Educational Intervention Research Articles

Enhancing Emergency Cognitive Ability in College Students Under Emergencies: A Study of Influencing Factors and Hierarchical Relationships

This study addresses the need to enhance college students’ emergency cognitive ability by identifying key influencing factors and analyzing their hierarchical structure. To fill the gap in understanding these relationships, we used grounded theory to identify 12 influencing factors through a literature review, case analysis, and interviews. The interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method categorized these factors into three levels: direct, key, and root factors. Root factors such as risk awareness, crisis perception, and responsibility are core to the cognitive ability framework and have a profound impact on students’ responses to emergencies. Further, the matrix of cross-impact multiplications applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis categorized the factors based on driving force and dependency, showing strong interrelationships. The integration of ISM-MICMAC methods offers a novel approach to understanding the hierarchical influence among factors, enabling educational institutions and policymakers to design targeted emergency training programs. By incorporating information technology into the educational process, this research provides practical guidance for enhancing students’ preparedness and resilience in emergencies. The findings support policy development and the design of effective educational interventions, offering valuable insights for administrators, policymakers, and emergency management professionals in creating safer, more resilient educational environments.

Impact Assessment of an Educational Intervention Programme Using a Serious Game on Cyberviolence against Women and Girls

AbstractCyberviolence among teenagers is a persistent problem addressed by several prevention programmes. In this article, we evaluate an educational intervention programme based on a serious game (CyberSafe Tool) that addresses cyberviolence against women and girls. The goal of the intervention and the serious game was to raise young people’s awareness of online violence against women and girls and to promote safe and responsible online behaviour. The intervention, conducted between 2020 and 2021, included 959 teenagers between 13 and 16 years old from Italy, Greece, Estonia and the United Kingdom. We used a survey questionnaire to conduct an impact assessment. It was administered three times – before the intervention, immediately after the intervention and three weeks after the intervention – to identify participants’ attitudinal changes. The results indicate significant positive attitude changes after the intervention that remained unchanged after the third questionnaire, which was administered three weeks after the intervention.

Patient Safety and Medical Error Prevention in General Practice: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Patient safety and medical error prevention remain critical issues in general practice, where medical errors can lead to adverse patient outcomes and increased healthcare costs. This systematic review synthesizes recent evidence on prevalent types of medical errors, effective prevention strategies, and outcomes of patient safety interventions within general practice settings. Following a comprehensive search across multiple databases, 52 studies published from 2014 to 2024 were included. Findings highlight medication errors, diagnostic inaccuracies, and communication lapses as the most common types of errors. Effective prevention strategies include the adoption of electronic health records (EHR), structured team communication protocols, checklist systems, and staff training programs on safety practices. These interventions have shown significant reductions in error rates and improvements in patient outcomes, though implementation is often hindered by barriers such as limited resources, resistance to change, and lack of training. This review underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach that combines technological, organizational, and educational interventions to enhance patient safety in general practice. Future research should explore long-term impacts of these interventions and address context-specific challenges to foster a culture of safety in healthcare settings.

Assessment of knowledge and attitude of healthcare professionals towards Mpox in a Nigerian hospital.

Mpox is a zoonotic viral disease that presents significant public health challenges. Despite the pivotal role of healthcare workers, research on their knowledge and attitudes towards mpox is limited. This study aimed to assess healthcare workers' knowledge, awareness and attitude regarding mpox as well as associated factors at Rivers State University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, utilizing a 34-item semi-structured questionnaire. Knowledge levels were categorized as good (> 70% score), fair (50-69%), or poor (< 50%), while attitudes were classified as positive (> 70% score), moderate (50-69%), or negative (< 50%). Statistical analyses included independent sample T-test, One-way Analysis of Variance, and Chi-square tests. Among a total of 227 healthcare professionals, majority were females (59%) and singles (54.2%). Over 79% correctly identified mpox as a viral infection, while 59.9% recognized its potential transmission through a monkey bite. Overall, 22.5% demonstrated good knowledge. Majority (61.7%) acknowledged the potential of mpox as a worldwide pandemic, with 89% agreeing it could strain affected countries' healthcare systems. Healthcare workers exhibited moderate to positive attitudes towards mpox. Gender (Males, (p = 0.003), age (> 40 years (p = 0.008), years of experience (6-10 years; (p < 0.001), professional qualification (physicians, (p = 0.002), and previous mpox training (p < 0.001) significantly influenced knowledge levels, but no significant associations were found between demographic variables and attitudes. The study revealed a high level of awareness but low to fair knowledge among most participants. Healthcare professionals also demonstrated moderate to positive attitudes towards mpox. Factors such as gender, age, years of experience, professional qualification, and previous training on mpox influenced knowledge levels, but did not influence attitude in the study participants highlighting the importance of targeted educational interventions.

How knowledge, awareness and perceptions of pesticide residue risks in fruits and vegetables, influence purchase decisions across Malaysian communities

Understanding consumer perceptions and behaviours toward pesticide residues in food is vital for food safety and public health. This study examines the knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of 303 participants from rural, suburban, and urban Malaysian communities regarding pesticide residue risks in their food purchases, particularly fruits and vegetables. Participants completed adapted questionnaires via Google Forms or in-person interviews, covering sociodemographic information, food purchasing habits, and levels of knowledge, awareness, and perception of pesticide residues. Results indicate that urban communities have the highest knowledge about pesticide residues, followed by rural and suburban areas. Awareness levels are even across all community types, with rural areas slightly higher. Urban participants also show the highest perception levels, followed by rural and suburban communities. Rural communities demonstrate a strong positive correlation between knowledge and perception, while suburban areas show a moderately positive correlation. Urban communities exhibit significant correlations between knowledge awareness and perception, with a weaker relationship with awareness. These findings highlight the interplay between community settings and consumer behaviour in purchasing fruits and vegetables. The study emphasises the need for tailored educational and policy interventions to address the varying levels of knowledge and concerns about pesticide residues across different Malaysian communities.

Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Maize Farmers in Morogoro Municipality: A Reflection from RIPAT Program

This study looks into the elements that influence maize production and technical efficiency among households participating in the RIPAT SUA Project in Morogoro Municipality, using stochastic frontier analysis for the 2022 – 2023 season. The focus was on socio-economic characteristics, land size, seed usage, use of fertilizer extension services, training from the project, and education. The primary objective was to examine the factors influencing maize production and efficiency by evaluating socioeconomic aspects and specific agricultural techniques. A total of 110 households were surveyed with standardized questionnaires. Socioeconomic data was collected, key variables were evaluated and key variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier analysis. The results reveal that land size harms productivity (β = -0.436, p &lt; 0.001), whereas improved seed usage has a positive impact (β = 0.401, p = 0.016). Education level (β = -1.168, p = 0.002) and agriculture experience (β = -0.016, p = 0.049) considerably reduce technical inefficiency, insisting on the importance of education interventions. Additionally, 40% of households have access to VSLA, revealing financial problems. While 94.55% of households got training, only 18.18% received extension services which could hamper the best productivity. Every household reported owning land and using seeds highlighting that they had the necessary materials for maize production. Regarding technical efficiency, Magadu ward high score of 5%, while Kauzeni has the lowest at 1.9% suggesting significant disproportions in productivity among wards. These findings emphasize the importance of focused initiatives to improve agriculture productivity through enhancing farmer education and training, experience, and increased access to finance. These strategies are critical for improving maize productivity and addressing food security issues among households participating in programs like the RIPAT SUA initiative hence will increase agricultural efficiency and contribute to more farmer-sustainable farming methods throughout the region

Management of Prenatal Expanded Genetic Carrier Screening Results for Autosomal Recessive Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Expanded carrier screening (ECS) identified couples at-risk to have a baby with an autosomal recessive genetic condition. Several genes implicated in sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) are included in prenatal or preconception genetics ECS testing. Early identification of SNHL risk may enable prognostication of hearing loss, early educational intervention, and minimization of unnecessary diagnostic testing. We sought to describe cases where ECS enabled early SNHL-risk identification. Retrospective chart review. Maternal-Fetal Care Center and Otolaryngology department at an academic tertiary hospital. Medical records of parent-infant dyads with positive ECS results for variants in autosomal recessive SNHL genes were reviewed. Data regarding genetic diagnostic testing, newborn hearing screening, time to HL diagnosis, audiological evaluation, and clinical consultations were compiled. Fifteen pregnant with positive ECS results for SNHL were referred for consultation with a pediatric otolaryngologist and genetic counselor. Generally, these couples were highly educated and adequately insured. 14 had pathogenic variants for GJB2 and 1 for USH2A. Four couples pursued prenatal genetic diagnosis via amniocentesis; 11 couples deferred genetic testing to the postnatal period or waited for initial hearing evaluation. Six babies inherited biallelic GJB2 mutations. Four were found to have SNHL on ABR by age 5 weeks and received follow-up management, 1 had a normal hearing evaluation despite being gene-positive, and 1 was lost to follow-up before hearing evaluation. Carrier screening and confirmatory prenatal or neonatal genetic testing provided considerable lead time for early audiometric testing and appropriate intervention services including hearing aid fitting.

Empowering EVAR: Revolutionizing Patient Understanding and Qualification with 3D Printing

Background: This study addresses the need for enhanced patient education in the context of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and its treatment through endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Effective patient education is essential for improving comprehension and engagement, particularly for those facing complex medical conditions. Methods: A total of 55 patients scheduled for EVAR participated in the study. Patient-specific three-dimensional (3D)-printed models of the participants’ aneurysms were created using computed tomography angiogram (CTA) scans. The educational intervention included a structured session utilizing these 3D models, with assessments conducted before and after the session, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Statistical analyses evaluated the knowledge gain and its correlation with cognitive function. Results: The results showed a significant increase in knowledge scores post-education (p &lt; 0.001), with a mean knowledge gain of 2.36 points. Patients rated the effectiveness of the 3D models highly on a Likert scale, with a mean score of 4.64 for improving their understanding of the medical condition and procedural aspects. A weak correlation was observed between MMSE scores and knowledge test results. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the potential of patient-specific 3D models to enhance patient education in the context of EVAR, improving patients’ understanding of their medical condition and the procedure and thereby facilitating more informed decision-making.

Knowledge Gaps Regarding Allergic Rhinitis among the Patients Visiting Community Pharmacies of Lahore, Pakistan

Introduction: Allergic rhinitis is a varied disorder characterized by symptoms such as sneezing, nasal blockage, nasal itching, and a runny nose. This study assessed the knowledge of patients about Allergic rhinitis and to identify knowledge gaps in patient’s understanding along with the factors that may impact knowledge regarding the disease. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study design was implemented to collect data from patients visiting community pharmacies of Lahore on a structured questionnaire (self-developed) containing 12 items related to knowledge. The questionnaire was distributed to physician diagnosed Allergic rhinitis patients. The questionnaire with closed-ended questions was completed by 240 participants of both genders as sampled through random sampling procedure. The study spanned over a period of eight months. Results: Among 240 respondents, 81.3% were students and majority were female (58.3%). It revealed that only 33.3% of respondents demonstrated adequate knowledge about Allergic rhinitis, while 66.7% demonstrated inadequate knowledge. Among demographic variables, female respondents presented better knowledge compared to the male population. Moreover, education status was positively associated with knowledge of respondents. Low education status of study subjects was observed to be the reason for knowledge gap among respondents. The p-values&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Conclusion: This study highlights a significant gap in respondent’s knowledge, emphasizing the need for targeted education and intervention. Low literacy rate was the major factor negatively associated with respondents’ knowledge of Allergic rhinitis. Improved knowledge is crucial to promoting good practices and achieving desired outcomes. Educational interventions and seminars should be conducted at public health sectors to enhance awareness in the general population.

Measured air quality impacts after teaching parents about cooking ventilation with a video: a pilot study.

Cooking-related emissions contribute to air pollutants in the home and may influence children's health outcomes. In this pilot study, we investigate the effects of a cooking ventilation intervention in homes with gas stoves, including a video-based educational intervention and range hood replacement (when needed) in children's homes. This was a pilot (n = 14), before-after trial (clinicaltrials.gov #NCT04464720) in homes in the San Francisco Bay Area that had a school-aged child, a gas stove, and either a venting range hood or over-the-range microwave/hood. Cooking events, ventilation use, and indoor air pollution were measured in homes for 2-4 weeks, and children completed respiratory assessments. Midway, families received this intervention: (1) education about the hazards of cooking-related pollutants and benefits of both switching to back burners and using the range hood whenever cooking and (2) ensuring the range hood met airflow and sound performance standards. The educational intervention was delivered via a video developed in conjunction with local youth. We found substantially increased use of back burners and slight increases in range hood use during cooking after intervening. Even though there was no change in cooking frequency or duration, these behavior changes resulted in decreases in nitrogen dioxide (NO2), including significant decreases in the total integrated concentration of NO2 over all cooking events from 1230 ppb*min (IQR 336, 7861) to 756 (IQR 84.0, 4210; p < 0.05) and NO2 collected on samplers over the entire pre- and post-intervention intervals from 10.4 ppb (IQR 3.5, 47.5) to 9.4 (IQR 3.0, 36.1; p < 0.005). There were smaller changes in PM2.5, and no changes were seen in respiratory outcomes. This pilot before-after trial evaluated the use of a four-minute educational video to improve cooking ventilation in homes with gas stoves and one or more school-aged children. Participant behavior changed after watching the video, and there were decreases in indoor air pollutant concentrations in the home, some of which were significant. This brief video is now publicly available in English and Spanish (wspehsu.ucsf.edu/projects/indoor-air-quality), and this provides suggestive evidence of the utility of this simple intervention, which could be particularly beneficial for households that have children with asthma.

Fostering language awareness through Citizen Science: results and implications of a project with Polish teenagers doing language-related research

This article reports on the rationale, implementation, results and evaluation of four rounds of co-creative Citizen Science (CS) projects (2021–2024) conducted with 10 public secondary schools in Opole, Poland. These educational interventions consisted in facilitating 18 team research projects designed and executed by 55 teenagers (15–17-year-olds) on topics related to communication, linguistic diversity, multiculturalism and language learning. The article shows how such interventions are conducive to pupils’ increased language awareness, their reflectivity about the scientific methods in linguistics, and an inclination towards future citizen engagement regarding literacy-­related issues. The article also focuses on the potential of CS for allowing pupils themselves to enhance their language awareness and socio-linguistic competences while producing experiential and situated knowledge that is relevant to their communities. The project evaluation that was undertaken subsequently traces which learning outcomes are likely to be achieved during co-creative CS and recommends some adaptable tools for monitoring the increase in language awareness in secondary language education, also beyond the Polish context.

Patients’ perspective and practices of heart failure recurrence prevention in Yancheng City

Effective self-management is essential for patients with heart failure, but many struggle with acquiring the necessary skills. Given the complexity of heart failure management and the importance of patient adherence to prescribed regimens, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) concerning the prevention of heart failure recurrence among patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Third People’s Hospital of Yancheng City from September 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023, employing a self-administered KAP questionnaire. The study included 421 heart failure patients, of whom 230 (54.6%) were male. Median scores for knowledge, attitudes, and practices were 12.00 [10.00, 13.00] (possible range: 1–18), 20.00 [19.00, 21.00] (possible range: 5–25), and 16.00 [15.00, 17.00] (possible range: 5–22), respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.183, P < 0.001), as well as between knowledge and practice scores (r = 0.169, P < 0.001). A higher attitude score was significantly associated with a higher practice score (r = 0.245, P < 0.001), as supported by structural equation modelling. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that attitude score (OR = 1.238), suburban residence (OR = 2.524), monthly household income exceeding 5000 RMB (OR = 3.539), BMI less than 20 kg/m2 (OR = 2.155, P = 0.029), BMI between 20 and 24 kg/m2 (OR = 2.387), and BMI between 25 and 29 kg/m2 (OR = 4.063) were independently linked to proactive practices (all P < 0.05). Additionally, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) elucidated the intricate relationship between sociodemographic factors and KAP dimensions. Despite positive attitudes and proactive prevention efforts, heart failure patients exhibit a knowledge gap. Tailored educational interventions by healthcare providers could effectively bridge this gap, leveraging patients’ positive attitudes and proactive behaviours to reinforce preventive measures.

Effect of an Educational Program on the Stress level Among Mothers of Neonates Hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Units

Background: Mothers encounter significant psychological distress resulting from the premature birth of their infants, coupled with the need of hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), which necessitates prolonged separation from their familial support systems. Aim: to assess the effect of an educational program on the stress level among mothers of neonates hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was undertaken involving 44 mothers of neonates who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) at the Children's Hospital and the Maternity &amp; Gynecological Hospital. Researchers used maternal stress scale. Results: Mean score of studied mothers related Sights and sounds domain at preintervention was 24.97 (5.32), while decrease to 15.23 (3.60) postintervention. Also, according to looks and behavior domain mean score was 23.04 (3.90) preintervention, while decrease to 13.61 (2.76) post intervention. Additionally, according to Parental role alteration domain mean score was 26.82 (4.10) preintervention, while decrease to 16.70 (2.34) post intervention. Conclusion: Less than fifty percent of the mothers analyzed exhibited elevated levels of stress prior to the intervention, with approximately one-third demonstrating moderate stress levels. Conversely, following the intervention, less than two-thirds of the participants reported low stress levels, while over one-quarter indicated moderate stress levels. Furthermore, an educational intervention has been demonstrated to reduce maternal stress across various domains, including the auditory and visual realms, the observational and behavioral dimensions, the modifications in parental roles, as well as the overall stress levels experienced by mothers. Recommendations: The formulation of an educational framework aimed at mothers of preterm neonates who have been admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit is essential. It is imperative to furnish parents with psychological empowerment training initiatives designed to facilitate the adoption of proactive coping methodologies to navigate adversities during periods of crisis.

Mind-body Balance. Experience Workshop for New Entry Students in Engineering

Objective: Evaluate a comprehensive educational intervention in groups of new students in engineering, using techniques for the management of their mental health, to reinforce their conditions for learning. Theoretical Framework: Development of graphic organizers, reinforcement of self-esteem, ability to concentrate, and balanced diet, strengthen study habits and techniques, maintaining mental health, and improving school performance. This topic presents the main concepts and theories that support the research. Method: An educational intervention was designed and carried out for 550 engineering students. They joined a workshop on personal balance for their entry in 2017. Perception surveys and personal testimonies were applied. Their academic performance was analyzed after one year and contrasted with other generations. Results and Discussion: Testimonials and responses to perception surveys from students and the teacher showed more than 82% acceptance. The techniques were perceived as beneficial elements for personal life, and an alternative for mental health management. Their academic performance one year after entering was similar to that of those who had a better entry profile. Research Implications: The results were used to establish an engineering entry strategy and improve the school career, benefiting terminal efficiency. Originality/Value: This study offers the evaluation of the comprehensive intervention applied to engineering students to guide the admission strategy.

Examining the Impact of COVID-19 on Early Intervention Service Provision for Military Families: A Brief Report

Understanding the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted birth-to-three early intervention (EI) service provision is critical as these services play an essential role in ensuring positive long-term developmental outcomes for children with disabilities, including those who are military dependents. The present study leveraged an interrupted time series approach to compare monthly service provision rates before and after the onset of the pandemic for a subset of children served by the Army Medical Department’s Educational and Developmental Intervention Services EI program. Analysis identified 77% and 93% immediate step decreases in EI referral and enrollment rates, respectively, following the onset of the pandemic in March 2020; however, rates returned to, or exceeded, prepandemic levels by late 2020. There were limited differences by race or ethnicity. Additional research is necessary to explore the mechanisms underlying these changes and to understand the long-term impact of missed referrals and enrollments on military children.

Combating HIV among youths in Sub-Saharan Africa through inclusive health education

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among youths in Sub-Saharan Africa underscores the exigency for effective prevention education programs tailored to their needs. This article examines barriers hindering HIV prevention efforts for youths in the region and proposes strategies for developing more inclusive and impactful health education interventions. Despite the challenges faced by HIV-positive adolescents, comprehensive youth-friendly services remain limited. Impediments such as stigma, poverty, and lack of health-care infrastructure obstruct HIV prevention. Access to information and services, negative attitudes of service providers, and scarcity of youth programs present challenges. The article discusses approaches such as involving youth in program design, establishing community advisory boards, mobilizing community health workers, integrating services, engaging schools, employing gender-sensitive methods, and advocating supportive policies. These strategies aim to enhance cultural sensitivity, community engagement, and accessibility of education for all youths. Sustained commitment through ongoing funding, monitoring, capacity building, and multisectoral collaboration can empower youths with the knowledge and support needed to curb their long-term risk of HIV.

Giving space to the unknown and transcendence – Art education as guardian of the child's authentic gesture

AbstractThe main concern of this article is to introduce the concept of the authentic gesture as a vital, largely self-determined expression of the child and to make it fruitful for art education. Because of the assumed educational importance of the concept, some hints to other learning areas will also be given. This should be done from a historical and systematic perspective against the background of relevant literature, above all the German-language literature and some other important voices, in which a number of further leading ideas can be found and discussed. Explicated in this way, the concept at issue leads to the question of the unknown per se, to which art education and education in general should open itself. This means that education opens up to something that, in its material and/or social form, evades a final assessment. Something enigmatic thus comes into view, because the unknown, by definition, is beyond exact description and extern evaluation. However, in and for the modern world, it can be paraphrased with a secular approach of transcendence as an inner-psychic space which is withdrawn from instrumental intervention including educational intervention and which must be protected at all costs as a central condition of freedom and human dignity.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dietary management among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in China

BackgroundThis study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding dietary management among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted at JiuJiang NO.1 People’s Hospital from November 2023 to May 2024. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires that solicited demographic information and measured KAP scores related to dietary management in RA patients.ResultsThe survey yielded 504 valid questionnaires. Of the respondents, 306 (60.71%) had a Body Mass Index (BMI) within the optimal range of 18.5–23.9 kg/m2. The mean scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 10.13 ± 3.58 (possible range: 0–22), 31.38 ± 2.38 (possible range: 9–45), and 4.46 ± 2.30 (possible range: 0–12), respectively. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between knowledge and practice (r = 0.294, p &amp;lt; 0.001) as well as between attitude and practice (r = 0.178, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that knowledge score (OR = 1.165, 95% CI: [1.078, 1.259], p &amp;lt; 0.001) was independently associated with proactive practice. The structural equation model (SEM) results showed that knowledge had direct effects on attitude (β = 0.291, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and practice (β = 0.188, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Meanwhile, attitude had a direct impact on practice (β = 0.081, p = 0.045).ConclusionThis study indicates that patients with RA generally demonstrate inadequate knowledge but hold positive attitudes toward dietary management, despite relatively inactive practices in implementing such dietary changes. Healthcare providers should prioritize educational interventions that not only enhance patient understanding but also actively support the implementation of dietary management strategies in clinical settings.

The effect of educational intervention based on the health belief model on the domestic violence coping skills in women referring to comprehensive rural health service centers

BackgroundDomestic violence, in addition to the destructive effects it brings to the mother of the family, also has a strong impact on the children. According to the evidence obtained, coping strategies have been successful in tackling this issue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of education on coping skills with domestic violence based on the health belief model (HBM) in women referring to comprehensive rural health service centers in Marvdasht City, Iran.MethodsThis semi-experimental study was conducted on 120 women affected by domestic violence who were referred to rural health centers in Marvdasht City in 2022. The multi-stage cluster sampling method was used for assigning people to two experimental and control groups (60 people in each group). The data collection tool was a questionnaire based on the HBM and a coping strategies questionnaire that was completed before and two months after the intervention by both groups. After entering SPSS 24, the data were analyzed by paired t, independent t, and chi-square statistical tests.ResultsBefore the intervention between the two groups in terms of the constructs of awareness (P = 0.45), attitude (P = 0.23), behavior (P = 0.67), perceived sensitivity (P = 0.10), perceived severity (P = 0.84), perceived barriers (P = 0.31), perceived benefits (P = 0.21), perceived self-efficacy (P = 0.10), and cues to action (P = 0.19), no significant difference was observed, while after the intervention, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of the structures expressed (P < 0.05). Likewise, before the intervention between the two experimental and control groups in terms of the ability to receive and send messages (P = 0.73), emotional control (P = 0.22), listening skills (P = 0.65), insight into the communication process (P = 0.15), communication combined with assertiveness (P = 0.98), and coping skills (P = 0.21), no significant difference was observed, while after the educational intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of skill components (P = 0.001).ConclusionIn the current study, education based on the HBM with a focus on coping skills led to the improvement of the skills of women who have experienced violence, their attitude and awareness, perceived sensitivity and perceived severity, and finally the benefits and barriers they receive from using coping skills.

Challenges to School Success Among Children in U.S. Military Families.

More than 90% of children in military families attend civilian schools that may lack understanding of the unique experiences and stressors of military life. School success in children of military families has important implications on future academic achievement, health outcomes, and military groups; yet there has not been an examination of challenges of school success among children of military families in the United States using nationally representative data. Data captured in the 2021-2022 National Survey of Children's Health, limited to children aged 6 to 17 years, were used to examine the association between child's caregiver military status and challenges of school success: lack of school engagement measured through caring about school and completing schoolwork, school absenteeism, and grade repetition (n = 60,599). Weighted to be nationally representative, bivariate analyses used chi-squared tests to examine estimates between selected variables and caregiver military status. Multivariable regression analyses were used to examine the association between caregiver military status and challenges of school success measures. In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, we found that children of military families were more likely to not be engaged in school (adjusted odds ratios 1.35; 95% CI 1.19-1.53) and more likely to repeat a grade (adjusted odds ratios 1.33; 95% CI 1.09-1.64) than their civilian counterparts. There were no statistically significant differences in school absenteeism between children of military families and of civilian families. This study extends beyond previous research findings that have focused primarily on academic achievement by including school engagement, attendance, and grade repetition for a more holistic and complete understanding of school success of children in military families. Our findings can be informational for school systems and policymakers to create educational and connective interventions for children in military families to improve school success.