Educational Design Research Research Articles

Occupational therapy embedded in early childhood education (OTEEC): Developing a population-focused, place-based approach to early intervention through occupational therapy and early childhood education center partnerships

ABSTRACT Occupational therapy practices supporting population health are emphasized in the American Occupational Therapy Association’s Vision 2025 statement, yet limited examples of how practitioner’s design, construct, and evaluate health promotion practices exist in the literature. This manuscript describes how occupational therapy providers collaborated with early childhood education administrators, teachers, and parents to create a novel approach to supporting young children’s development and learning called the Occupational Therapy Embedded in Early Childhood Education (OTEEC) Partnership Model. Educational design research informed how the OTEEC Partnership Model was developed and refined via the integration of scientific inquiry within the context of program development. We completed literature reviews, conducted in-depth interviews with key decision-makers, hosted stakeholder focus groups, and engaged in critical reflection as an occupational therapy provider team to arrive at the foundational principles and unique practices of the OTEEC Partnership Model. Early childhood education center administrators, teachers, and parents believed the strengths of the OTEEC Partnership Model included universal access to an occupational therapy provider, collaborative partnerships with teachers and parents, and integrating occupational therapy practices within an early childhood classroom context. Occupational therapy providers can use the procedures described in this manuscript to develop innovative practices focused on population health and may consider if elevating their own classroom involvement, interprofessional collaboration, and partnerships with parents can enhance their current practices. Occupational therapists may also consider how to create new access pathways for children who might benefit from occupational therapy yet do not qualify for services within current practice guidelines.

Re-examining cognitive load measures in real-worldlearning: Evidence from both subjective and neurophysiological data.

Cognitive load theory is widely used in educational research and instructional design, which relies heavily on conceptual constructs and measurement instruments of cognitive load. Due to its implicit nature, cognitive load is usually measured by other related instruments, such as commonly-used self-report scales of mental effort or task difficulty. However, these concepts are different in nature, as they emphasize distinct perspectives on cognitive processing. In addition, real-world learning is more complex than simplified experimental conditions. Simply assuming that these variables will change in a monotonic way with workload may be misleading. This study aims to examine whether these measures are consistent with each other, and to discover the neurophysiological basis underlying the potential discrepancy. The study collected data in both a real-world (Study 1, 22 high school students in 13 math classes) and a laboratory setting (Study 2, 30 students in 6 lab-based math tasks). In addition to self-report measures, the study also collected multimodal neurophysiological data, such as electroencephalography (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), and photoplethysmography (PPG). The results show that although the difficulty level can be perceived with difficulty ratings, it does not lead to the corresponding level of mental effort. Only within an appropriate level of load, can we observe a positive correlation between self-report difficulty and mental effort. Neurophysiological evidence also supports the conceptual discrepancies and group differences, indicating distinct neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these 'similar' constructs. These findings also emphasize the need for combining these concepts to better evaluate students' cognitive load.

DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING MATERIALS TO SUPPORT THE MERDEKA CURRICULUM IN REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY FOR PHASE F SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

AbstractThe research aims to evaluate the development of teaching materials that incorporate multiple representations of chemical concepts, specifically on the topic of redox and electrochemistry, to support the Merdeka Curriculum and enhance student’s mental models in Phase F of senior high school. Educational Design Research (EDR) was the chosen methodology and the study involved three university chemistry lecturers, two chemistry teachers, and nine students. Data collection was carried out using validity and practicality questionnaires. The results revealed that the average construct validity score of 0.87 and the average content validity score of 0,86 classified the materials as valid. Furthermore, the practicality assessment showed that this teaching material received a high practicality score, with a score of 97% from teachers and 92% from students indicating ease of application in learning. In conclusion, the teaching materials developed for redox and electrochemistry lessons, incorporating multiple chemical representations, were proven to be both valid and highly practical, supporting the goals of the Merdeka Curriculum in fostering deeper student understanding.

The evolution of design postgraduate programmes in Mexico: Perspectives from three regions (2008–2023)

Design education and research in Mexico have been advancing and adapting to the different contexts of the country’s regions. European influence was particularly relevant for creating art academies and establishing contact with pioneering institutions that led to the rise of postgraduate programmes. This study aims to analyse the national context and postgraduate design programmes in three regions of Mexico to describe their academic trajectory, growth rate, and perspectives, and to identify improvement opportunities by promoting collegiate work. The study concludes that, while Mexico has made notable progress in increasing graduate educational programmes and design research, achieving a higher quality profile and international recognition requires addressing current deficiencies in doctoral programmes. Improving the practical application of research and aligning doctoral studies with national and global needs are essential steps to advance Mexico’s academic and professional design landscape.

Video Assisted Learning Module (VALM) for the Least Learned Competencies in General Mathematics

This educational design research aimed to develop and evaluate a video-assisted learning module (VALM) to enhance learners’ mathematics proficiency and improve teachers’ instructional efficiency. The study, anchored on the ADDIE Model, gathered data from year 11 and 12 pupils and five experts. Analysis revealed least-learned competencies in general mathematics, particularly exponential, logarithmic and inverse functions. The VALM comprised a learning module with supplementary video content. The module included a cover page, preface, objectives, study and practice guides, assessment, references, solution boxes, graphing pages and an answer key. The video featured a title, disclaimer, objectives, step-by-step solutions and references. Both learners and experts rated the materials highly acceptable regarding learning objectives, content, organisation, presentation, format, design, activities, and assessment. The VALM was helpful, easy to understand, enjoyable, convenient and mobile. Results suggest that video-assisted learning modules are conducive to enhancing mathematics proficiency and serve as practical supplementary instructional tools across various teaching-learning scenarios in general mathematics.

Designing Immersive Reality Environments in Healthcare Education

This paper presents a proposed research framework aimed at addressing the critical need for innovative approaches in healthcare education by exploring the implementation of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies across Australasia. Utilizing an Educational Design Research (EDR) methodology, the proposed study seeks to develop a comprehensive, context-sensitive framework for the effective integration of AR and VR in healthcare curricula. The study navigates the unique challenges posed by Australasia's diverse cultural landscape, varying resource availability, and distinct institutional policies. Through iterative cycles of analysis, design, development, and evaluation, the proposed research intends to create and assess contextualized AR/VR experiences, their impact on student learning outcomes, and their potential to enhance healthcare education quality. The resulting framework and guidelines are intended to serve as a robust foundation for healthcare institutions across Australasia, potentially revolutionising healthcare professional training and ultimately contributing to improved patient care and public health outcomes. This proposed research not only addresses a significant gap in the current literature but also provides practical, evidence-based solutions for the successful adoption of cutting-edge technologies in healthcare education. Finally, the proposed framework generalisability to a global context focusing on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals of quality education and good health for all.

Executive function training curriculum to enhance emotional intelligence in early childhood: Theory adaptation in educational design research

Emotional intelligence (EI) is vital for early childhood development and is closely linked to executive function (EF). EF is a foundation of cognitive ability in early childhood. Educational design research (EDR) offers an adaptive methodology for curriculum development. This study aimed to (1) analyze and explore perspectives for designing an executive function training (EFT) curriculum to enhance EI, (2) design and develop the EFT curriculum, and (3) evaluate and reflect on the EFT curriculum. The research underscores the need to enhance EI, social skills, self-help abilities, and positive attitudes in early childhood students. Developed through a collaborative effort involving multiple stakeholders, the EFT curriculum aligns with Thailand's Ministry of Education standards. It significantly improves EI scores across six assessments of EI's five elements: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and adeptness in relationships. The EFT curriculum emphasizes inhibitory control, shift/cognitive flexibility, emotional control, working memory, planning/organizing, and incorporating sleep to support cognitive and emotional development, a total of 150 hours. Developed with stakeholder input and rigorous design principles, the EFT curriculum prepares children for future learning and life challenges.

Changing the conversation: impact of guidelines designed to optimize interprofessional facilitation of simulation-based team training

BackgroundInterprofessional simulation-based team training (ISBTT) is commonly used to optimize interprofessional teamwork in healthcare. The literature documents the benefits of ISBTT, yet effective interprofessional collaboration continues to be challenged by complex hierarchies and power dynamics. Explicitly addressing these issues during ISBTT may help participants acquire skills to navigate such challenges, but guidelines on how to do this are limited.MethodsWe applied an educational design research approach to develop and pilot structured facilitator guidelines that explicitly address power and hierarchy with interprofessional teams. We conducted this work in a previously established ISBTT program at our institution, between September 2020 and December 2021. We first reviewed the literature to identify relevant educational theories and developed design principles. We subsequently designed, revised, and tested guidelines. We used qualitative thematic and content analysis of facilitator interviews and video-recording of IBSTT sessions to evaluate the effects of the guidelines on the pre- and debriefs.ResultsQualitative content analysis showed that structured guidelines shifted debriefing participation and content. Debriefings changed from physician-led discussions with a strong focus on medical content to conversations with more equal participation by nurses and physicians and more emphasis on teamwork and communication. The thematic analysis further showed how the conversation during debriefing changed and how interprofessional learning improved after the implementation of the guidelines. While power and hierarchy were more frequently discussed, for many facilitators these topics remained challenging to address.ConclusionWe successfully created and implemented guidelines for ISBTT facilitators to explicitly address hierarchy and power. Future work will explore how this approach to ISBTT impacts interprofessional collaboration in clinical practice.

The Role of Survey Design in Educational Research: Enhancing Data Quality and Reliability

The Role of Survey Design in Educational Research: Enhancing Data Quality and Reliability

CiteSaga: Conceptualisation of a Serious Game for Citation and Reference Styles

This article asserts that serious games (SGs) are effective tools for teaching citation and referencing styles in higher education. The proposed SG aims to enhance students' understanding and application of these styles through an engaging, game-based approach. We use an agile design cycle combined with educational design and design science research methodologies. The SG's key elements include objectives, rules, mechanics, learning outcomes, and assessment strategies, all integrated into higher education curricula.

Aspek Etis Penerapan Desain Penelitian Eksperimen dalam Pendidikan Sains

Science education aims to convey science to students so that science can be transmitted according to its nature. Various scientific studies have been conducted to develop better teaching strategies. The research was conducted with the principle of the scientific method, experimental research design. In principle, it aims to test a treatment of research objects. In educational research, the tested treatment or learning model will be applied to the experimental group while the control group will not receive the additional treatment. Methodologically, the design is certainly in accordance with the purpose of the hypothesis. However, this will certainly be contradictive to ethical issues if the involved research objects are humans. The principle of fairness needs to be considered between the experimental group and the control group. It is guaranteed that all participants receive the same benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to study the ethical aspects of experimental research design in science education.

Ground rules for talk – the use of conversation rules to increase productivity in mathematical conversations in the early years

ABSTRACT In recent years, social aspects of teaching and learning have gained increased recognition, prompting researchers to focus on conversations and language in mathematics classrooms. While prior studies have highlighted the importance of conversations in primary school teaching, a gap remains in understanding how they influence mathematics teaching and learning, especially among younger children (Muhonen et al. 2016; Patterson 2018). To address this gap, this study explores the implementation of ground rules for talk in two first-grade classrooms in Norway (ages 5–6 years). This educational design research study investigated the impact of conversation rules on enhancing mathematical reasoning and promoting productive communication in primary school. Findings indicate that implementing ground rules for talk can foster productivity by encouraging pupils to inquire about others’ reasoning and share their perspectives to foster a respectful discourse. However, it also emphasises the importance of teachers being mindful of their language to foster reasoning effectively.

The effects of the Daily Behavior Report Cards (DBRC) on the disruptive behavior and specific goal behavior of elementary school children: a multiple baseline design study

This study used a single-case design to investigate the effectiveness of Daily Behavior Report Cards (DBRC) in addressing elementary school children’s disruptive behavior. The study, conducted in a German elementary school, involved ten second-grade students identified by their teachers as exhibiting disruptive behaviors. The procedures included training teachers in the implementation of DBRC, setting specific behavioral goals for each student, and using the Direct Behavior Rating (DBR) to assess General Disruptive Behavior (GDB) and Specific Goal Behavior (SGB). The DBRC was implemented over 120 days, with daily monitoring and feedback provided to students. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in both variables. The data analysis was conducted using regression-based analyses and the Non-Overlap of All Pairs (NAP). This study confirms the effectiveness of DBRC in mitigating disruptive behaviors and achieving specific behavioral goals, thereby contributing valuable insights into the application of this evidence-based intervention within the German elementary school system. It also highlights the utility of the single-case design in educational research.

Sustainable, affordable, and transferable approaches to experienced doctoral supervisor development

ABSTRACT Doctoral supervision is complex and takes place against a background of contextual, political, economic, and cultural affordances/constraints; with multiple purposes; and in a global higher education system. The result can be significant tensions for supervisors and, often, poor student satisfaction and progression. Globally, systematic development of doctoral supervision capacity is unusual and/or prohibitively expensive at scale. In response, this paper reports an educational design research initiative to develop a series of collaborative online workshops for experienced doctoral supervisors, supporting deliberate ‘reflective, personal, scholarly and systematic reflection’ across ten areas of doctoral supervision. Participants are then well-equipped to craft a successful application for the prestigious United Kingdom Council for Graduate Education supervisor recognition. Our evidence suggests short-term benefit is in two phases: directly via collaborative workshop engagement with the supervision literature in relation to participants’ shared experiences of supervision, and then via application of that to practice, captured in semi-structured scholarly reflective accounts on development of practice in submission for accreditation. Embedded medium-term benefits are now emerging. Multiple iterations suggest the approach is sustainable, transferable, affordable, and richly beneficial to participants, doctoral students, and wider doctoral communities. The contribution is to development of academics’ teaching and research, and it is both theoretical and practical.

Investigating the use of ChatGPT to solve a GeoGebra based mathematics+computational thinking task in a geometry topic

ChatGPT is a chatbot with potential educational benefits, particularly in enhancing computational thinking (CT) proficiencies such as programming, debugging, and algorithmic thinking for students. Despite its promise, there is limited research on how ChatGPT can specifically support the integration of CT into mathematics education using tools like GeoGebra. The researchers implemented plugged-computational thinking in mathematics (Math+CT) lessons by means of the utilization of GeoGebra, an application that requires students to input commands in order to generate mathematical objects. The present investigation employed an educational design research (EDR) methodology in which the researchers incorporate ChatGPT into our Math+CT lessons to assist students in accomplishing the task. We purposely selected the participants who are mainly postgraduate students and collected data from the participants’ conversation with ChatGPT and recorded their screens while interacting with ChatGPT and our Math+CT task. We analyzed the data through descriptive qualitative method on the participants’ prompts, the final codes and the number of iterations. The researchers examined how ChatGPT could be utilized to assist the participants in writing GeoGebra commands in terms of its benefits and limitations. ChatGPT assisted most participants in completing the task successfully, with only a basic need for proficiency in GeoGebra commands, mathematics, and critical thinking. However, it revealed that participants did not yet utilize an affective prompt to ChatGPT. Furthermore, ChatGPT has the potential to be utilized for differentiated instruction due to the fact that its responses to individual users vary significantly based on the input prompts. Limited understanding of basic GeoGebra commands, and mathematical concepts could hinder the participants from training ChatGPT or prevent them from arguing with ChatGPT. This study enhances the existing literature by illustrating that ChatGPT can facilitate critical CT aspects, including programming and debugging, in a mathematics education context. This suggests that AI tools such as ChatGPT can contribute to the development of independent problem-solving skills, provide tailored support based on the needs of individual students, and enhance personalized learning experiences. Additional research involving students in school is required in order to gain a deeper understanding of the integration of ChatGPT into Math+CT lessons.

Children’s explanations in at-risk zones: fostering hope through science education in Quintero-Puchuncaví Bay

ABSTRACT Considering the increasing severity of environmental disasters and the scarcity of studies centered on children’s perspectives, this article explores context-based learning to create spaces of hope. Constructing explanations fosters meaning creation and knowledge integration. Fourth graders’ self-explanations about contamination in a degraded area, known as an “environmental sacrifice zone”, were analyzed. The educational research design within a humanistic paradigm aimed to be responsive to participants’ needs. Children’s explanations were gathered through interviews and images. The qualitative thematic analysis identified three types of explanations and six causal factors. Some students did not recognize the local contamination despite its relevance to their daily lives. In contrast, others associated and contrasted the phenomena with earthquakes and tsunamis that could lead to disasters. The participants expressed socioscientific reasoning, revealing causal relationships, involving agents of damage, and highlighting environmental injustice as a consequence. Facilitating dialogues with children living in at-risk areas is interpreted as a restorative action in education and advocating for their right to be heard on matters that affect them. This article discusses the role of responsive research in context-based science learning, emphasizing the opportunities to mediate human actions and foster spaces of hope and awareness in connection with environmental justice issues.

On-the-Go Android-Based Learning Tool for Mathematics in Geographically Challenged Areas

One of the important challenges for mathematics educators during the Covid-19 pandemic was ensuring productive mathematics learning despite hindrances. This study explored the mathematics learning experiences of geographically challenged students during the pandemic and developed an on-the-go Android-based learning tool (OTG ALT) for mathematics learning in the challenged areas. The study employed educational design research (EDR) with three phases. A semi-structured in-depth interview guide and student satisfaction survey instrument were utilized. Six geographically challenged university students for interviews and forty students for the tryout of the OTG ALT were purposively selected as participants. Mean and standard deviation scores were used to analyze and interpret the quantitative data. The phenomenographic method was used to analyze the qualitative data. Results show that the experiences of the geographically challenged students in pandemic mathematics education were encapsulated in four different categories: 1) pandemic mathematics learning, a new experience, 2) teachers’ agency in mathematics, 3) tribulations and triumphs, and 4) mathematics that works. The developed learning tool for the course Mathematics in the Modern World (MMW) follows the i?SPARK model (introduce, study, practice, assess, reflect, and key to correction), with a video explainer per topic. Students were highly satisfied with the developed learning tool, in general and in terms of all indicators. Hence, the developed OTG ALT met the instructional standards for mathematics learning in the challenged areas. School administrators may improve the quality and effectivity of mathematics education in universities by considering minority perspectives. To make mathematics education inclusive and equitable, policymakers and curriculum designers can review the suitability of teaching materials and adapt them to the level and needs of the students.

Cross-cultural adaptation and user-experience validation of the ACAD Toolkit

Design for learning involves the delicate interweaving of knowledge about learning and knowledge about design. This work is often carried out by heterogenous design teams in which members speak of and value different aspects of design, and different methods for evaluating these designs in use. The challenge of reconciling these often-competing demands is critical to the success of these teams. This short paper outlines work breaking new ground translating an educational design method, developed in English speaking contexts, for use in Spanish speaking contexts. Steeped in socio-cultural and socio[1]material awareness this project explores how the ACAD Toolkit—a set of tangible design related resources embodying networked learning ideals—shapes and is (re)shaped in and through the process of translation. Guided by two questions: (i) How can we explore the process of translating not only language but values and forms of practice? and (ii) How can the ACAD Toolkit be validated in new contexts? This qualitative study involves the thematic analysis of multimodal data including video and audio recordings, and artefacts produced during workshops. Our method builds on traditional cross[1]cultural processes of adaptation that involve adapting, expanding and splitting ideas and concepts in two stages: language translation and user-experience testing. Our analysis is, therefore, reported in two stages. In the first we explore the process of reaching agreement on a test set of translated resources, and in the second we explore how these resources are being enrolled in educational design work in new contexts. The newly translated resources have been tested in three workshops in two Spanish speaking educational settings (Spain and Argentina). After analysing the data from these workshops, the initial translation will be corrected, and instructions will be developed—in both languages—to improve future translations of the ACAD Toolkit and in its ongoing use in English contexts. These instructions and the processes through which they will be developed will produce potential research objects for future educational design research. This method, initially developed with educators in Australia and New Zealand, embodies the very heart of networked learning—the movement of people, objects, and ideas across contexts and time.

Comprehensive professional learning for teacher agency in addressing ethical challenges of AIED: Insights from educational design research

Comprehensive professional learning for teacher agency in addressing ethical challenges of AIED: Insights from educational design research

Improving A2-Level German Syntax And Morphology Via Learningapps.Org: a Web-Based Approach

The rapid change of times made foreign languages necessary in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, including German, which is taught in formal education. German language learning faces challenges due to the difference in grammatical systems between German (inflectional language) and Indonesian (agglutinative language). This difficulty often causes boredom and a lack of enthusiasm for learning. This research aims to create an A2-level German language learning media through Learning app. org-based quizzes. This development study uses the educational design research (EDR) method. The subjects involved in this research are one material expert and one media expert. The data collection methods used were interviews, observations, and questionnaires, and the instrument used was a questionnaire sheet. After the data was collected, it was analyzed using descriptive qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. The results showed that based on validation data provided by material and media experts, the material achieved a validation score of 90%. This indicates that the material is suitable for learning media and falls into the Very Good category. In addition, the validation conducted by Learningapp.org resulted in a final percentage of 92.85%, confirming that Learningapp.org media is suitable for use in the Very Good category. So, Learningapp.org media is ideal for use. This research is expected to help learners expand morphology, building sentences, and improve syntactic understanding interactively.