Management Of Educational Institutions Research Articles

Transformational Leadership: Women's Role in Building Competitive Integrated Islamic School

This study aims to analyze the principal's strategy in overcoming obstacles such as gender stereotypes and patriarchal culture and its impact on the management of educational institutions into competitive integrated Islamic schools. The research method used is field research with a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data were analyzed thematically to identify themes of women's leadership and patriarchal challenges and interpreted to understand their impact on school culture. The results of the study indicate that women's leadership in schools has shown extraordinary abilities in overcoming the obstacles faced, especially gender stereotypes and patriarchal culture. With an inclusive, participatory, and transformational leadership approach, the principal has proven her capability to manage educational institutions with solid vision, integrity, and commitment. This study contributes to the field of educational leadership by providing empirical evidence of the effectiveness of women's transformational leadership in the context of Islamic education, especially in overcoming gender-based challenges.

Using an Exploratory Factor Approach to Determine Strategies for Effective Implementation of Teaching Practicum in Schools

Teaching practicum is a vital component of pre-service teaching courses. However, researchers have shown concern about the quality of implementation of these courses. Resultantly, students show low-profile abilities in teaching and learning when they join professional service as teachers. The primary purpose of this study was to develop a scale for exploring strategies for effective practicum implementation and, secondly, to ascertain teachers’ perceptions about the effect of these strategies on the effective implementation of teaching practicum in schools. A survey questionnaire was developed and used for data collection. The questionnaire was developed based on a review of the literature and expert judgment. A total of 77 students participated in the study from a private college of teacher education in Peshawar. The students were selected based on a convenient sampling technique. The dimensionality of the scale was checked through exploratory factor analysis. The principal component analysis revealed a 4-factor structure as an essential strategy for the effective implementation of teaching practicum for pre-service teachers. These strategies were clear communication, showing respect, professional behavior and motivation. It is concluded that the scale can be used for measuring the effectiveness of teaching practicum in other contexts. The results of this study may be used for improving the curriculum implementation of teaching practicum in teacher training institutes. This study is significant as it provides firsthand knowledge to the management and administration of teacher education institutions about the essential strategies that can be used to enrich further teaching practicum, a pivotal element of teacher education.

Kiai Leadership Patterns in The Modernization of Boarding School Management

This study explores the leadership patterns of kiai in the effort to modernize pesantren management, with the aim of understanding how kiai leadership can combine traditional values with the demands of modern management. The main focus of this study is to identify the dual role of kiai as spiritual and managerial leaders, and their impact on the operational effectiveness of pesantren. Using a qualitative method with a case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations in several pesantren that have implemented modern management principles. The results of the study indicate that kiai leadership that successfully combines traditional and modern aspects results in more efficient pesantren management without sacrificing the religious values that are the foundation of the institution. In addition, this leadership pattern also strengthens the identity of the pesantren amidst the flow of globalization, maintaining the relevance of the institution while maintaining its uniqueness. These findings indicate that modernizing pesantren management through kiai leadership not only increases operational efficiency but also strengthens the competitiveness and resilience of pesantren in the long term. This study makes an important contribution to understanding how pesantren can adapt to the times without losing their traditional essence, as well as opening up opportunities for further research on the application of modern management in religious-based educational institutions.

Strategies to Improve Employee Engagement and HR Quality at M Educational Institution Jakarta

The development of education is no less important than the economic and social world. However, in recent years the workforce in the world of education has experienced significant turnover which has hampered the development of teaching. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and discuss the level of employee engagement and the quality of human resource management using the example of the educational institution M Educational Institution Jakarta. This research was conducted by conducting interviews and distributing questionnaires to educational personnel as subjects. In this study, we identified the core concepts of employee engagement in educational institutions, designed an engagement questionnaire and a satisfaction questionnaire, and conducted a survey. Getting the results from this research, there are problems such as incomplete human resource development mechanism, high human resource mobility, serious exit of high-quality human resources, unbalanced faculty staffing structure, and incomplete performance evaluation and incentive mechanism. Analyzing the problems and their causes, it is necessary to propose constructive solutions and countermeasures, identify common problems in employee participation and human resource management in educational institutions, and improve strategy development and policy adjustment depending on the problems. The result of this research is that increasing employee engagement and the quality of human resources is very important. In the development of the M Educational Jakarta institution, it requires the implementation of a scientific and rational human resource management mechanism, with the concept of project management as a systematic implementation framework, which can also be a guide in managing HR in educational institutions, and ensuring the effectiveness of HR operations.

Development of a method for assessing the level of digital competencies of higher education teachers based on the calculation of the multidimensional polytope volume

The object of the study is the method for assessing the level of digital competencies of higher education teachers. Teachers with a high level of digital competencies can create more interactive, interesting and more effective learning materials, which has a positive impact on education quality. The ability to ensure the continuity and quality of the educational process in remote conditions is relevant. To improve the qualification level of teachers, it is necessary to form a measuring system of indicators. A method for calculating the potential for changing the digital competency level was developed and trajectories of forming digital competencies of higher education teachers based on the project-vector methodology were formed. The method was implemented and verified as part of the state project in the Republic of Kazakhstan with the participation of the Higher Education Development National Center and Astana IT University. Testing of 62 teachers of Astana IT University, Karaganda Buketov University and Toraighyrov University was taken as a basis. The analysis involved measuring the achievement of their competency level in four categories: didactic, design, monitoring, and personal. The results obtained allow a systematic approach to the process of assessing and forming the competencies of higher education teachers. The result obtained is due to integrating the project-vector management methodology into the process of digital competency assessment. The value of the method is the possibility of using it both personally by teachers to track the level of competency achievement, and by the management of higher educational institutions for motivation and when signing contracts. In the future, the results of the pilot project are planned to be distributed to other higher education institutions in the Republic of Kazakhstan. And then extend its results to higher education institutions in Central Asia and Eastern Europe

Фідбек як інструмент управління розвитком закладів вищої освіти в умовах сьогодення

The research article is devoted to the theoretical aspects of ‘feedback’, particularly in the education system. The problems and prospects of applying feedback in the educational process are outlined. The features of feedback as a tool for managing the development of higher education institutions in today’s conditions are determined. It is emphasized that it is necessary to focus on organizational support for communication management in higher education institutions to develop higher education in Ukraine. It is noted that feedback is one of the most critical and widespread communication tools. It is determined that in managing the development of higher education institutions with the help of feedback, the following theses are achieved: improving the quality of the educational process, satisfaction of higher education students and research and teaching staff, optimization of management decisions, improvement of the communication process of all participants in the educational process, adaptation to changes, support for the development of research and teaching staff, promotion of innovation and development, planning and strategic development, improvement of student life. It is noted that the main tasks of feedback are helping to adapt faster, encouraging growth and development, and provoking changes to achieve the goals. Therefore, feedback is a tool for developing both the employee and the enterprise. The article identifies and characterizes the main types and kinds of feedback. The main types are positive, negative, and constructive feedback. For effective management of the development of higher education institutions, the most effective type of feedback is constructive. Attention is focused on the rules of constructive feedback. Attention is paid to the generally accepted and most optimal method of feedback – The Sandwich Method, which has both positive and negative aspects. Keywords: feedback, types of feedback, management of development of higher education institutions, research and teaching staff, higher education students.

The Effect of Service Quality and Endorser Credibility on Purchase Decision Mediated By Brand Image (Empirical Study: Active Students of Jaya Buana Vocational High School in Tangerang Regency)

This study examines the impact of service quality and endorser credibility on the purchase decisions of prospective students at SMK Jaya Buana, a vocational high school in Tangerang Regency, with brand image as a mediating factor. The research employs a comprehensive design that includes validity, reliability, and hypothesis testing, using structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the data. The findings reveal that both service quality and endorser credibility significantly influence purchase decisions, with service quality identified as the most critical contributor. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that brand image plays a vital role in enhancing the effect of these variables on purchase decisions, acting as a powerful mediator. The results suggest that improving service quality and leveraging credible endorsers can significantly boost a school's brand image, thereby increasing student enrollment. This research underscores the importance of strategic management in educational institutions to attract more students by focusing on service excellence, credible endorsements, and a strong brand image.

Critical issues of online learning management in higher educational institutions in a developing country context: examples from Ghana

PurposeOnline learning has come to stay in a technologically advancing world with increasing populations. The search for ways to make online learning more efficient and effective in some developing countries continues as the accompanying issues in developing country contexts abound. This paper explores the issues that underlie online learning management in a developing country context, focusing on the Moodle, Sakai and Zoom platforms used in some selected public universities in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe study relied on the qualitative approach to data collection and a descriptive design for analysis. Using the social constructivism theory, the paper discussed the critical issues students, and to a lesser extent, instructors encounter in their engagement on these platforms for academic learning.FindingsThe study found that the inefficient use of these platforms is due to several factors including the high cost of data, poor perception of the quality of online learning compared to traditional in-person contacts, poor attitude of students, low participation in online learning, lack of computers and poor internet connectivity among others.Research limitations/implicationsIt is important to mention that this study was limited to some selected public universities in Ghana. Data could have been collected from a wider sample including other Ghanaian tertiary institutions or some other developing countries. The similarity of study outcomes in other developing countries, however, suggests that similar results would have been obtained in an international sample.Practical implicationsDespite the robustness of the Learning Management systems in place, the evidence suggests that their utilisation is far less than optimal. However, with relevant policies and the provision of needed technical support, training, provision of equipment like computers for use by both students and instructors and efficient internet connectivity, the LMS platforms could be more efficient for online learning.Originality/valueThe authors conducted this research using original data from interviews in the selected public universities in Ghana. The data was meant to inform the discussion on some of the critical issues that underlie online learning in a developing country context. Although the study relied on data from selected public universities in a single country, its outcomes reflect fundamental issues of online learning in a developing country context which find relevance in available study outcomes.

The Dilemmas and Practical Exploration of Undergraduate Education Management in Universities in the Era of Big Data

In the context of rapid information development, massive data provides important support for society’s technological development and innovation. The management of undergraduate education in universities involves various industries, and the traditional education management model is no longer suitable for the needs of management departments and educational institutions. Therefore, universities should combine the characteristics of education management majors and continuously promote the high-quality development of education management in the context of big data. However, from the current situation, there are still many shortcomings in managing undergraduate education in universities. In this regard, this article will start with the current difficulties in undergraduate education management, analyze and explore the practical path of undergraduate education management in universities in the era of big data to provide effective suggestions for developing universities.

Usefulness and challenges with blended learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana: The mediating role of human resource factors

This study examined the usefulness and challenges of blended learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana: the mediating role of human resource factors. The study used the explanatory study design from the quantitative approach to gather data from 138 out of 285 postgraduate facilitators on the distance mode. The data collection instrument was self-administered questionnaires and analysis of the data was done with mean and standard deviation as well as Parital Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling. The study found that even though online facilitation was rated higher by facilitators as compared to face-to-face interaction, the facilitators indicated the need for blended learning to minimise challenges associated with either dedicated online facilitation or face-to-face interaction. It was also found that there was a significant relationship between challenges with face-to-face interaction and prospects with online learning, challenges with online learning and prospects for face-to-face interaction. Both remuneration and retrenchment significantly mediated the relationship between challenges with online and blended facilitations. While training significantly mediated the relationship between prospects of online and blended facilitations; work relations failed to achieve a significant mediation influence on the relationship between the prospect of online and blended facilitations. It was recommended that management and human resource managers of postgraduate educational institutions should pay attention to three main human resource factors such as remunerations, training, and retrenchment among facilitators in ensuring smooth running and progress with blended learning within the context of a developing economy.

Pelaksanaan Manajemen Strategi dan Kebijsakan dalam Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Agama Islam di SDIT Otoman Depok

This research is motivated by management strategies and policies to improve the quality of Islamic religious education in elementary schools, but the quality is still low. For schools to provide quality education, they need to develop comprehensive education management strategies. To realize the implementation of strategic management to improve the quality of Islamic religious education at SDIT Otoman, leaders and managers of educational institutions are needed. As leaders of educational institutions, school principals have an important role in improving the quality of education. The focus of this research is to analyze how management strategies and policies are implemented to improve the quality of Islamic religious education at SDIT Otman Depok. The aim of this research is to determine the implementation of management strategies and policies to improve the quality of Islamic religious education at SDIT Otman Depok. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The research location was carried out at SDIT Otman Depok. Based on the results of SDIT Otman's research, the strategy and management of policies to improve the quality of Islamic religious education should go through three processes: (1) formulation through the formulation of the school's vision and mission, and (2) implementation, through the implementation of school policies and staff motivation. (3) Evaluation and control, including activities such as planning, implementation processes, monitoring activities, and activity results.

Риски и вызовы при внедрении искусственного интеллекта в систему высшего образования

<p style="text-align: justify;">The purpose of this article is to study possible risks and challenges in the higher education system that arise in connection with the growing speed of implementation of technologies, where artificial intelligence (AI) and neural network technologies are already part of its structure. The analysis is carried out with the aim of predicting the future nature of higher education, as well as exploring changes in the entire teaching paradigm under the influence of AI. The article identifies a number of expected problems when teaching students, in the pedagogical process, organizing their independent work, as well as in the management and administration of higher educational institutions when introducing AI capabilities into the process of higher education. The question is raised about the impact of restrictions on the development of Russian science, namely the disastrous consequences for its development due to the monopolization of AI algorithms and the subjective approach to managing a neural network by an organized technocratic group. In the course of analyzing the intersections of opposing issues of problematic issues and the positive dynamics of the influence of AI on the educational system of higher education, a vector has been set for further research on this topic.</p>

Systematic Review to Improve Management Skills in Pedagogical Leadership

The present review addresses how educational leaders can improve their managerial skills to address current challenges in the field of education. Current research 18 that met strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was identified through a comprehensive review of all articles published for the period 2020 and 2024 in databases such as Scopus, Scielo, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. The results show that the management of educational institutions and the effectiveness of pedagogical leaders can be profoundly changed by implementing educational programs that incorporate managerial skills. Numerous studies delineate the importance of continuous professional development, institutional support, and effective resource allocation, while pointing out the demographic and cultural elements that impact educational leadership. To increase academic achievement and educational quality by strengthening managerial competencies, it is necessary to improve pedagogical leadership. This can be achieved by developing managerial and emotional skills, providing institutional support and ongoing training, and taking into account the cultural and demographic environment.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ НА ДИГИТАЛНИТЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В УПРАВЛЕНИЕТО НА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА ИНСТИТУЦИЯ

The modern world is witnessing dynamic changes fueled by the rapid development of digital technologies. These innovations permeate all aspects of our society, transforming the way we live, work and learn. Educational institutions, as key pillars of knowledge and learning, are not left out of these changes. The implementation of digital technologies in the management of educational institutions off ers unprecedented opportunities to improve the learning process, increase the effi ciency of administrative activities and personalize learning. The purpose of this report is to examine the current trends and examples of application of digital technologies in the management of educational institutions.

Readiness for sustainable accreditation management in higher education institutions: A mixed-method study in Indonesia

Obtaining an excellent accreditation rank in various study programs has become an urgency for universities in Indonesia because accreditation rankings are believed to have an impact on the provision of quality education. However, not all universities are able to achieve an excellent accreditation rank for all of the study programs they manage. This research aims to determine the readiness of the accreditation teams in managing accreditation in various study programs. The mixed method is used, with an explanatory sequential design. The participants involved are university leaders and accreditation teams in various study programs. The research results showed that an excellent accreditation rating cannot be achieved with ordinary organizational behavior but requires great effort, care, and commitment from both the leaders and the accreditation team. It also requires active and comprehensive participation from the academic community. The excellent rank in accreditation can only be obtained with superior effort and care. It is suggested that the readiness of the leaders and accreditation teams to manage accreditation optimally is a crucial aspect in achieving an excellent rating. In conclusion, there are at least three important aspects to consider in the accreditation process in order to achieve an excellent rank: the need to achieve the highest assessment, the effort and care needed to significantly impact the highest assessment, and the institution needs to ensure a quality culture through quality assurance and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Artificial Intelligence's Challenges and Opportunities for Management Education: A Journey of AI in Nonlinear Sciences

This study explores the problems and prospects of integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in management education, a field that has significantly evolved with technological advancements. AI has the potential to revolutionize management education by enhancing personalized learning, improving administrative efficiency, and providing data-driven decision-making support. However, challenges such as the digital divide, resistance to change among educators, data privacy concerns, and the substantial investments required for technology and training impede its widespread adoption. A mixed-methods approach, combining a literature review and survey, was employed to gather perspectives from the participants, including educators, administrators, and students. The findings reveal that while a major of institutions use AI for management education, significant concerns remain regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the cost of implementation. The study underscores the need for comprehensive training, ethical guidselines, and increased funding to overcome these barriers. By addressing these challenges, management education institutions can effectively leverage AI to enhance learning outcomes, administrative efficiency, and overall educational quality. The paper provides valuable insights for educators, administrators, and policymakers aiming to integrate AI into management education, ensuring a smoother transition and greater acceptance among stakeholders.

The Dynamics of Islamic Educational Institutions Management

This research aims to explain the dynamics of Mathla’ul Anwar educational institution from a management perspective. This research type is qualitative with a Library Research approach. The research data is in the form of data about The dynamics of Mathla’ul Anwareducational institution from its management aspect from primary sources in the form of books on the dynamics of educational institutions, Mathla'ul Anwar educational institutions, book development institutions in Islamic education and relevant journals. Data collection techniques were carried out using documentation studies. The researchers' data sources were obtained from books and journals about the dynamics of Mathla’ul Anwar educational institution from a management perspective. Data analysis uses Content Analysis. Based on the research results obtained, the dynamics of Mathla’ul Anwar educational institution in terms of management shows that this institution has succeeded in integrating various important elements in education to achieve its main goals. With a strong historical background and commitment to Islamic values, Mathla'ul Anwar continues to innovate and adapt to changing times. Management aspects, which include planning strategies, organizational structure, curriculum development, monitoring, and evaluation, as well as the development of human resources and facilities, have been implemented well. Overall, effective and efficient management at Mathla'ul Anwar has produced an educational institution that not only focuses on academic achievement but also builds the character and morals of students. This institution is able to face challenges and make good use of opportunities, continuing to be committed to producing a generation of knowledge, faith, and piety. Through good management, it is hoped that Mathla'ul Anwar can continue to make a meaningful contribution to the progress of education in Indonesia. Thus, this conclusion shows that the Mathla'ul Anwar educational institution continues to innovate and adapt to changing times and can make a positive contribution to creating a better educational institution.

Acculturation of religious values in early childhood: Central Sulawesi Educational Institutions

Background: Early Childhood Education Institutions (ECEIs) require a model for the cultivation of religious values from an early age. Religion encompasses fundamental values that strongly instil belief in the existence of God and promote harmonious relationships among individuals. This study examines the role of ECEIs in fostering religious values in early childhood.Aim: This study aims to explore the cultivation of religious values in early childhood, which includes philosophy and models of the cultivation of religious values.Setting: This research was conducted in Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.Methods: Researchers chose five early childhood educational institutions with 30 participants, teachers, and managers of early childhood educational institutions. The analytical approach used is the Discovering Cultural Themes model.Results: The spirit of ‘Ing Ngarso Sung Tulodo, Ing Madya Mangun Karso, and Tut Wuri Handayani’ serves as the philosophy guiding teachers to act as role models, inspire enthusiasm, and recognise the potential of young children. This philosophy is broken down into four main themes: ‘I Love the Earth’, ‘I Love Indonesia’, ‘Playing and Cooperating/We Are All Brothers’, and ‘My Imagination and Creativity’. The cultivation model includes introduction, habituation, and exemplary actions by parents and teachers.Conclusion: Philosophical values are cultivated through recognition, habituation, and example. The acculturation model starts from the identification of religious and cultural values followed by institutionalisation and encouragement by teachers and parents.Contribution: The role of early childhood educational institutions in the acculturation of religious values is a vital characteristic of schools managed by the government and foundations in Indonesia.

Knowledge entrepreneurship in higher education institutions: a perspective of knowledge sharing and entrepreneurial leadership in Pakistani HEIs

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to contribute to the research of knowledge management in higher education institutions (HEIs) by studying the enablers of knowledge entrepreneurship. Anchored in the dynamic capability theory, knowledge entrepreneurship is heterogeneously distributed in HEIs and is critical for the sustenance of organizations in the knowledge economy. This aim is realized by understanding the determinants of knowledge entrepreneurship and empirically investigating the relationship of knowledge-sharing behaviour and entrepreneurial leadership with knowledge entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachData was collected through structured questionnaires from 550 faculty members of HEIs in Pakistan by adequately representing the sample size through regional stratification and proportionate sampling. Data was analyzed through the Analysis of Moment Structures software where the data validation and reliability were achieved using correlations, confirmatory factor analysis and structured equation modelling to generate generalizable results.FindingsThe findings revealed that knowledge sharing is an important component in developing knowledge entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial leadership is pivotal in providing the support, vision and autonomy to individuals with personal and professional capabilities to ensure the creation of new knowledge, collaboration and innovation.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contributes to an understanding of relationship of knowledge sharing and entrepreneurial leadership that leads to promotion of knowledge entrepreneurship in HEIs of Pakistan. In addition, the findings of the study extend the existing literature on knowledge entrepreneurship by offering the positive mediating role of entrepreneurial leadership in the universities of Pakistan, hence, addressing the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the HEIs of a developing country like Pakistan. The theoretical framework of the study elucidates the importance of knowledge sharing and entrepreneurial leadership by using the dynamic capabilities theory and extends the scope of the aforementioned theory in entrepreneurial leadership realm.Practical implicationsBy generating an understanding of the dynamics of knowledge entrepreneurship this study tries to help policymakers and educational leaders to develop strategies to cultivate a culture of knowledge sharing and entrepreneurial leadership in Pakistani HEIs. Building the entrepreneurial ecosystem entails prioritizing knowledge creation, knowledge sharing and retention that can lead to innovative solutions for local and global challenges.Originality/valueThe study used dynamic capabilities theory to link the knowledge and resources together for the education sector for sustainable outcomes in the knowledge economy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to empirically study the behaviour of HEIs to create and support knowledge entrepreneurship in the presence of entrepreneurial leadership in the context of a developing country, Pakistan. Becoming a knowledge-based society will help Pakistan upgrade itself to the list of developed countries.

Development Approach for Quality Assurance in Higher Education on Area-Based and Community based on the Concept of Management of Educational Institution as the World of New Learning to Promote Students’ Living Valuable Lives

The misalignment between educational standards and the needs of students and the labor market often results in education that is underutilized. Thus, enhancing quality assurance in education to achieve learning outcomes that improve the value of life is essential for students to lead meaningful lives and attain true success. This study aims to: 1) examine the current and desirable states and priority needs, and 2) proposed development approach for quality assurance in higher education according to Area-Based and Community based on the concept of management of educational institution as the world of new learning to promote students’ living valuable lives. The respondents were 291 participants from 36 institutions. The results indicated that the overall current state is at a moderate level, the overall desirable state is at a high level, and the overall priority needs index (PNIModified=0.236). The proposed approaches are: 1) establishing policies and standards for data in various disciplines, considering societal trends, economy, environment, and other factors, with a focus on goal-orientation and regular updates both quantitatively and qualitatively; 1.1) developing a comprehensive database with national and international interlinks, 1.2) advancing technologies for teaching and learning management with an emphasis on outcomes, self-adaptation, discovery, and creativity, 1.3) fostering knowledge construction with innovative data; 2) formulating pedagogical policies and strategies that cater to students' potential and interests: 2.1) creating integrated trans-disciplinary courses that reflect learning outcomes, 2.2) developing modern learning resources, 2.3) establishing data collection methods for evaluating outcomes, including the progress and success of both teachers and students; 3) setting policies for supervision and monitoring of data management linked to instructional management and research, with a focus on academic integrity and national context: 3.1) developing an integrated data system for knowledge, innovation, and research that highlights the creation of new ideas for career development, 3.2) ensuring data access for discovering methods to improve instructional management, foster creative innovations, and develop positive career attitudes and societal security.