Education Export Research Articles

Increasing Internationalisation of the Primary Sector: Funding the Coffers and Encouraging Cultural Diversity, or Disadvantaging

This study reports the findings of an export education levy funded, small-scale collaborative research projected conducted with 10 primary and intermediate schools in the greater Auckland region about the impact of international students on the workload of teachers. Findings revealed that leaders considered the compliance issues associated with international students were very high, but the additional income generated by these students was useful. Responses from the teachers 131 teachers surveyed were mixed as to the impact on workload of hosting international students. The research team proposed two levels of recommended changes for practice. The first involved reflections of the changes that could be implemented in practice in the local context of these schools, and the second wider national policy implications directed towards the Ministry of Education and the export education industry.

Export of education as a tool for the formation of «soft power»

Export of education as a tool for the formation of «soft power»

Problems and Prospects of the Online Model for Exporting Russian Education in the Context of Digital Inequality

Russia has historically been a favored destination for international students, a trend continuing through 2020–2022 despite pandemic challenges, quarantine measures, remote learning adaptations, and evolving geopolitical dynamics. The pandemic prompted significant digital transformations in universities, revealing varying digital readiness among Russian institutions for the abrupt shift to online education. This led to the emergence of a novel “digital didactics” methodology. Russian universities adopted digitalization not only for education but also for supporting digital students’ sociopsychological adaptation and devising recruitment strategies via social networks. In these circumstances, digital inequality emerged as a critical concern. This issue is not only evident at a global level but also across various stages of foreign students’ education, spanning from virtual admissions to final certification. This study analyzes the global experiences and recommendations for crafting an optimal model for online educational engagement with foreign students and categorizes Russian universities based on their digital readiness for education export and identifies challenges in engaging foreign students and attracting applicants.

CHALLENGES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS IN UKRAINE

The article analyzes the basic demographic indicators of the crisis in Ukraine, reveals signs of the accumulated problems of the nationʼs aging and natural population decline, which allow to assess the situation in Ukraine as a depopulation. A significant deterioration of the demographic background and a qualitative change in the population structure of Ukraine after February 24, 2022 were recorded: irreversible human losses, emigration, reduction of the average birth rate, etc.A correlation was found between the number of children born in the corresponding year and the dynamics of the capacity of educational services. It was found that higher education in Ukraine will face the biggest demographic challenges in 17+ years. Challenges for higher education in Ukraine have been identified: a systematic reduction in the capacity of educational services and the need to significantly optimize educational offers on the market and the number of domestic higher education institutions; brain-drain and a weakening intellectual capital of the Ukrainian nation; a decrease in the export of Ukrainian higher education and the attraction of foreigners to the economy of Ukraine; devaluation of higher education in Ukraine.In the context of the strategic reconstruction of the state and restoration of the human capital of Ukraine, it is suggested that higher education can be considered and used as an effective tool of state policy in the cycle: obtaining national higher education ‒ demand on the labor market and involvement in the national economy ‒ financial security, an active civic position and loyalty to the state ‒ improving demographic indicators and overcoming the demographic crisis.
 Keywords: depopulation; aging of the nation; human capital; higher education of Ukraine; export of higher education; capacity of educational services; demographic crisis.

International student mobility to China: The effects of government scholarship and Confucius Institute

Government scholarship plays an active role in attracting foreign students and promoting higher education exports. As a culture and education platform, Confucius Institute is also likely to affect the number of foreign students in China. Using the data from 188 countries over the 2003-2018 period, we find globally both attract more international students to China. In addition, government scholarship has stronger impacts on degree-seeking students whereas Confucius Institute affects non-degree-seeking students more. At the continental level, government scholarship remains effective, particularly for degree-seeking students. Confucius Institute, however, display opposing impacts for different continents. As the number of the Institute increases in a country, there will be more foreign students if the continent is of higher income, geographically more distant from China, or culturally less exposed to China; and vice versa. Globally and for most continents, we observe Confucius Institute affects the positive effect of Chinese government scholarship. The results offer policy implications for government scholarship allocation decisions.

Primary Professionalization of Foreign Students: Barriers, Stigmatization, Adaptation

Introduction. In the context of the export of educational services, it is of particular importance to design an efficient system of foreign students’ psychological adaptation. Owing to the ethnocultural background, foreign students feel that they are stigmatized minorities in the host society. Negative images and stereotypes are often internalized, resulting in stable low self-esteem in the stigmatized. Since self-esteem acts as a key parameter of the professional self-concept, social stigma and the experience of social identity threat activate the stigmatization of primary professionalization, thereby drastically reducing the efficiency of the received vocational education at the university. The purpose of the study is: to outline the phenomenon of primary professionalization, to reveal the nature of the relationship between the social stigma of foreign students and their self-esteem, and to describe the levels of primary professionalization.Materials and Methods. The study involved 124 foreign students. Participants were asked to answer questions of the Short Form of the Stigmatization Scale and Rosenbergʼs Self-Esteem Scale in order to track the relationship between social stigma and self-esteem. Further, in order to identify the basic barriers to primary professionalization and the participants’ perception of their stigmatized status, the respondents answered the questions of a semi-structured interview supported with the critical incident technique in a focus group format.Results. There is a correlation between the degree of obviousness of social stigma and self-esteem of foreign students. The categorization of the data obtained allowed the authors to substantiate the phenomenon of stigma of primary professionalization, to systematize the determining factors, and to describe its levels.Discussion and Conclusion. Despite the fact that social stigma has attracted active attention of world science for decades, we have not been able to find focused studies into primary professionalization in the format of education export. Studying the factors that lead to the development of stigma of primary professionalization, understanding its levels will help to design a system for its prevention, optimize the system of adaptation of foreign students to the realities of the educational system of the host university.

Development of the Regulatory and Institutional Basis for Incrising the Educational Migration to Russia

The publication aims to analyze the existing regulatory framework in the field of edu- cational migration for the implementation of strategic documents in the field of foreign and humani- tarian policy of Russia; assess how the existing legal mechanisms for educational migration meet the objectives; to formulate the institutional conditions for a new stage in the export of Russian education, taking into account geopolitical changes. The publication also presents the results of the monitoring of “double degree” programs conducted by RUDN University in 2022, as well as the risks of introducing a new system of higher education in Russia in the aspect of internationalization. The methodological basis of the study is the analysis of statistical data in the field of international education, as well as the analysis of the regulatory framework, which includes the legislation of the Russian Federation; departmental regulatory documents, international experience. Main research methods: analysis, formal legal and comparative legal.

Роль русскоязычных и англоязычных вузовских образовательных программ для студентов-иностранцев в расширении возможностей экспорта российского образования

The study aims to identify ways to improve the Russian education export strategy by choosing the most optimal language model for the implementation of university educational programs for foreign students. The paper analyzes two main ways of education export in the form of English-language and Russian-language university educational programs for foreign youth. In particular, the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of these language models were identified both from the perspective of universities and foreign students enrolled in Russian universities. In addition, options for the likely medium-term and long-term impact of the two language models on the education sector, Russia’s migration and economic policy as a whole were considered. As a result of examining various parameters of university programs for foreigners in Russian and English, it was proved that the model of Russian-language university education for foreign students allows for the most complete implementation of the Russian education export strategy in terms of the formation of a widely recognized and highly demanded brand of Russian higher education abroad, as well as in attracting a large contingent of foreign youth and creating favorable conditions for the training of foreign students in Russian universities. The scientific novelty of the paper lies in substantiating the need for priority implementation of the Russian-language model of higher education for foreign students in Russia in order to significantly expand the opportunities of Russian education export. In addition, the paper shows that the effective implementation of the Russian education export strategy based on the specified language model of educational programs requires the creation of mass pre-university training courses for foreign youth in Russian as a foreign language in the most promising countries for attracting applicants.

International student mobility to non-traditional destination countries: evidence from a host country

Since the early 1990s, Latvia has experienced high levels of emigration. Still, current dynamics show that net migration has nearly ceased and that a growing share of new immigrant populations are from non-European countries. One of the leading causes of a sizable share of recent immigration is the globalisation of higher education and the mobility of international students. However, in recent decades, international student mobility (ISM) has brought attention to various aspects of higher education, educational export, and migration trends. This has captured the interest of academics and practitioners worldwide. Receiving countries recognise the importance of attracting international students as potential residents, especially as they undergo unfavourable demographic changes. The paper aims to present empirical evidence on ISM in Latvia by assessing international student daily life and study experiences. The focus is on examining the perspective of a host country. The study utilises statistical data, survey data and a case study of the University of Latvia to analyse the link between the origin of the student and their choosing Latvia as a non-traditional destination for quality higher education. The findings indicate that Latvia is an attractive destination for young migrants from diverse geographies, including Europe and Southeast Asia and consistent flows of students from former Soviet countries. One of the main factors that draw international students to Latvia is the affordability of education offered in English, providing a “second chance” for achieving success and specific clusters of degree students from European countries studying medicine.

Способы обеспечения эффективной реализации стратегии экспорта российского образования

The study aims to identify the key areas of the Russian academic, economic and sociocultural sphere that can be positively influenced by the Russian education export strategy in order to specify the ways of organizing educational process and social adaptation of foreign students that would contribute to the most successful implementation of all aspects of this strategy. The paper examines the reasons why states pay great attention to the internationalization of their higher education system and also identifies the main areas of the Russian university environment, economy and culture that are the beneficiaries of the influx of foreign students to the Russian Federation. Furthermore, the scientific work explores the ways to improve the system of higher education that will allow organizing the studying and recreation of foreign students in such a manner that all the most important problems related to the implementation of education export are successfully solved and reflected in Russia’s scientific, industrial and cultural development, both at the national level and internationally. The scientific novelty lies in presenting new ways to adapt the educational process at the university to the educational needs of foreign students, as well as in offering methods for improving the socializing, cultural-educational and career guidance work of universities, which together are able to ensure foreign students’ formation not only as qualified professionals, but also as the professionals with a pronounced positive perception of Russia who respect our culture and seek to cooperate with Russian organizations in one form or another. As a result of achieving the research objectives, the role of education export in the policy of many countries has been determined, which consists in ensuring stable high incomes and in strengthening the leading position of the state on the international stage. The main directions of the academic, economic and sociocultural spheres significantly affected by all the multitude of activities undertaken in the process of education export have been identified. The main parameters of university education that require modernization with regard to the development of the Russian higher education export strategy have been determined. The need for integration of additional disciplines in Russian into the educational route of foreign students throughout the entire course of study at the university has been argued. The need for advanced training of the teaching staff in terms of the methodology of teaching disciplines in Russian as a foreign language has been noted. The importance of the active involvement of foreign students in the university environment and the sociocultural city life has been shown. The correlation between the increase in the number of potential foreign applicants who would like to earn a degree in a Russian university and ensuring the high quality of education for foreign students along with the creation of favorable conditions for their effective sociocultural adaptation has been proved.

THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

This article talks about new methods of the family education system. Special emphasis is placed on new terms and concepts such as distance education, education export, borderless education, credit module system, horizontal and vertical movement of family education, different from traditional education. In addition, a comparative analysis of foreign experiences in the internationalization and internationalization of education aimed at quality assurance in the field of family education was made.

When Nordic Education Myths Meet Economic Realities: The “Nordic Model” in Education Export in Finland and Sweden

We analyse policy rhetoric on education export in Finland and Sweden as a lens to explore the multifaceted Nordic model in education. We also examine how the Nordic dimension in education is represented in Finnish and Swedish education exports. Our findings highlight that, while education export approaches differ considerably between the two countries, both contexts provide opportunities for private edu-business actors to thrive, thereby sustaining the global education industry (GEI). Education export is rhetorically positioned in relation to both the national and the Nordic contexts in specific ways, with implications for how Nordic education is framed in the globalised economy.

Повышение конкурентоспособности образования России на международном уровне

This article provides an analysis of the factors affecting the competitiveness of domestic higher education: the positioning of Russian universities in international rankings, the degree of digitalization of education and science in the Russian Federation, as well as the export potential of Russian education. The first part presents the data of the analysis of higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation by the most popular international rating agencies, shows the methods and principles for calculating key indicators for each of the ratings. The higher places in international rankings show popularity and prestige of not only a particular university, but also the market of educational services in the country in general. The export of education is an important factor contributing to the increase of global competitiveness. The second part of the work describes government programs that help increase the export of domestic education by promoting Russian universities among foreign applicants, and also presents an action plan to increase the export of higher education in Russia. The degree of digitalization of higher education is shown as a determining factor, the importance of the digital transformation of domestic education, as well as the benefits of distance learning, is established. The federal program "Strategy for the Digital Transformation of Science and Higher Education", developed in 2021 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation with the aim of achieving "digital maturity" in the field of education, is analyzed. A consistent review of projects developed in the field of education, as well as data from rating agencies, made it possible to determine the main directions for increasing the competitiveness of domestic higher education, to describe strategies and activities that contribute to the prompt achievement of all goals.

Export of education as a factor of the country’s economic growth

Export of education as a factor of the country’s economic growth

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW SOCIO-POLITICAL TRENDS AND MIGRATION OF CITIZENS

The article analyzes the role of education and the challenges faced by the domain of philosophy of education nowadays. Civilization owes its existence to the development and formation of education. The philosophy of education considers the most general foundations of education, its development and functioning. The main aim of this article is to critically undertake the value of education and analyze how it has developed from ancient times up until nowadays along the philosophy of education. One of the major challenges is represented by the increased costs assigned to education, which has become one of the most expensive and most valuable commodities and, consequently, has affected the development of countries. In fact, one of the major premises of this study is that educational resources, rather than economic ones, definitely impact the raise and evolution of a nation. A particular focus will be devoted to the correspondences and contrasts between different European educational traditions and some Russian paradigms reflected by the philosophy of education. The European liberal understanding of the philosophy of education and its reception in the Russian philosophical thought have both differences and common aspects. Both support the idea that the philosophy of education has a pronounced interdisciplinary character which should be kept as such. A special place in the field of education is occupied by the international market of educational services, which is designed to improve the demographic situation and positively influences the labor market of recipient countries, as well as contribute to the development of the general level of education of the nation. A second argument that will tailor the current research will plea for accepting the competition of talents in the modern world, which is designed to attract educational migrants. The export of education requires freedom of movement, which underlies the free competition of educational services and the worldwide exchange of knowledge. Thus, the free exchange of knowledge and its transfer will contribute to maximize innovations in the field of education, which consequently will directly support both the modernization of the educational systems and the preservation of national educational traditions.

About Sectoral Statistical Toolkit and Statistical Data on the Number of Foreign Students

The development of the export of education and international scientific and educational communication is an important task assigned to the federal executive bodies of the Russian Federation. However, there are reasons that impede the development of international scientific and educational cooperation. The article, based on the results of analysis of statistics in the field of export of educational services, considers the development of sectoral statistical tools for monitoring international educational cooperation.

Государственная политика Российской Федерации по привлечению иностранных студентов 2008–2021 гг.

The article examines development of the state policy of Russia in the field of higher education in terms of attracting foreign students in the period of 2008-2021. Relevance of the topic is determined by the need to increase competitiveness of the domestic higher school and the realization of its export potential. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state policy in the field of higher education to increase the number of foreigners, as an important component of internationalization and export of education. Special attention is paid to internationalization and export of education and the formation of new approaches to public policy in the field of education under the influence of these trends. The article analyzes a number of state planning documents: the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, the «May decrees» of the President of Russia of 2012 and 2018. These documents have determined the goals and objectives of improving the competitiveness of the Russian higher education. At the same time, the importance attached to the export of education by the Russian leadership is emphasized by a set of projects and programs aimed at attracting the foreigners. In this regard, project approach in the public administration is being investigated in terms of increasing the export of education. The projects «5-100», «Development of the export potential of the Russian education system» and «Export of education» are considered. Based on the analysis, conclusions on the effectiveness of state policy and its promising directions in terms of attracting foreign students are presented.

DOES KAZAKHSTAN NEED TO RATIFY THE TOKYO CONVENTION?

The article considers the importance of further development of the process of internationalization of higher education in Kazakhstan, in particular, increasing the competitiveness of exports of Kazakhstani educational services through integration into the educational area of the Asia-Pacific region (APAC). It is shown that ratification of the Tokyo Convention will contribute to the implementation of one of the indicators of the Concept of Development of Higher Education and Science in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023 - 2029, specifically increasing the proportion of foreign students. Ratification of the Tokyo Convention will give Kazakhstan the opportunity to strengthen diplomatic relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. It will raise awareness of Southeast Asians about Kazakhstan's education system, higher education institutions, educational programmes, the national system of qualifications of higher education, the process of issuing diplomas and certificates. This will help to improve mutual understanding and trust between the countries, as well as promote wider intercultural exchange of knowledge and experience. Ratification of the Convention will strengthen the status of Kazakhstani educational institutions in the educational area in the Asia-Pacific region, thereby attracting international students and researchers. Comparative analysis of the Lisbon and Tokyo Conventions on the Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education shows that joining the Tokyo Convention can make the APAC countries one of the important platforms for the export of Kazakhstani higher education.

Organizational and economic mechanism of education export from Russia to Syria

Organizational and economic mechanism of education export from Russia to Syria

THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR EDUCATIONAL SERVICES: TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR KAZAKHSTAN

The development of the educational system in any country is a key factor in its socio-economic progress. Kazakhstan, a country with rich natural resources and great potential, is aware of the importance of investments in education as the main direction for long-term development. The basis for achieving this goal is investing in education and science. However, the global market of educational services is in a state of rapid change. In the light of globalization and digital transformation of education, new opportunities and challenges are emerging for Kazakhstan. Along the way, the country can learn lessons and take advantage of global trends to optimize its educational system. This study offers a comprehensive review of the current global educational services market, emphasizing the identified trends and their potential implications for Kazakhstan's education sector. By examining internationalization strategies, the role of online learning, market demands for skills, and the increasing importance of sustainable education, this paper reveals unique opportunities for Kazakhstan to enhance its national education system. It also presents a comprehensive understanding of how these global trends could be harnessed to promote education export, thus contributing to the nation's socio-economic development.