemicellulose and protecting the lignin structure using hydroxy acids was demonstrated. Thus, new and efficient organic acid treatments can be developed.

Impacts of salicylic acid, chitosan, and salicyloyl chitosan on quality preservation and microbial load reduction in strawberry fruits during cold storage

The effects of salicylic acid (SA), chitosan (CS), and salicyloyl chitosan (SCS) treatments on quality and microbial load of strawberry fruits cv. Parous were investigated during storage at 4°C. Fruit decay and microbial load were alleviated by the SCS treatment more compared to the SA and CS treatments alone, although there was no significant difference among the two concentrations of SCS (0.15% and 0.3%). Furthermore, SCS-treated fruits had significantly higher antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and antocyanins than those treated with SA and CS. The results also showed that, SCS treatment maintained better firmness, soluble solid contents, titratable acidity, and L-ascorbic acid contents and inhibited the increase in weight loss, fruit decay, and microbial populations of strawberries stored at 4°C for 15 days. Our findings suggested that SCS has great potential of fruit preservation as an edible coating material for strawberries. Novelty impact statement This is the first report which has demonstrated a synergistic effect between SA and CS when they used together as an edible film to preserve the quality and prevent decay of strawberry fruit during cold storage. On the other hand, strawberry fruit treated with salicylic acid conjugated to chitosan has not only alleviated microbial load even more but also has positive impact on fruit storability as well as nutritional value, which was the novelty of the present work. Also, due to lack of attaching ability of SA to fruits surface, its protective effects are not sustained, but CS exhibits superior adhesive attribute, so that modification in chemical structure of CS by introducing SA into the polymer backbone may render excellent microbial activity.

Planktonic Growth and Biofilm Formation by Providencia rettgeri and Subsequent Effect of Tannic Acid Treatment under Food-Related Environmental Stress Conditions

Providencia rettgeri is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen with a strong biofilm-forming ability in low-nutrition environments. However, information regarding the impact of simulated food processing conditions on P. rettgeri planktonic growth and biofilm formation is limited. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the combined effects of temperature (19 to 37°C), pH (5 to 9), and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration (0.50 to 2.0%, w/v) were applied to construct planktonic growth and biofilm formation models for P. rettgeri. For both RSM models, an increase in NaCl concentration restricted P. rettgeri growth. Planktonic growth and biofilm formation were maximum at 27.83 and 25.41°C, respectively. Tannic acid (TA) is a highly effective antibacterial agent that inhibited planktonic and biofilm P. rettgeri under optimal growth conditions. The viability of P. rettgeri cells was decreased by TA treatment, which caused destruction of the cell membrane and production of endogenous reactive oxygen species. TA significantly inactivated P. rettgeri biofilms, as verified by observation. The obtained models in this study may be useful for describing the impact of temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration on the growth by P. rettgeri in the food processing environment and better understanding the impacts of food-related conditions on bacterial planktonic growth and biofilm formation. These results obtained for P. rettgeri planktonic cells and biofilms can provide a framework for removal strategies for other foodborne pathogens.

The Effect of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) Treatment on Pregnancy Outcomes and Uterine Artery Function in a Rat Model of Advanced Maternal Age

IntroductionAdvanced maternal age (AMA; ≥35 years) increases the risk of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as fetal growth restriction. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress have been linked to vascular dysfunction (i.e. reduced nitric oxide [NO] &amp; increased endothelin‐1 [ET‐1] levels) in aging. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an ER and oxidative stress inhibitor and has been shown to improve embryo development in vitro. However, whether treatment with TUDCA can help improve uterine vascular function and pregnancy outcomes in AMA has not been investigated. We hypothesize that TUDCA treatment will improve pregnancy outcomes and vascular function in a rat model of AMA.MethodsYoung (4 months) and aged (9.5 months of age; ~35 years in humans) pregnant control or TUDCA‐treated rats were studied on gestational day 20 (term=22 days). Following euthanasia, pregnancy outcomes (litter size, resorption sites, fetal weight, and placental weight) were recorded, and main uterine arteries were isolated. Endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation to methacholine (MCh) was assessed by wire myography in the presence/absence of pan NO synthase inhibitor (L‐NAME). In addition, big‐endothelin‐1 (bET‐1) vasoconstriction responses were evaluated, in the presence/absence of endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitor (CGS). Data summarized as maximum vasodilation response (Emax) and analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with Sidak’s post‐test, p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.ResultsFetal body weights were reduced in AMA control rats compared to young dams (p&lt;0.017), while TUDCA treatment tended to increase fetal body weight in AMA rats (p=0.067); TUDCA did not affect fetal body weight in the young dams. Placental weights, litter size and number of resorptions were similar in all the groups. The maximum relaxation (Emax) to MCh was impaired in the AMA dams compared to young dam (p=0.047), and this reduced relaxation was not evident in the TUDCA treated AMA dams. Ex vivo treatment with L‐ NAME showed an increased contribution of NO in young TUDCA treated rats (ΔEmax [differences in Emax]; p=0.043) compared to young control rats but not in AMA rats. Ex vivo treatment with CGS demonstrated reduced ECE conversion in young TUDCA treated rats (Emax; p&lt;0.001), while CGS had no effect in the young control dams or both AMA groups.ConclusionOur study assessed TUDCA as an intervention to improve the pregnancy outcomes in a rat model of AMA. An increased fetal body weight suggests a beneficial effect of TUDCA in AMA pregnancies. However, contrary to our hypothesis, in young dams, TUDCA increased NO contribution and reduced ECE effect, but did not affect uterine artery function in AMA dams. Nevertheless, TUDCA has the potential to improve pregnancy outcomes in complicated pregnancies, but further studies are warranted.

Effect of Acid or Laser Treatment on Degradation of Dentin Matrix

Effect of Acid or Laser Treatment on Degradation of Dentin Matrix

Construction of Ti-containing zeolite with highly enhanced catalytic activity by active species surface implanting strategy

Herein, highly efficient Ti-containing zeolite catalyst (Ti/Al-HSZ) has been prepared by an active catalysis species surface implanting strategy (ACS-SIS) through the combination of precedent acid treatment and subsequent recrystallization. Compared with commercial titanosilicate zeolite catalysts and Ti-HSZ catalyst synthesized by one-step method, Ti/Al-HSZ-c-3.5d-AT catalyst presents highly enhanced catalytic activity and turnover number values in the epoxidation of linear and cycloalkenes by using 30% H2O2 as oxygen agent under mild reaction conditions. Particularly for the conversion of bulky linear alkene and cycloalkene (1-dodecene and cycloheptene), the catalytic activity of Ti/Al-HSZ-4M‐3.5d‐AT can attained more than three times than that over Ti-HSZ-3.5d-AT. Based on systematical comparison and analysis, on one hand, the excellent catalytic performance of Ti/Al-HSZ is ascribed to its unique hollownest morphology that acts as ideal reaction space by providing with plenty of hierarchical porous structure and high external surface, which is beneficial for the diffusion and mass transfer of bulky substrate. On the other hand, the high content of active open Ti species locating on the surface of catalyst is particularly beneficial for the formation of transition state to accelerate the epoxidation reaction. Not only the Ti source utilization rate but also the Tiopen incorporated rate of Ti/Al-HSZ-4M‐3.5d‐AT prepared by ACS-SIS is much higher than that of Ti-HSZ prepared by one-step hydrothermal synthesis route. The effects of acid treatment and recrystallization on the zeolite framework, morphology, chemical composition, and Ti coordination states have been thoroughly discussed. The ACS-SIS is believed to be an effective route to construct excellent solid heterogeneous catalyst to meet the urgent need of green chemistry for sustainable development.

Gibberellic acid inhibited chlorophyll degradation in post-harvest okras

Degreening or yellowing caused by rapid chlorophyll (Chl) degradation is a characteristic event during maturation or senescence in green plant organs. In our present study, the effect of gibberellic acid (GA) treatment on Chl content and shelf life in postharvest okras was investigated. Our results indicated that GA treatment could postpone fruit senescence and Chl degradation in okras during storage. Meanwhile, GA treatment also down-regulated the expressions of genes such as AeNYC, AeNOL, AeSGR, AePAO, AeCLH, AeRCCR, AePPH and AeHCAR involved in Chl degradation. Moreover, the down-regulation of transcript abundances of four candidate ERF transcription factors (TFs), preliminarily screened from the okra transcriptome database, was also observed in GA-treated okras. In conclusion, GA had a positive effect on maintaining chlorophyll content and fruit quality of okras after harvest, due to its negative regulation on Chl degradation genes and probably the candidate ERF TFs.

Effects of Acid Treatment on the Recovery of Outdated Resin-Impregnated Composite Fibers

Effects of Acid Treatment on the Recovery of Outdated Resin-Impregnated Composite Fibers

Effects of 1‐methylcyclopropene and abscisic acid treatments on texture properties and microstructures of postharvest tangerine ( Citrus reticulata cv. Orah)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of 1-methylcyclopropylene (1-MCP) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments on the postharvest tangerine variety Orah. The whole fruit was treated separately with 0.6 μl/L 1-methylcyclopropylene and 20 mg/L abscisic acid. The fruit was subjected to texture analysis, whereas fruit peel was obtained for microstructure observation. Correlation and principal component analyses showed that 1-MCP treatment could maintain a good peel texture. ABA treatment accelerated fruit senescence and caused the deterioration of the textural properties of the fruit. The data showed that 1-MCP treatment maintained the integrity and compactness of the peel structure. The peel of the fruit treated with 1-methylcyclopropylene also had a uniform thickness after storing at ambient temperature for 20 days. The peel tissue of fruit treated with ABA was more prone to collapse and structural disorder. These findings suggested that 1-methylcyclopropylene treatment was an effective way to prevent the deterioration of Orah tangerines. Novelty impact statement This study compared the effect of 1-methylcyclopropylene (1-MCP) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments on the postharvest tangerine variety Orah. The changes in texture and ultrastructure of the Orah tangerine during the postharvest storage were the first studied tangerine variety. 1-MCP maintained the texture characteristic and delayed softening of the Orah tangerine, whereas ABA treatment accelerated the fruit ripening and senescence.

Effects of acid treatment and plasma micromachining on the surface properties of carbon fibers

The effects of strong acid and weak acid treatment on the carbon cloth (CC) surface assisted by plasma micromachining are investigated in terms of the morphology, chemical composition, and surface free energy. Different surface properties are observed and protein adsorption is investigated to assess the biocompatibility. The combined plasma and acetic acid treatment leads to more surface oxidation due to the large number of carboxyl groups on the CC surface and surface energy increase by 18.6 times. Since the effects of acetic acid are relatively mild, few morphological changes are found, but protein adsorption decreases by about 30% after the surface treatment compared to the untreated CC. The combination of plasma and weak acid treatment is not only simple and convenient, but also very effective in controlling protein adsorption on biomedical carbon cloth.