Effects Of Various Types Research Articles

Effects of Educational Interventions in Facilitating Mammography Screening Among Asian American Women: A Meta-Analysis.

This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of various types of educational interventions on increasing breast cancer screening uptake among Asian American women. Web of Science, MEDLINE®, PubMed®, and Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials published from 2010 to 2020 of interventions developed to promote mammography uptake among Asian American women. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled effect sizes using relative risk measures. A funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. Seven studies were included in this review. Educational interventions identified were primarily culturally sensitive approaches combined with access-enhancing, individually tailored, or group-based approaches. The interventions were effective at increasing the receipt of mammography. This review provides insight into the importance of combining other approaches with educational interventions to increase their effectiveness for Asian American women. Future interventions can incorporate various approaches to enhance the ability of Asian American women to overcome barriers to breast cancer screening.

The influence of inoculum types on the chemical characteristics and b-glucan content of tempe gembus

Abstract. Rizal S, Kustyawati ME, Murhadi, Amin M. 2023. The influence of inoculum types on the chemical characteristics and b-glucan content of tempe gembus. Biodiversitas 24: 793-798. Tempe gembus is a type of tempe which is made by fermenting tofu dregs with Rhizopus oligosporus. Tempe gembus has lower nutritional value than soybean tempe. Adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae to manufacture tempe gembus is expected to increase the added value of tempe gembus. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various types of inoculums on the chemical properties and b-glucan content of tempe gembus. The study used a completely randomized block design (RBD) with 3 repetitions and 7 types of inoculums: commercial tempe inoculum (RAPRIMA) (T1), S. cerevisiae (T2), R. oligosporus (T3), commercial tempe inoculum (RAPRIMA) + commercial yeast (Fermipan) (T4), commercial tempe inoculum (RAPRIMA) + S. cerevisiae (T5), R. oligosporus + Fermipan (T6), and R. oligosporus + S. cerevisiae (T7). Tempe gembus produced was analyzed for the content of fat, protein, ash, water, carbohydrates, and b-glucan. The data obtained was analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA and the Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test. The results showed that the type of tempe inoculum increased the levels of protein, ash, water and b-glucan but decreased the levels of fat and carbohydrates in tempe gembus. A mixture of R. oligosporus and S. cerevisiae produced the best tempe gembus containing 0.69% ?-glucan, 6.98% protein, 0.48% ash, 83.98% water, 8.12% carbohydrates and 0.47% fat.

Multiplying <i>in vitro</i> plantlets of virus-free pre-basic potato under greenhouse conditions

Relevance. The survival and reproductive rates of mini-tubers obtained from in vitro potato plantlets were observed to increase under greenhouse conditions. This increase was diagrammed based on the experimental data. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of various types of bio-soils on the multiplication factor of mini-potatoes in vitro at the stage of original seed production in protected ground conditions.Materials and methods. The research was conducted in FSBSI “Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki” (Timiryazevsky settlement, Ussuriysk urban district, Primorsky kray) in 2021.In vitroplantlets of four potato varieties from different maturity groups were used as the research object: Meteor (early), Sante (medium early), Dachnyi (mid-season), and Smak (medium late). These potato varieties were admitted to use in the 12th (Far Eastern) region. The experiments were carried out in a 260 m2 greenhouse during spring and summer. Five variants of potting soil were studied. An agrochemical analysis of the soil mixtures was performed in the Laboratory of Agrochemical Analyses according to generally accepted methods. The reproductive rate of a variety was calculated from the number of survived plants in vials: the total reproductive rate and the reproductive rate of standard tubers (according to GOST 33996-2016). For this purpose, potato sizing squares and the visual method for the rejection of defective material were implemented.Results. Three out of five studied soil mixtures were determined to be effective for four potato varieties used in the experiments: a) 70% peat, 20% biocompost, and 10% vermiculite; b) 60% peat, 30% humus, and 10% sand; c) 60% peat, 20% humus, 10% humus from seaweeds, and 10% vermiculite.

Effectiveness of written corrective feedback in developing L2 accuracy: A Bayesian meta-analysis

Corrective feedback on second language (L2) writing has remained one of the most heavily studied areas in applied linguistics, yet clear guidance for practitioners about how to provide it most effectively remains limited. Previous studies have meta-analysed written corrective feedback (WCF) research revealing conflicting findings in how WCF affects development in L2 writers’ accuracy over time. This study provides a needed update in light of a recent increase in (quasi)experimental WCF studies. It features several methodological advances by introducing a Bayesian approach to conducting a meta-analysis, which provides a more valid picture of the generalizable effects. The analysis allows distinction – for the first time at a meta-analytic level – between short-, medium-, and long-term effects of WCF. Results aggregate data from an initial 52 primary studies that utilized control groups revealing robust evidence of the durability of moderate effectiveness of WCF over time and deeper insight into the relative effectiveness of various types of WCF (e.g. direct, indirect, metalinguistic – all yielding similar effect sizes) across research contexts, writing task types, target error types, and instructional characteristics. We conclude with recommendations to help continue methodological advances in this domain.

PENGARUH BERBAGAI JENIS DAN TAKARAN PUPUK HIJAU TERHADAP PRODUKSI TANAMAN KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogaea L.) LOKAL MUNA

This study aims to determine the effect of various types and doses of green manure on the production of local Muna peanut plants and to determine the treatment that gives the best response to the production of local Muna peanut plants. This research was carried out at the Field Laboratory of Experimental Gardens II, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari. Taking place from October 2021 to February 2022. This study used a two-factor Randomized Block Design (RDB), the first types of green manure kirinyu (H1), Colopogonium (H2) and gamal (H3). The second factor was the fertilizer dose consisting of 0 t ha-1 (T0), 7,5 t ha-1 (T1), 15 t ha-1 (T2) and 22,5 t ha-1 (T3), so there are 12 treatment combinations and repeated 3 times. The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance and further tested using the honest real difference test. The results showed that the interaction of various types and doses of green manure had a very significant effect on the number of filled pods, weight of filled pods, the percentage of filled pods and pod production, but gave an insignificant interaction effect on the number of productive branches. The combination of types and doses of kirinyu green manure 22,5 t ha-1 (H3T3) gave the best response to increasing the production of local peanut plants in Muna.

Stimulus-Responsive Zwitterionic Prodrug Delivery System with Sustained Release of Hydrogen Sulfide for Protective Aortic Dissection.

Aortic dissection (AD) is one of the most frequent types of aortic disease with extremely poor prognosis. The biological signaling gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has exhibited protective effects in various types of cardiovascular diseases. However, as a toxic, colorless gas, the application of H2S is immensely hampered due to the lack of ideal donors. In this article, a drug delivery system with a H2S donor has been prepared. Meanwhile, the donor could be deposed in a cysteine-containing environment to generate H2S. The results indicate that the H2S donor polymer nanomicelles mitigated the processive transformation of smooth muscle cells effectively in a proper concentration range, which may play a protective role in aortic dissection. In animal experiments, the sustained-release H2S donor stimulated in the presence of cysteine was found to demonstrate beneficial effects in a murine model of aortic dissection and would likely become a potential target of H2S therapy for cardiovascular diseases.

The Effectiveness of Various Types of Local Hydromacrophytes on The Phytoremediation Process of Catfish Pond Wastewater using a Batch Culture System

This study aimed to determine the effectivity of various types of local hydromacrophytes on the remediation of wastewater from catfish culture ponds in Gondosuli village, Gondang, Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia, using a batch culture system. This experiment used a completely random design and was conducted in the glasshouse. The batch culture system was conducted in a 30 L tank containing sand and gravel as the medium for hydromacrophytes. This research consisted of five treatments (emer-gent, submerged, floating leaf, polyculture of 3 types of hydromacrophytes, and control without hydro macrophytes). This study was repeated three times at the same time. The effectiveness of the phytoremediation model was monitored using indicators of water physicochemical parameters and the biotic index of phytoplankton.The biotic indices were used the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of phytoplankton and the diatom biotic index (Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) and Percentage of Pollution Toler-ant Value (%PTV)). After giving the treatment, monitoring was carried out on days 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40. The results showed that the batch culture system for phytoremedi-ation post-harvest catfish pond wastewater with local hydromacrophytes improved the water quality. However, not all water physicochemical parameters after treatments meet Indonesian water quality standards. Abundance showed water quality fluctua-tions over time, while Shannon Wiener's diversity index (H' value) decreased as water quality decreased. This study's PTV value demonstrated that pollutant levels vary by treatment. Only the control and submerged hydromacrophytes improved their TDI status; another treatment remained moderate. The best treatment was 40 days after acclimatization with polyculture treatment of three types of local hydromacrophytes. Research and othersystems like continuous culture are needed for optimal results to improve water quality. Keywords:Batch culture, Catfish pond, Hydromacrophyte, Remediation, Wastewater, Water qualit

Linking inventory management and financial performance of manufacturing industry companies

Purpose- Investments in inventories have a significant role in manufacturing companies’ operating cycles. The rapid conversion of inventories into sales and eventually the creation of profits lead to financial performance. In the study, we examine the effect of various types of inventories held by the manufacturing companies on profitability. Methodology- We use the real sector statistics published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. In this context, we analyse the data set of 86 sub-sectors for the period from 2009 to 2021 by using the fixed effects panel data model. While gross, operating and net profit margins are dependent variables in order to examine the effect of inventory management in various levels, types of inventories relative to sales are used as independent variables in the models. Other than inventories, fixed assets turnover and manufacturing industry growth rates are included as control variables in the models. Findings- We find that there is not a statistically significant relationship between operating profit margin and inventories other than raw materials. However, finished goods and merhandise inventories are negatively related to net profit margin. None of the inventory types are statistically related to gross profit margin. We obtain a negative relationship between profitability ratios and manufacturing industry growth rate as a control variable. Conclusion- We conclude that the rapid conversion of finished goods and merchandise inventories into sales contributes to net profits of the manufacturing industry companies. However, holding periods of raw materials and work-in-process inventories do not have significant relationships with net profitability. Furthermore, we result that inventories are related to profit margin not at the level of gross or operating profit, rather at the level of net profitability. Accordingly, manufacturing companies should be more cautious about the holding periods of finished goods and merchandise inventories rather than of raw materials and work-in-process inventories. Findings indicate that profit margins of manufacturing companies decrease –probably due to competition– during economic upturns. Keywords: inventory management, manufacturing industry, profitability, working capital JEL Codes: G30, G32

Neurophysiology of Vestibular Compensation

Vestibular compensation is the process by which patients achieve functional recovery after vestibular lesions, and can be divided into static compensation and dynamic compensation. The first stage, static static compensation, consists of eliminating static symptoms (i.e., spontaneous nystagmus and skew deviation) by rebalancing the tonic neural activity in the vestibular nuclei. The second stage, dynamic compensation is much more subtle, takes longer, and involves a central recalibration of the response properties of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) (i.e., timing and gain) in order to restore the compensatory actions of the VOR to pre-impairment levels. This review is to introduce the normal vestibular function in humans to understand the neurophysiology of vestibular compensation after vestibular lesions, and to review the effects of various types of lesions and the clinical findings in various stages of compensation after each type of lesion. Vestibular compensation is most effective for unilateral vestibular dysfunctions in which tonic neural activity of the vestibular nucleus is rebalanced to achieve static compensation. Adaptive changes in tonic neural activity occur in the normal vestibular pathways to achieve dynamic compensation. In other types of vestibular lesions, vestibular compensation is possible, but not as effective.

Melatonin can enhance the effect of drugs used in the treatment of leukemia

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, MEL), secreted by the pineal gland, plays an important role in the regulation of the different functions in human. However, there are the facts that MEL has an antitumor effect in various types of cancer. We have studied the combined effect of MEL and targeted drugs such as cytarabine (CYT) and navitoclax (ABT-737) on the development of acute myeloid leukemia in the MV4-11 cell model. The combined action of MEL with CYT or ABT-737 contributed to a decrease in the proliferative activity of leukemia cells, a drop in the membrane potential of mitochondria, and an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and cytosolic Ca2+. We have shown that MEL, together with CYT or ABT-737, increases expression of homologous C/EBP protein and autophagy marker LC3A/B and decreases protein disulfide isomerase and immunoglobulin-binding protein levels, and consequently modulate endoplasmic stress. reticulum and initiate autophagy. The obtained data support the earlier suggestion that MEL may have potential benefits in cancer treatment and may be considered as an additive to drugs used in therapy.

A high-order finite element continuation for buckling analysis of porous FGM plates

This work presents an effective approach to investigating the buckling and post-buckling behavior of porous FGM plates. The main objective of the present analysis is to use a High Order Continuation based on the Asymptotic Numerical Method with the Finite Element Method for nonlinear behaviors of a Porous Functionally Graded Material plate (PFGM) with different porosity distributions under various types of transverse loads. In our study, we will take into account the lack of uniform and non-uniform porosity using a Higher-order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT). The adapted solver proves to be more effective for analyzing non-linear mechanical phenomena and more precisely the post-buckling analysis of the PFGM plates. Indeed, this numerical high order algorithm presents an adaptive step length to the local nonlinearity of the solution branch and to detect easily the bifurcation points and bifurcated branches. When compared to iterative techniques like Newton–Raphson, the proposed high-order algorithm has the benefit of speeding up the resolution of nonlinear problems. The mathematical formulation is based on the higher-order shear deformation plate theory taking into consideration geometrical nonlinearity and initial imperfections. Numerical results of a parametric study on the effect of various types of load, porosity distribution, grading index, porosity index and different span-to-thickness ratios will be investigated.

Two SAV numerical methods for the nonlocal Cahn–Hilliard–Hele-Shaw system

The capability of nonlocal models in materials field has attracted the scientific community a great attention to characterize the effect of various types of material heterogeneities and defects. In this paper, we are concerned with construction of a energy stability method for the nonlocal Cahn–Hilliard–Hele-Shaw system under periodic boundary conditions. By employing the Fourier spectral method in spatial and the scalar auxiliary variable (SAV) approach with first/second-order backward differentiation formula in temporal, two fast and effective schemes are established. The unconditional energy stability analyses is rigorously derived. Numerical experiments are presented to verify our theoretical results and to show the robustness and accuracy of the proposed method.

STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIET THERAPY IN THE CORRECTION OF METABOLIC PARAMETERS IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND INSULIN RESISTANCE

Taking into account the importance of correction of metabolic parameters in PCOS, diet therapy is offered. Diet therapy is appropriate as the first stage of treatment in patients with PCOS and IR, but the optimal diet has not been determined at the moment [8].
 Purpose: to conduct an analysis of studies on the effectiveness of various types of diet therapy.
 Materials and methods. 12 articles from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed.
 Research results and their discussion. A review and analysis of a cohort study on the effects of a ketogenic diet (KD), in which 14 overweight women with a diagnosis of PCOS participated [1].The main argument for the use of KD in PCOS and IR is physiological ketosis [4], which occurs as a result of a low carbohydrate content in the diet, which in turn reduces the level of circulating insulin, and therefore the receptor for insulin-like growth factor type 1. As a result, production of androgens in both ovaries and adrenal glands is inhibited.The results of a 12-week study suggest that a ketogenic diet is appropriate for correcting metabolic disorders and obesity in PCOS and IR.The Mediterranean diet (MED) has proven to be one of the most effective diets in the treatment of metabolic and reproductive problems in women with PCOS and IR [5].The results of the research showed that both approaches to diet therapy are productive in normalizing metabolic processes. It is worth noting that the group of patients who used the MED/LC diet combination showed excellent results in the normalization of the menstrual cycle (86.7% recovered a regular menstrual cycle).Соnclusions. The advantages of KD are a good result in reducing weight and anthropometric indicators in a short period of time. The most promising in the context of PCOS and IR treatment with further introduction into the patients' lifestyle is the Mediterranean diet.

Recent advances in tribological properties of silicon based nanofillers incorporated polymer nanocomposites

Over the last few decades, the demand for the development of polymer nanocomposites is increasing due to their excellent properties of mechanical, thermal, electrical, tribological properties and so on. The diversity of polymer nanocomposites with enhanced performances makes them suitable for a wide variety of applications such as automobile, aerospace, electrical, electronics, construction etc. The effect of various types of nanofillers such as metal-based nanofiller, carbon-based nanofiller, and silicon-based nanofiller incorporated into polymers are widely investigated by various researchers. Silicon-based nanofiller-reinforced polymer nanocomposites are prospective in recent years on tribological applications such as plastic gears, bushes, bearings, etc. A large number of different studies have demonstrated the various excellent properties of silicon-based nanofillers and hybrid nanofillers into polymer nanocomposites, however, limited reviews are being published on the effect of silicon-based nanofillers and hybrid nanofillers reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Therefore, this manuscript aims to review the recent advances on the effect of silicon-based nanofillers and hybrid nanofillers incorporated polymer nanocomposites emphasizing mainly the tribological properties. This work presents the outline of the main outcome from various studies focusing mainly on the effect of silicon-based nanofiller on friction, wear resistance and wear mechanism-related tribological properties. This work also intended to review the effect of silicon-based hybrid nanofillers into polymer nanocomposites on tribological properties. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of silicon-based nanofillers reinforced polymer nanocomposites on the tribological properties are also discussed.

Experimental Genetic and Breeding Research at the MSU Botanical Garden from the Second Third of the 20th Century to the Early 21st Century

From with the second third of the 20th century, studies in experimental morphogenesis, hybridization and breeding become one of the main strands in the research carried out at the MSU Botanical Garden. The article reviews the history of the development of these studies at the BG from the said period to the early 21st century in the context of changes in the BG’s institutional status. It shows the role of L. P. Breslavets-Krestovnikova, cytologist and cytogeneticist, N. A. Bazilevskaya, N. I. Vavilov’s pupil and organizing director of the territory of the MSU Botanical Garden on Lenin Hills (Vorobyovy Gory), and A. A. Sosnovets, ornamental plant breeder and cytogeneticist, in organizing and conducting practice-oriented studies of the effects of various types of radiation and chemical mutagens in different species of economically important and ornamental plants.

Minimally Invasive Cytopathology and Accurate Diagnosis: Technical Procedures and Ancillary Techniques.

In recent years, the demand for cytopathological accurate diagnoses has increased as expanding minimally invasive procedures obtain materials from patients with advanced cancer for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive purposes. However, inadequate knowledge of cytopathological technical procedures and ancillary techniques by clinicians remains the most common reason for the limited availability of cytopathology. The objectives of this review were to understand the technical procedures, ancillary techniques, and application and effectiveness of various types of tests in cytopathology. Each of the many ancillary technologies described in the literature has specific advantages and limitations and laboratories select one or more methods depending on their infrastructure and expertise to achieve the goal from initial screening of the disease to the final diagnosis of the cytopathology. This paper systematically reviews the development of cytopathology, summarizes the existing problems in cytopathology and the new progress of auxiliary examination, to provide a theoretical basis for the advanced development of cytopathological diagnostic technologies and to consolidate the minimally invasive and accurate diagnosis of cytopathologies for clinicians. Cytopathology offers many advantages over other clinical examinations, particularly for minimally invasive and accurate diagnosis.

Model Estimate of the Acidity of Atmospheric Precipitation Acidity Due to Anthropogenic Sulfur Compounds in the 20th Century

An analysis of the acidity of precipitation is carried out by using the ChAP-1.0 (Chemistry and Aerosol Processes) atmospheric sulfur cycle scheme developed for Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs)These calculations are forced by monthly mean anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere in 1850–2000 adapted from the CMIP5 (Coupled Models Intercomparison Project, phase 5) database and by long-term means (taking into account annual variations) of meteorological variables adapted from the ERA-Interim reanalysis for 1979–2015. It was revealed that significant acidity of precipitation (minimum pH of hydrometeors) is typical for regions with high anthropogenic loading of sulfur compounds in atmosphere – Europe, southeast Asia, east North America, southern Africa, and western South America. In these regions in the last decades of the 20th century, typical precipitation values of pH amount from 2.5 to 3.5, which agrees well with the available measurements. The maximum acidity of precipitation (the minimum pH of hydrometeors, which is close to 2) due to anthropogenic sulfur are noted in the eastern Mediterranean region. Atmospheric transport leads to regions with pH 3.5 covering almost all of Eurasia in the last decades of the 20th century. The influence of this transport is also noticeable in other midlatitudinal regions – south of North America and western South America. In general, the ChAP scheme can be used in EMICs, but after a refinement to account for the effect of various types of precipitation on the wet deposition of sulfur compounds from the atmosphere and the effects of orography on the transport of chemical species in the atmosphere

EFFECT OF HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION ON DEPRESSION IN WOMEN.

Oral contraceptives are the most frequently chosen method of preventing pregnancy in Poland. Mood changes are one of the most common reasons why young women quit therapy. Depression is a severe disorder that affects millions of people around the world. Some long-term studies suggest an increased relative risk of antidepressant use during contraceptive use compared to non-users. Scientists note an increased risk of suicide as well. Other researchers suggest that there is insufficient evidence to support these findings. Some indicate strong correlation between most hormonal contraceptives and following usage of antidepressant drugs in female adolescents. There is still no consensus in the scientific community. Analyzes of many studies provide ambiguous information. Large-scale studies with properly selected test groups and particular therapies taken into consideration are required in order to accurately assess the risk of depression and mood disorders. In this article, we try to present different approaches to the subject of effects of various types of hormonal contraception methods on depression in women.

A mini-review: Potential of Phyllanthus niruri L as immunostimulators in fish aquaculture

Disease is the main factor causing crop failure in fish farming activities, which results in decreased production and of course is very detrimental economically for farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to control the disease with the right steps to avoid large losses. Preventive action is the right step, because it can be done as early as possible before the fish contract the disease, which of course costs less than treatment. One of the efforts to prevent disease is to increase the immune system of fish. Immunostimulants are compounds that can be used as an alternative therapy to increase the body's resistance to pathogen infections, because they can increase the work of the immune system through the activity of white blood cells and other phagocytic cells. Several research results have proven the effectiveness of various types of plants as immunostimulants, one of which is Phyllanthus niruri L. Several secondary metabolite compounds and filantin as specific compounds contained in P niruri, apart from having antibacterial and antioxidant effects, also function as immunostimulants. So the purpose of this article is to explain the potential of P. niruri L. as an immunostimulant in cultivated fish which can increase the body's resistance to disease. Based on the above studies, P. niruri L. can increase non-specific and specific fish body resistance, so it has the potential to be used as an alternative immunostimulant that can prevent several types of cultivated fish such as Oreochromis mossambicus and Cyprinus carpio L. fish from attack by pathogenic bacteria, including Aeromonas hydrophila.

Effect of Various Types of Face Masks on Oxygen Saturation, Heart Rate & Respiratory Rate in Health Care Workers of Tertiary Teaching Hospital, Raipur (C.G.)

Background: Healthcare workers are at a higher risk of having Covid infection than other professionals. Thus, it is more important for them to wear face masks for themselves and for the sake of their co-workers and public health. The use of face masks is mainly limited by their perceived discomfort and concerns regarding inadequate gas exchange. Still, there are serious concerns about the use of masks over a long period. Aims: This study aimed to study the effects of different types of face masks on clinical parameters like oxygen saturation, Respiratory rate, and pulse rate. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 218 subjects from March 2021 to April 2021. They used different types of masks-like cloth masks, surgical masks, N95 masks, and double masks. A pulse oximeter applied to the index finger was used for the non-invasive determination of clinical parameters like oxygen saturation, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Results: There was a significant decrease in oxygen saturation seen in subjects using the surgical mask and N-95 mask, but there was no change in oxygen saturation in participants who wore cloth masks. In our study, heart rates increased significantly at the end of the study in all groups irrespective of the mask they wore. However, the respiratory rate increased significantly only in those participants who wore N-95 masks. Results: There was a significant decrease in oxygen saturation seen in subjects using the surgical mask and N-95 mask, but there was no change in oxygen saturation in participants who wore cloth masks. In our study, heart rates increased significantly at the end of the study in all groups irrespective of the mask they wore. However, the respiratory rate increased significantly only in those participants who wore N-95 masks. Conclusion: Our study concludes that wearing a face mask for a long period induces an increase in heart rate and shortness of breath along with a significant reduction in oxygen saturation.