Education Spending Research Articles

The Impact of Fertility Rate, Gross Domestic Product, and Education Spending on Secondary School Female Enrollment

Lack of secondary school education has adverse economic impacts, and this problem is severe for female students who have lower enrollment rates than male students, especially in low-income countries. To better understand the causes for lower female enrollment in secondary schools across the globe, we analyzed socio-economic factors that were likely to influence secondary school female enrollment. Specifically, we evaluated adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19), per capita GDP, government spending on education (% of per capita GDP), and government spending on education (US$ per capita). Inferences on the relationship between secondary school female enrollment and the 4 variables were made from scatter plots, boxplots, regression and correlation analyses. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient (r) was used to measure the strength of linear relationships while non-linear monotonic trends were characterized using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs) . A negative linear correlation (r = -0.798) was observed between female enrollment and fertility rates while a strong positive non-linear correlation was observed between government spending on education and female enrollment rates as indicated by a Spearman’s coefficient of 0.799. Overall, our analysis indicated that reducing teenage pregnancies and increasing government spending on education, even to relatively modest levels of $100 – $200 per capita can bring female enrollment rates in the 50 – 75% range which can lead to significant gains both at the personal and national level.

Measurement Efficiency of Local Government Spending on Poverty Alleviation in Sumatra: Output Oriented Approach With Data Envelopment Analysis

This research aims to measure efficiency of local government spending in poverty alleviation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sumatra, Indonesia. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied as a measurement efficiency method with output-oriented based on variable returns to scale approach.The type of data used in this study is secondary data and implements explanatory analysis. The object of our observation in this study involves total local governments in Sumatra (154 regencies/cities). It used government education spending per capita, health spending per capita, economic spending per capita, and social security spending per capita as input. The Output that we used is the poverty rate. The results show that poverty alleviation through government spending efficiency policy only can achieve by eight local governments, i.e.Deli Serdang, Simalungun, Medan, Sawah Lunto, Pekan Baru, Lampung Tengah, Bangka Barat, and Batam. Pekan Baru is the relatively most efficient regency, while Meranti has the lowest efficiency. 146 inefficient local governments should benchmark to their peer to improve their efficiency score. In addition, differences in the level of efficiency between local governments within one province also need to be inspected.

The Effect Of Educational Inequality On Economic Growth In Indonesia

Education is the elevator of the Indonesian economy. Where education is able to improve the welfare of society. However, the development of education in Indonesia is not evenly distributed. This inequality can be felt both between villages and cities as well as between regions in Indonesia. In theory, the occurrence of educational inequality will increase the poverty rate which will have an impact on decreasing economic growth. So in this study we want to examine the effect of educational inequality on economic growth by taking into account other variables, namely the poverty rate, population and government spending on education. The data used is secondary data from 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2015 to 2020 sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, Ministry of Finance. The results obtained are true that education inequality exists in Indonesia, even though the scale is still relatively low to medium. However, statistically it is found that educational inequality has a significant negative effect on economic growth. In contrast to the educational inequality, poverty rate, population and government spending on education have a positive effect, although not significant.

Can aging population affect economic growth through the channel of government spending?

The demographic transition toward an aging society is a global phenomenon. An increase in the aging population directly challenges the government positions and public expenditures as it directly affects a country's aggregate demand and, thus, the country's income level. This paper investigates the impact of an aging population on the size of government spending. Using an updated dataset of 87 countries from 1996 to 2017, we study the aggregate level and each composition of government expenditures. Furthermore, we investigate whether the aging population influences the allocation of government spending toward different categories and economic growth changes. The paper uses the generalized method of moment (GMM) model for the dynamic panel data analysis to address the endogeneity problem. Our main findings suggest that an increase in the old-age population significantly induces higher aggregate government spending but only in developed countries and in particular on the spending in the social protection and environment categories. However, the aging society leads to lower government expenditure on education. Other critical findings reveal that changes in some compositions of government spending toward cultural expenditures impact growth slowdown, while an allocation toward education spending positively impacts economic growth.

Impact of financial inclusion on household welfare in Ethiopia

Despite the overwhelming consensus on the positive effect of financial inclusion on economic outcomes, there is limited rigorous micro-econometric evidence on the causal impact of financial inclusion on household welfare in Ethiopia. This study uses the 2018 Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey data and an endogenous switching regression model to investigate the determinants and the causal impact of financial inclusion on multiple measures of household welfare. The results suggest that households headed by older, more educated, wage or self-employed people in the non-agricultural sector are more likely to access financial services, as are those headed by non-Muslims. In addition, greater financial access appears to be associated with membership in a local social group (iddir), ownership of mobile phones, credit information, and knowledge of how to open bank accounts, but negatively associated with the distance from the household’s residence to the nearest formal financial institution. This study further indicates that financial inclusion has a positive and statistically significant impact on multiple household welfare indicators. The most considerable impact of access to formal financial institutions is on utility spending, followed by total expenditure, food expenditure, and education spending. These findings thus suggest that policies geared toward improving household access to formal financial institutions are essential to enhance household welfare in Ethiopia.

An Empirical Retrospect of the Causal Effect of Government Education Spending on Growth in a Neoclassical Growth Model

There has been consensus on the notion that education results in economic prosperity and growth in many countries. This has resulted in a strong focus on education policy, with large investments and a lot of public debates concerning the subject. Various schools of thought have made differing suggestions about how government spending impacts economic growth over the years. The Keynesian view is that there is a positive relationship between government spending and economic growth, where the causal effect runs from government spending to economic growth. Conversely, the Neo-classical school asserts that the relationship between the two variables is negative. The topic, therefore, remains a debatable issue. The present study, therefore, tests the causal effect of education expenditure on economic growth in South Africa for the period 1994 to 2021, with the aid of the autoregressive distributed lag approach. Consistent with Keynesian theory, the study results confirm the positive impact of government spending on economic growth. A Granger causal relationship exists between government education expenditure and economic growth, indicating that over time, education expenditure positively impacts economic growth through human capital. This implies that investing (spending) in education is critical in promoting economic growth, especially in the long term.

Determinants of Household Education Expenditure in Uganda: Do the Poor Spend More on Education than the Rich?

This study estimates the Tobit and IV Tobit models using data from the UgandaNational Household Survey (UNHS) 2019/20 to analyse factors that influencehousehold education spending, and examine the impact of different income groups oneducation spending in Uganda. The findings show a positive relationship betweenhousehold income on the one hand; and the level of education of the head of household,household size, urban residence, female-headed household and education spending onthe other. Furthermore, higher-income households are found to have a high-incomeelasticity of demand than low-income households. An increase in total household incomefor high-income quintile households is found to increase educational expenditures by apercentage point than for low-income quintile households. Due to this disparity, thegovernment is advised to revise its cost-sharing approach to public education spending,which needs to be supplemented by household education spending.JEL Classification: D1, I21, I22, I24, C24, R20

PENGARUH BELANJA PENDIDIKAN, JUMLAH GURU, DAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN TERHADAP ANGKA PARTISIPASI SEKOLAH

This study looked at how much is spent on education, how many teachers there are, and how much poverty there is. 35 districts in the province of Central Java served as the study's sample. Multiple linear regression analysis was the quantitative method used in this study. Secondary data that was used in documentation methods. Education spending had no discernible impact, according to the partial results analysis. There was no discernible impact of the number of teachers. School enrollment rates were significantly impacted by poverty levels. The variables relating to education spending, the number of teachers, and the degree of poverty all had a significant impact on the percentage of students who attended school.

An ARDL Approach to Investigating the Link between Education Spending and Economic Growth in Egypt.Spending and Economic Growth in Eg

An ARDL Approach to Investigating the Link between Education Spending and Economic Growth in Egypt.Spending and Economic Growth in Eg

Determinants of Intention and Attempt to Quit Smoking: A Study in Kalidawir Tulungagung

Smoking cessation has been widely known as the right step to improve health. However, it has a low success rate. This research aims to identify demographic attributes (age, sex, income, and education), tobacco knowledge and spending and their impacts on smoking cessation intention and attempts in Kalidawir, Tulungagung Districts. A survey of 111 adult smokers is conducted using the GATS questionnaire. The data is analyzed using binary logistic regression. Most respondents, as many as 70 (63.1%), expressed a desire to quit smoking. Meanwhile, 41 respondents (36.9%) had no intention to quit smoking. Unfortunately, less than half, which is 43 (38.7%), had ever tried to quit smoking and more than half of the respondents, as many as 68 (61.3%), stated that they had never tried to quit smoking. Level of education and tobacco spending has a significant impact on intention to quit smoking (p-value 0,018 and p-value 0,024). While age, income, sex and knowledge do not affect the intention to quit smoking (p-value 0,954; p-value 0,145; p-value 0,975; and p-value 0,639). Education income and tobacco spending significantly impact the attempt to quit smoking (p-value 0,001; p-value 0,001 and p-value 0,008). While age, sex and knowledge do not affect the attempt to quit smoking (p-value 0,359; p-value 0,477; and p-value 0,993). Level of education and tobacco spending have significant impacts on intention and attempt to quit smoking while income only has an impact on smoking cessation attempts. The tobacco control program should consider these factors and make more comprehensive interventions.

The Influence of Government Spending in Education, Health, and Economics on Indicators for Calculation of Human Development Index in Bangka Belitung Islands Province

A country can be said to be successful in carrying out human development if its people enjoy the results of development. One of the indicators used to measure the extent to which development has affected results in a country is using the Human Development Index. In the Human Development Index there are three dimensions that are used as standardization of a decent life including the dimensions of education, health, and a decent standard of living or spending. To increase the Human Development Index based on the dimensions of education, health, and a decent standard of living, government spending is needed from the education, health and economic sectors. This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of government spending on education, health, and the economy on the indicators for calculating the Human Development Index in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. This research uses a quantitative approach with secondary data. The analysis technique used is panel data regression with lag distribution. The results showed that there was a positive and significant effect between government spending on education in the same year and the previous year on the average length of schooling and there was a negative and significant effect between government spending on education in the same year and the previous year on the expected length of schooling. positive and significant effect between government spending on health in the same year and the previous year on life expectancy, and there is a negative and significant effect between government spending on the economy on per capita spending in the same year and in the previous year government spending on the economy is not effect on per capita spending.

The effect of public social expenditure on imports

This paper studies the effect of social expenditure on imports. In doing so, it uses cross-country panels of the world economy to estimate an augmented balance-of-payments-constrained growth model that takes into account social spending. The results show that social expenditure reduces imports and offsets the negative effect it could have on the balance of trade through its effect on exports. We also find that for OECD countries, education spending is relevant to imports but not to exports, for which the most relevant component is spending on social protection (old-age and unemployment benefits). This result is particularly relevant for development policy in countries with low social expenditure.

Military spending crowding out health and education spending: which views are valid in Egypt?

This study examines the relationship between government spending, specifically military spending, government spending on health, government spending on education, and economic growth in Egypt over the period from 1980 to 2021. The paper utilizes a Granger causality test to detect the directional relationship between spending components and GDP growth. Furthermore, an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, including error-correction models, was established to determine the long- and short-term relationships among these variables. The study contrasts Wagner’s versus Keynes’s views of the government spending relationship with economic growth, with a greater emphasis on Keynes’s argument for military spending enhancing economic growth. While previous studies have investigated the relationship between aggregate spending and economic growth from a single or two-way direction of causality, the present study contributes to the literature by exploring the possibility of military spending crowding out spending on health and education and detecting this causality and dynamic relationship. The empirical results support the Keynesian view of causality from all government spending components to economic growth. However, short- and long-term analyses revealed a negative relationship between military spending and economic growth. Moreover, the short-term impact of government spending on education and health on economic growth is negative, but positive in the long-term. Finally, the causality test revealed that military spending influences health and education spending. Additionally, a unidirectional relationship exists between military spending and health expenditure, which requires further research. The policy implication of this study shows that although spending is exogenous to economic growth, it does not align with the Keynesian view of inducing growth. Instead, spending has negative current and future implications for economic development.

New Evidence about Skill-Biased Technological Change and Gender Wage Inequality

In recent decades, the wage gap between higher- and lower-skilled workers has steadily widened around the world, and this gap is widening. There are several approaches in the literature to understand the causes of this steady increase, with Skill-Biased Technological Change (SBTC) being the most used and the results more consistent. This paper aims to deepen the understanding of this wage gap among workers in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, using cluster analysis and then modeling through simultaneous equations for the period between 2007 and 2020. Albeit with varying intensity, we conclude that in all clusters, there is a strong influence of the wage gap of the less skilled on the widening of the wage gap of the more skilled, with this influence being even more intense in the case of women. The SBTC approach can also be detected in all clusters but with greater intensity in the case of countries that invest more in research and development (R&D). Education spending and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita also play a role in widening the wage gap as well as in reducing gender inequalities. We also conclude that each cluster has its specificities that justify the choice made and that a slow reduction in gender wage inequality is observed in all clusters.

"Covid-19 Aftermath for Educational System in Europe. The positives "

"The COVID-19 pandemic has presented severe challenges for European education, forcing an adjustment to distance learning and physical school closures. Many students have encountered problems with online learning, such as a lack of access to appropriate equipment and tools. Nevertheless, the pandemic has also been an opportunity to improve the education system and introduce new, more effective solutions. These changes concern not only the material side of learning but also the psychological one. The introduction of remote learning meant the need to adapt school statutes, expenditures, and educational strategies. Many European countries have introduced additional financial support. However, many others had to cut back on their education spending, which led to financial difficulties for schools and may harm the quality of teaching. Online learning has become a mainstream teaching method but has drawbacks, such as a lack of direct contact with the teacher and peers, technical difficulties, and social isolation. Nevertheless, research shows that the effectiveness of online learning is comparable to traditional teaching, and in some subjects, it may even prove to be better. For example, studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic have not shown significant differences in teaching outcomes in Poland."

Human Capital and Poverty Lessening of Nepal: Vector Error Correction Model

Human capital is widely recognized as the fundamental basis for a nation's ability to maintain a high standard of living. This paper aims to evaluate Nepal's human capital and its impact on poverty reduction. The study utilizes time series data spanning from 1990 to 2021. To achieve the objectives of this research, the Johansen cointegration, vector error correction model (VECM), and Granger causality methods are employed. The overall findings reveal that human capital formation is particularly effective and significant in reducing poverty in Nepal in the short term. There is strong evidence indicating that investing in health is crucial for sustainable poverty reduction. However, education spending appears to have only a temporary effect on poverty alleviation in Nepal. Additionally, education demonstrates a positive association with gross fixed capital formation, employment, gross enrollment, and HDI, but not with health spending. It's important to note that this study covers a limited observation period of 32 years, and proxies for variables such as poverty reduction and human capital are constrained. Nevertheless, this research contributes by employing updated time-series data and aims to address the literature gap regarding the relationship between human capital and poverty reduction in Nepal. To effectively combat poverty in Nepal, the government should need to finance healthcare and education. Simultaneously, a policy emphasizing investment in both education and healthcare should be implemented, as this will contribute to fixed capital formation and enhance the quality of life through employment and income generation.

Funding and Covid 19 Pandemic: Evidence from Selected Universities in Nigeria

COVID-19 pandemic has hit different countries with varying intensity, responding to the crisis has presented an unprecedented challenge to most governments in the world, both in scale and in the depth of impact on education. This paper examines funding and covid-19 pandemic of selected Universities in Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design; primary data was collected from academic staff of the selected Universities, using semi-structured five-point scale questionnaire. One -Way Anova (Multivariate test) was used to test for the effect of funding on covid’19 pandemic. Findings revealed that funding has significant effects on covid-19 pandemic in the Universities in Nigeria. The paper recommends that National authorities and the international community need to protect education financing, through strengthen domestic revenue mobilization; preserve the share of expenditure for education and address inefficiencies in education spending.

HUMAN RESOURCES INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDONESIA

Increasing government spending on education is closely related to efforts to strengthen human resources in order to encourage national economic growth. Which of the magnitude of the government event for education every year. Many studies prove that there is a relationship between government and education on economic growth. Education has a role in economic development, through the availability of reliable human resources. This study examines the study of the relationship of education to growth. Granger's Causality Model explains the relationship between education spending and economic growth. The results of the study indicate that there is a relationship between education spending on economic growth in Indonesia. demands maximum education expenditure efforts, especially direct challenges to improving human resources. so that an increase in economic growth can be realized in the future.

Impacts of Efficiency Targeting in School Aid on School District Efficiency, Student Performance, and Outcome Equity

Impacts of Efficiency Targeting in School Aid on School District Efficiency, Student Performance, and Outcome Equity

Health Care Wastage: An Affliction On Our Nation's Health and Our Planet!

Features| June 2023 Health Care Wastage: An Affliction On Our Nation's Health and Our Planet! Lalitha Sundararaman, MBBS, MD Lalitha Sundararaman, MBBS, MD Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ASA Monitor June 2023, Vol. 87, 18–19. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000938812.15025.c4 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Search Site Citation Lalitha Sundararaman; Health Care Wastage: An Affliction On Our Nation's Health and Our Planet!. ASA Monitor 2023; 87:18–19 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000938812.15025.c4 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll PublicationsASA Monitor Search Advanced Search Topics: automobiles, carbon, developed countries, economics, health care sector, health care systems, health expenditures, health personnel, india, infections Health care expenditure (HCE) in the United States stands at around $4.3 trillion annually – about 18% of its gross domestic product (GDP) (JAMA 2019;322:1501-9). A study in JAMA revealed a startling fact about this remarkable number – that nearly 20%-30% of it is wasteful (JAMA 2019;322:1501-9). This amount is more than the GDP of Norway and Portugal combined! (asamonitor.pub/3UJc6yA). Just the wastage alone could have funded the entire government Medicare program and even exceeds national military spending and the sum total of primary and secondary education spending. America ranks #1 worldwide in HCE. Our national per-capita HCE is $12,914, more than twice that of the average of the next 10 developed countries on the list (asamonitor.pub/3AafQ2I). Sadly, however, we do not even rank in the top 10 of high-performing health care systems in the world, with Norway leading the list (... You do not currently have access to this content.