EEPROM Memory Research Articles

Selective Staining on Non-Volatile Memory Cells for Data Retrieval

A new data retrieval approach utilizing selective staining is explored to differentiate “0” from “1” cells in EEPROM and Flash memory cells with node size of 40 nm and 250 nm. A two-step staining process based on selective oxide etching and copper galvanic displacement deposition is introduced. The underlying mechanism is attributed to the difference in electric field across the tunnel oxide, which originates from the presence or absence of charges stored in the floating gates. With proper sample preparation, the selectively stained and non-stained cells can be characterized with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, to facilitate direct read-out of data in a time-efficient manner. The physical layout of individual memory cells with respect to the stored data is identified. A systematic data retrieval is achieved with an accuracy of 95% at individual bit level. This selective staining technique marks the data permanently on the chip that allows for subsequent analysis and evidence retention.

High resolution front-side visualization of charge stored in EEPROM with scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM)

By exposing floating gates of EEPROM memory cells with frontside sample preparation, scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM) succeeded in reading back the data stored in the memory cells with a 250 nm node size. At an optimized voltage bias of AC = 3 V and DC = 1 V, a clear signal contrast between programmed and erased cells is obtained. The high resolution SNDM signal reveals the details of bowling-pin shape structure of memory cells, providing high confidence in data assignment during forensic applications. Such high resolution also makes SNDM a promising technique for newer generation devices with smaller node size.

The development of prepaid water meters based on AT89S52 Microcontroller

A prepaid water meter is a device for controlling the volume of customer water usage with a water pulse system. Currently, the prepaid water meter implements a card system as a storage area for customer water pulse data by filling it via a keypad. This research aimed to develop a prepaid digital water meter using EEPROM memory as a storage area for customers’ water pulses by filling it with a remote control based on the AT89S52 microcontroller. The research method is carried out by developing hardware and software, as well as testing the overall system performance. The results showed that the prepaid water meter system worked well to control the work of the solenoid valve in adjusting the volume of water consumption according to the number of water pulses in the EEPROM memory. Also, the system worked well in the process of recharging water pulses on prepaid water meters via remote control.

Mikro Delik Delme Tezgahı Z Ekseninin Bilgisayarla Kontrolü

In this study, the automatic control of the feed axis is aimed to drill holes in micron diameters and precision by using a desktop drill. The control was carried out with the Visual Studio C # interface program using the feed rate, drilling depth and exit speed parameters of the drill in one axis. At the same time, the microprocessor control card enables the stepper motor of the drill to be managed and communicates with the computer. Using EEPROM memory, it is possible to work without the need of a computer whose operating parameters are stored in memory. PIC18F2550 microprocessor control board is used to control all components of the machine. In this way, both stepper motor drive and communication with computer are provided. With the designed control circuit, drilling can be performed with 3,6 degree precision. As a result of the drilling process carried out at different speeds and lengths of micron diameter (0.18-0.25µ) drill bits with the system created, it was seen that ideal drilling process could be performed according to the desired quality characteristics of the machine.

Research on CCD High-speed Data Acquisition and Computer Simulation Processing System Controlled by Single Chip Microcomputer

CCD (charge-coupled device) is a unique performance of the semiconductor photoelectric device, CCD technology applied to displacement, thickness and other geometric measurement, can achieve high precision, online dynamic detection and non-contact measurement requirements. This system USES the method of combining FPGA and single chip microcomputer to measure the thickness of the object using CCD as the sensor. In this design, the CCD driver pulse circuit, control logic and calculation circuit are all integrated in FPGA chip, thus improving the reliability of the system and creating conditions for the system integration. External display and control circuits such as liquid crystal display, keyboard and EEPROM memory are designed by SCM. The whole system embodies the characteristics of high integration, simple structure and superior performance. This paper introduces the principle, design and implementation of the system in detail.

Model Design of Electrically Erasable EEPROM Memory Cell

This article introduces an EEPROM memory cell model that is different from the equivalent capacitance model. This model uses high-frequency components in circuit design, including MOS transistors, zener diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc., and builds a model that can be used in most analog environments. The simulation of the transient process of write and read operations helps designers understand the working principle of EEPROM, and it can also be applied to the overall circuit design. According to the structure and working principle of the EEPROM cell device, a model of its equivalent circuit is established, and the read, write, and erase operations of the EEPROM cell are transiently simulated using this model. The simulation results verify the correctness of the model.

Microelectronic CMOS Implementation of a Machine Learning Technique for Sensor Calibration

An integrated machine-learning based adaptive circuit for sensor calibration implemented in standard 0.18μm CMOS technology with 1.8V power supply is presented in this paper. In addition to linearizing the device response, the proposed system is also capable to correct offset and gain errors. The building blocks conforming the adaptive system are designed and experimentally characterized to generate numerical high-level models which are used to verify the proper performance of each analog block within a defined multilayer perceptron architecture. The network weights, obtained from the learning phase, are stored in a microcontroller EEPROM memory, and then loaded into each of the registers of the proposed integrated prototype. In order to verify the proposed system performance, the non-linear characteristic of a thermistor is compensated as an application example, achieving a relative error er below 3% within an input span of 130°C, which is almost 6 times less than the uncorrected response. The power consumption of the whole system is 1.4mW and it has an active area of 0.86mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The digital programmability of the network weights provides flexibility when a sensor change is required.

Design of a 4 DOF parallel robot arm and the firmware implementation on embedded system to transplant pot seedlings

This paper presents a firmware design and its implementation on a real time embedded system for driving a 4 DOF parallel robot arm. The firmware primarily comprised of two components to produce motion of the robot arm: a) generation of continuous position coordinates and b) generation of actuating signals. These two components were processed in two different microcontrollers with a common communication bus. The position generation algorithm produced and transmitted continuous position data to the motion generation algorithm in the form of G-code strings by reading the input positions which were previously stored by the user in EEPROM memory of the microcontroller. The receipt of a handshake signal synchronized the data transmission between these components through a communication bus. An LCD display and keypad were used as human-machine interface (HMI) to communicate with the user to set the robot target coordinates. The mechanical structure of the robot arm comprised of multiple links which were actuated by stepper motors. The workspace boundary were sensed by limit switches. The kinematic equations represented the gripper position for the corresponding input joint angles. A microcontroller was used to compute kinematic equations of the robot arm with the help of motion generation algorithm to generate actuation signals for the simultaneous movement of robot joints. The kinematic equations were solved with the dual-core capability of the microcontroller using real time operating system (RTOS), which made the computation faster with an average computation time of 198 μs per step. The developed firmware was implemented and tested on a 4 DOF parallel manipulator using embedded microcontrollers for continuous pickup and place of the paper pot seedlings for automating the metering of pot seedlings. The cycle time taken for pickup and dropping of each seedling was 3.5 s with a success rate of 93.3%.

Structural Design of an Electrically Erasable EEPROM Memory Cell

EEPROM is an electrically erasable and programmable memory. The technology is mature and stable with low cost, so it is the mainstream in the application of electronic products in daily life. People use it in every way. In the fields of personal identity card, bank card, medical insurance card, traffic card and other smart cards, which are closely related to personal property, and in the field of communication system and other consumer electronic products such as PDA and digital camera, EEPROM is used. In instruments and other embedded systems, such as smart flowmeters, it is usually necessary to store information such as setting parameters, field data, etc., which requires that the system is not lost when it is powered down so that the data you originally set could be restored next time. Therefore, a certain capacity of EEPROM. Through the storage or release of electrons on the floating gate tube of the memory cell, the memory appears to be on or off when the floating gate tube is read, so its logic value will be judged as “0” Or “1”. The definition of logic “0” or “1” varies depending on the logical design of the product. This work designs a memory cell consisting of two transistors. The NMOS tube is used as a selection tube and controlled by the word line. It can withstand a part of the high voltage and reduce the probability of breakdown of the ultra-thin oxide layer of the floating gate transistor. As a storage tube, the EEPROM device model designed in this paper can work well through the tunnel oxide layer to store data, achieving better storage functions, higher work efficiency, and lower power consumption.

Cross-Coupled Charge Pump Synthesis Based on Full Transistor-Level

This paper presents utility for the design of the cross-coupled charge pump, which is used for supplying peripherals with low current consumption on the chip, as the EEPROM or FLASH memories. The article summarizes the knowledge in the field of the theoretical and practical analysis of the cross-coupled charge pump (design relationships and their connection with the pump parameters, as the threshold voltage, power supply voltage, clock signal frequency, etc.) that are applicated in the design algorithm. Optimal MOSFETs sizes (W, L) were find based on the construct of the time response characteristics of the pump sub-block and finding of the maximal voltage increase in the active interval of the clock signal and minimizing of the pump losses, as the switch reverse current, inverter cross current, etc. Synthesis process includes the design of the pump functional blocks with dominant real properties, which are described based on BSIM equations for long channel MOSFET. The pump stage complex model is applicated for estimation of the number of pump stages via state-space model description and using of the interpolation polynomial functions in the algorithm. It involves the construction of the time response characteristic due to the state variables and prediction of the number of the pump stages for the next cycle based on the previous data. Optimization of the pump area is based on the minimizing of the main capacitor in each of the pump stages (number of the pump stages must be increased to obtain the desired output voltage value.) Access is designed to stress the maximum pump voltage efficiency. The whole procedure is summarized in the practical example, in which the solution is shown both in terms of maximal voltage efficiency and the optimal pump area on a chip with respect to the clock signal frequency. Added functions of the design environment are explained, inclusive of the designed pump netlist generating for professional design environment Mentor Graphics including the real models of components that are available in library MGC Design Kit. The procedure gives designer credible results without long timeconsuming optimization process. In addition, the complex model allows the inclusion effects of higher-levels.

An HF Passive RFID Tag IC With Low Modulation Index ASK Demodulator

This paper presents a fully integrated high-frequency (HF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag chip based on the ISO/IEC 15693 and discusses a series of design techniques, including analog and digital control circuits. In order to get a more coupled power supply, an amplitude shift keying demodulator with very low modulation index is proposed. Moreover, modulator, limiter, and electrostatic discharge circuit are mentioned to make the tag IC work effectively and reliably. Besides, digital control circuit with 2-kbit EEPROM memory is designed to help the tag operate correctly under a very low magnetic field. The proposed RFID tag IC was fabricated using a 0.18-μm 2P6M CMOS technology with an area of 926 μm by 855 μm and a power consumption of less than 120 μA. Data rates of 6.62–52.97 kb/s are supported. The tag can operate under a minimum magnetic field of 0.12 A/m and a minimum modulation index of 2.33% which is far less than 10% required by the RFID standard. Compared with the prior references, the proposed tag IC has better performances especially in the aspect of low modulation index.

Battery-Less Soil Moisture Measurement System Based on a NFC Device With Energy Harvesting Capability

A novel moisture sensor based on near field communication (NFC) is presented. The system consists of a battery-less sensing device that measures temperature, relative humidity, and the volumetric water content, and is powered from the magnetic field generated by the reader. In order to compute the sensed data, the system includes a microcontroller, which has been programmed to make the calculations and to send the processed data to the NFC chip through an I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> C bus. These data are stored into the EEPROM memory of the NFC-integrated circuit in NFC data exchange format, which is read by the reader. An analysis of different methods to measure the soil moisture is presented in order to select the approach, which fits better with the constraints of an NFC energy harvested system.

Design and Implementation of Power Protection Based on Single-chip Microcomputer

The protection of instantaneous loss of storage data is an important function of industrial or civil equipment The data of MCU is in RAM memory, therefore data in RAM is unreserveable after losing power. After the power drop, the data in MCU is saved to the EEPROM memory in time. This method is a good solution to the data of MCU after power loss. The principles and methods and procedures are given in this paper.

Цифровые датчики температуры со встроенной EEPROM-памятью: особенности и преимущества

Цифровые датчики температуры со встроенной EEPROM-памятью: особенности и преимущества

대용량 EEPROM 메모리 셀 검증용 모듈 회로 설계

대용량 EEPROM 메모리 셀 검증용 모듈 회로 설계

A wireless point-of-care testing system for the detection of neuron-specific enolase with microfluidic paper-based analytical devices

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) had clinical significance on diagnosis, staging, monitoring effect and judging prognosis of small cell lung cancer. Thus, there had a growing demand for the on-site testing of NSE. Here, a wireless point-of-care testing (POCT) system with electrochemical measurement for NSE detection was developed and verified. The wireless POCT system consisted of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), electrochemical detector and Android's smartphone. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurement was adopted by means of electrochemical detector which including a potentiostat and current-to-voltage converter. μPADs were modified with nanocomposites synthesized by Amino functional graphene, thionine and gold nanoparticles (NH2-G/Thi/AuNPs) as immunosensors for NSE detection. Combined with μPADs, the performance of the wireless POCT system was evaluated. The peak currents showed good linear relationship of the logarithm of NSE concentration ranging from 1 to 500ngmL−1 with the limit of detection (LOD) of 10pgmL−1. The detection results were automatically stored in EEPROM memory and could be displayed on Android's smartphone through Bluetooth in real time. The detection results were comparable to those measured by a commercial electrochemical workstation. The wireless POCT system had the potential for on-site testing of other tumor markers.

In support of extending the Ravenscar profile

This paper discusses different approaches for implementing an EEPROM memory driver which is part of the UPMSat2 satellite on-board computer software. The Ravenscar profile restrictions are to be observed in order to ensure the analysability of the system, and therefore the approaches are evaluated against the profile. Results of this evaluation as well as considerations on a possible extension of the Ravenscar profile with respect protected entries are presented.

Extraction and analysis of non-volatile memory of the ZW0301 module, a Z-Wave transceiver

Z-Wave is an implementation of home automation, under the broad category of Internet of Things (IoT). To date, the ability to perform forensic investigations on Z-Wave devices has largely been ignored; however, the placement of these devices in homes and industrial facilities makes them valuable assets for the investigation of criminal and adversarial actors. Z-Wave devices consist of sensors and actuators, which can be connected to the Internet via a gateway. Therefore, their memory contents may contain sensor reports of criminal activity or, more indirectly, provide evidence that the devices have been manipulated to achieve physical or cyber access. This paper provides details on extracting and programming the Flash and EEPROM memory of the ZW0301, which is a common Z-Wave transceiver module found on many Z-Wave devices. Specifically, the memory usage is characterized and several artifacts are identified. The feasibility of conducting a firmware modification attack on the ZW0301 is also explored. The results of this work identify several data structures including the node protocol information table and node adjacency table. The compiler and coding language used for the firmware image are also fingerprinted.

English

2,3,4 Abstract: Voice communication becomes ineffective in the industries & various places where there is a noisy environment. Industries and other places which offer ineffective voice communication require data transmission in text and image form. The first approach of the project is to draw the pattern on touch screen display which is interfaced with arm7 processor and transmit this pattern using zigbee transmitter. At the receiving side ARM7 processor is interfaced with GLCD (Graphical Liquid Crystal Display) which displays the received pattern. The second approach is to send the bitmap images to the receiver. The bitmap images are stored in the ARM-7 processors inbuilt EEPROM memory at the transmitter side. The touch screen display along with the GLCD is connected to the ARM7 LPC2148 controller. The ARM processor which is programmed to read the touched values in the real time environment, encode it and sends it to receiver. Whatever the information we want to send is accessed with the help of touch screen and ARM-7 processor and then it is showed on the GLCD at the transmitter. After that we can transmit that image or pattern to the receiver via zigbee transmitter circuit. This project is designed around the ARM-7 processor. The processor fulfils all the requirements related to wireless control and image processing. An inbuilt EEPROM is provided to store the bitmap images.

Design and Development of Low Cost Navigation and Security System for Indian Fisherman Using Adrino Nano Platform

&lt;p&gt;The fishing industry plays a major role in development of Indian economy. The recent attacks on fishermen taking place in Indo-Srilanka and Indo-Pakistan maritime boundaries have been major concerns. These attacks are primarily caused by the lack of navigation and security features during the voyage. Hence the current situation demands the implementation of precise facilities for reducing man and material loss. This project involves the design and implementation of a Low cost Navigation and Security System for Indian fishermen on Arduino Nano platform. The system developed solves the above said issues by continously tracking the location of fishing vessel and providing minimal security features. The system ensures that navigation is in safe zone within the nation’s maritime boundary and also prevents crossover. This is acheived using GPS receiver which directly links to GPS satellites for current location of the vessel. The required data fields like the latitude and longitude data along with the time stamps are extracted from the GPS samples and used for comparision for determining the exact location of the vessel. This procedure will help in detection of corner cases when the vessel is nearing or about to crossover the maritime boundary, which cannot be marked physically. It is useful for triggering conditions like enabling or disabling fuel injection system, the warning beeps and display notifications to the fishermen. Manual override facility for restarting the engine in case of crossover for limited duration is provided. The security features like authentication for the genuine operator to get access to the engine panel, the support for distress message and the storage of the exact time stamps and GPS locations after encryption in case of initiation of transmitting distress message is provided as a blackbox feature. The passcode based mechanism allows for maximum of three attempts to unlock access to control panel. The GSM modem allows for transmission of distress message to the registered base station/coast guard. The encrypted GPS samples and time stamps are stored in on-chip EEPROM memory for future reference. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;