Education Budget Research Articles

The Romanian Education Budget: Financing Pre-University Education (2001–2020)

The Romanian Education Budget: Financing Pre-University Education (2001–2020)

PENGARUH KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK DAN KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL TERHADAP KINERJA GURU SD DI KECAMATAN SAGULUNG

This study is intended to analyze the effect of pedagogic competence and professional competence on the performance of elementary school teachers in Sagulung District. The research method uses a quantitative approach with a causal design. Sampling using purposive sampling as many as 223 respondents. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The analysis technique uses descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics with multiple linear regression. From the results of multiple regression analysis, it can be concluded that the variables of pedagogic competence, and professional competence, simultaneously and significantly affect the performance of elementary school teachers in Sagulung District. It is recommended for further researchers, other variables related to teacher performance can be selected, such as school facilities, education budgets, or online learning methods in order to obtain objective, accurate, and complete information on research results.

The Primary School Movement in the South Slav Lands of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Era of Dualism. Ideal and Reality

Primary education was an important issue in the Balkan countries during the social and national awakenings of the nineteenth century. While the development of a school system with a structured curriculum, staffed by qualified, faculty-educated teaching staff of both sexes, is well known, its ideological foundations may deserve more attention. This study takes as its starting point the most radical wing of the movement, a (by no means homogeneous) group around the Croatian educational magazine Napredak (1859), which under the partial influence of German Protestant pedagogy advocated non-denominational schools free of state or clerical tutoring, as well as Yugoslav fraternity. were implicit in Croatian taste. Croatian teachers have played a significant role in the development of primary education in Bosnia, although the final adoption of the principle of non-denominational schools is more due to the state's concern to counter Bosnian Serb influence - whose denominational schools developed thanks to immigrants from the Monarchy. . The idealism of the educational movement was submerged by three main factors, exacerbated by official suspicion: religious opposition in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Muslim camps; related ethno-national differences in the last two cases and, finally, the lack resources in still underdeveloped societies. The education budget has been spent too disproportionately on post-primary education, reflecting a propensity for elite and instrumental funding of “class” lines rather than educating the “man” of liberal ideas. In addition to the objective difficulties, there was the problem of teacher dissatisfaction with the gap between ideals and reality, and their low status among a largely indifferent, if not hostile population. The fate of primary education has thus become a symbol of the difficulties that Balkan society has encountered in the process of "modernization".

Poverty Alleviation Strategies Through Sharia Microfinance Institutions Politico-Economics Study With Tawhidi Approach

This research aims to formulate a poverty alleviation strategy in Indonesia by empowering Islamic Microfinance Institutions (IMFI) based on political-economic studies. The Indonesian political-economic system is stipulated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution and its Explanatory Paragraph, making the people the center of attention for national economic development. The research uses the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method developed by Saaty. The ANP construction uses a model consisting of 3 main clusters, namely Problems, Solutions, and Strategies. The qualitative-quantitative assessment data is determined based on the Saaty Scale obtained through an in-depth interview of 9 expert respondents and practitioners in Islamic economics and finance. The results show that poverty alleviation strategies need to be carried out through cultural and structural approaches. The cultural approach includes revitalizing the concept of the people's economy as stated in the 1945 Constitution, campaigning for using the domestic product, socialization to increase literacy about waqf and zakat, improving the practices of bureaucratic ethics, and strengthening the values of togetherness and anti-monopoly. The strategy at structural approach is carried out by implementing policies to enhance the role of cooperatives in the national economy; increasing the education budget for the poor and needy; increased coordination between authorities; bureaucratic reform; and honest and fair law enforcement against corruption. For the micro-level at the LKMS institution, the cultural approach is carried out by strengthening literacy on Islamic financial instruments, increasing financial inclusion programs, social inclusion programs, and strengthening methods for obtaining funding sources from Islamic financial instruments. On the structural side, it is necessary to improve the professionalism and capability of supporting LKMS, institutional strengthening, internal control and supervision system, improvement of supporting infrastructure, and enhancing service convenience.

Inequality of Education in Indonesia by Gender, Socioeconomic Background and Government Expenditure

Education plays an important role in improving the quality of human resources capable of encouraging economic and social development. Education is also one of the goals of the sustainable development goals in increasing the quantity and quality of human resources continuously which must be carried out equitably and accessible to all without education, geographical, social and economic status. However, the issue of education inequality has recently become a serious concern both at the provincial and district or city levels. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence educational inequality in Indonesia in 2019 and 2020. The analytical method in this study uses panel data regression with 5 equation models. The results show that gender inequality and education budgets can reduce educational inequality. Keywords : Education Inequality, Gender Gap, Education Expenditure, Indonesia

‘Mutual Accommodation’: Clientelist Politics in South African School Education

ABSTRACT: Whilst most post-apartheid public schools in South Africa remain significantly underfunded, the education budget nevertheless provides a significant injection of jobs and public spending into the provinces–into rural provinces with small economies especially. Based on research in the Eastern Cape and Gauteng provinces, I show how a particular form of clientelist politics has taken root in the post-apartheid school education system–one locally organised around ‘promotional’ posts in schools, and disconnected from a clear state, party, or other organisational ‘centre’. Groups of locally organised unionists operate to secure preferential access to these posts, sometimes through the use or threat of violence, sometimes through collusion with district education officials, or with community members who might benefit from access to meagre school budgets. Attempts by residents to secure livelihood strategies in the context of poverty intersect with local strategies of upward mobility on the part of ordinary teachers, and in turn connect loosely, via patterns of ‘mutual accommodation’ with strategies of elite accumulation amongst senior politicians, administrators, and union leaders. In the case of the education sectors in the Eastern Cape and Gauteng provinces at least, on which this article focuses, this constitutes a fragmented yet interlocking system of unstable governance. In this sense, I suggest that there is much in the dynamics of education governance that offers insight into wider patterns of state-society relations around the local state in South Africa.

‘Mutual Accommodation’: Clientelist Politics in South African School Education

ABSTRACT: Whilst most post-apartheid public schools in South Africa remain significantly underfunded, the education budget nevertheless provides a significant injection of jobs and public spending into the provinces–into rural provinces with small economies especially. Based on research in the Eastern Cape and Gauteng provinces, I show how a particular form of clientelist politics has taken root in the post-apartheid school education system–one locally organised around ‘promotional’ posts in schools, and disconnected from a clear state, party, or other organisational ‘centre’. Groups of locally organised unionists operate to secure preferential access to these posts, sometimes through the use or threat of violence, sometimes through collusion with district education officials, or with community members who might benefit from access to meagre school budgets. Attempts by residents to secure livelihood strategies in the context of poverty intersect with local strategies of upward mobility on the part of ordinary teachers, and in turn connect loosely, via patterns of ‘mutual accommodation’ with strategies of elite accumulation amongst senior politicians, administrators, and union leaders. In the case of the education sectors in the Eastern Cape and Gauteng provinces at least, on which this article focuses, this constitutes a fragmented yet interlocking system of unstable governance. In this sense, I suggest that there is much in the dynamics of education governance that offers insight into wider patterns of state-society relations around the local state in South Africa.

BASIC EDUCATION IN SOMALIA: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

The paper discussed the problems facing basic education in Somalia and proposes solutions. The article shows that the basic education budgets of the national and regional governments increase every year. However, the budget is only allocated for the management and educational policies, not for increasing the enrolment in basic education. The point of the article is that special consideration should be given to basic education. The study indicates that basic education in Somalia is very low and the number of children out of school is very high. The paper indicates that there are many problems confronting basic education in Somalia. Some of these are budget shortages, philosophical and curriculum problems, the shortage of qualified teachers, traditional teaching methods, and the decreasing literacy rate. The paper shows that overcoming these problems requires increasing the number of schools, mobilizing finance, privatization, education promotion, and community support.

A Study to Enhance MULTICULTURAL Acceptance of Local Governments through Analysis of Factors Influencing Multicultural Acceptance

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the multicultural acceptance perception survey to verify the relationship between each demographic and social factor, contact factor, and multicultural education and multicultural acceptance, and to suggest measures to improve multicultural acceptance by region. Most of the preceding studies in Korea have proven simple relevance through multicultural acceptance analysis, but this study focuses on local autonomy and suggests the justification for multicultural acceptance education and central government budget allocation. Method: This study used the data from the 2018 General Public Multicultural Acceptance Survey, the most recent data of the General Public Multicultural Acceptance Survey conducted every three years by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family to verify variables affecting multicultural acceptance. This survey selected a total of 4,006 men and 1,970 women as a probability sample (multistage stratified sample by region, gender, and age) based on the 2016 Population and Housing Census(Statistics Office). The variables in this study were the dependent variables such as multicultural acceptance score(subordinate variable), demographic factor, contact factor, and multicultural education(independent variable), and regression analysis was conducted using SPSS 21.0, a statistical program. Results: As a result of the statistical analysis of this study, it was found that in the case of demographic factors, men, younger age, and higher education had a positive effect on multicultural acceptance. Looking at the contact factors, as direct contact, multicultural events, festivals, and strong relationships with foreigners could increase multicultural acceptance. In the case of indirect contact, multicultural acceptance could be increased when exposed to positive mass media content. In the case of the number of multicultural education sessions, the more education received, the more positive the acceptance was. On the other hand, it was found that household income, occupation and foreign contact, which were factors that had a significant influence in previous studies, did not have a significant effect in this study. Conclusion: This study, which identified the factors affecting multicultural acceptance by using statistical analysis, believes that it has a value to contribute to preparing measures to improve multicultural acceptance suitable for local governments. In the case of local governments, multicultural education can be conducted by selecting groups by gender, age and educational background. In addition, festivals and events with foreigners can be planned, and positive foreign-related broadcasts can be planned on YouTube videos promoted by local broadcasters or local governments.

The comparative study on Indonesian and Japanese basic education

This study aims at know the comparison of Basic Education Indonesia and Japan by using five indicators, namely the objectives of Education, education management, education budget, education personnel and salaries, and the process of evaluation of learning. The method used in this research is the study of literature with a qualitative descriptive approach to see the comparison of basic education in Indonesia and Japan, the study of literature using a qualitative descriptive approach is to gather a number of references relevant to the topic of this study. The reference is taken from national journals and international journals which are then reviewed according to the needs in this study. The results of the study shows that the comparison of Basic Education Indonesia can be seen from four aspects, namely This is due to several indicators, namely (1) differences in education objectives, (2) education management; (3) Japan Education budget; (4) his education and salary; and (5) learning processes and evaluations. This study only emphasizes on five indicators of Basic Education of Indonesia and Japan. there are gaps that can be filled by subsequent research, namely curriculum, political system, character education, and so forth. This research should contribute to the policy makers of the Indonesian Education system in order to apply the five indicators of Japanese basic education to the Indonesian basic education system.

Kebijakan Pendidikan Nasional Perspektif Pembiayaan Pendidikan

The fourth amendment of the 1945 Constitution article 31 states that: 1. Every citizen has the right to education. 2. Every citizen is obliged to attend basic education and the government is obliged to pay for it. 3. The government shall endeavor and organize a national education system that enhances faith and piety as well as noble character in the context of educating the nation's life which is regulated by law. 4. The state prioritizes the education budget at least 20% of the state revenue and expenditure budget as well as from the regional revenue and expenditure budget to meet the needs of national education administration. 5. The government advances science and technology by upholding religious values ​​and national unity for the advancement of civilization and the welfare of mankind. In accordance with the mandate of the VI amendment of the 1945 Constitution, Article 31 paragraph 4, which was later strengthened through Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System, in particular the Fourth Part concerning the Allocation of Education Funds. Meanwhile, according to the National Education System Law Number 20 of 2003, Chapter XII article 46 paragraph 1 and Government Regulation Number 48 of 1008, education financing is a shared responsibility between the government, regional governments, and the community. The principles of managing these funds are: 1. Fairness. 2. Efficiency. 3. Transparency. 4. General

معاشرتی علوم كے میدان میں جامعات کے پاکستانی نوجوان محققین کےمسائل اور ان کا حل

Pakistan is blessed with more than 60% of the youth population, which can play a constructive role in the progress of the country. But, due to inadequate planning, low education budgets, insufficient number of educational institutes, and governmental negligence, this resource is being wasted. Education, in general, higher education, in particular, are sub-standard. This paper discusses and identifies several issues faced by the young researchers of the universities, especially in the field of social sciences. For the collection of data, two questionnaires were circulated among the Pakistani researchers studying in or graduating from the universities in Pakistan and technologically advanced countries. The responses were then quantified, the results were extracted, and the recommendations in their light are presented.

A Call to World Governments: Save Youth Generations from Obsoleted Education Systems!

My research is a result of accumulated provocation of obsolete and paralyzing education that has been frozen since the middle ages. We have to admit that before the pandemic, education was already in crisis. Governments have been ignoring to adopt any comprehensive plan to reform the educational systems till it has been unprecedently disrupted by COVID-19. I try through this paper to make a global call for governments to immediately start cooperating together for setting international qualifications framework that best suit future competencies. This call should be prioritized on the world agenda. It would be more plausible for governments, UNESCO and other education stakeholders to seize the opportunity of the 2020 disruption of life cycle for the maximum benefit of humanity. For this to happen we need exceptional leaders with extraordinary vision to transform education instead of ensuring children can keep learning and that every single child returns to school after the pandemic. Another challenge to be expected is the reduction in education budgets being under pressure as governments shift spending towards the health and economic response to the pandemic. The impact of schools closing on a generation of children will be immense on the long term. We must act now to save the education and life chances of generations of youth. At this time of unprecedented crisis, the world must come together to protect education and put it at the very heart of the global recovery effort. Recovery, not as before but as convenient and sustainable with the perspective requirements. It is time to expose youth to real life experiences; we need our children to learn about finance from characters like Jef Bezos or Bill Gates or Mukesh Ambani; to learn about psychology from John Anderson, Eliot Aronson and Ahmed Ukasha; to know approaches of math and physics as Elon Musk and Steve Wozniak. We shouldn’t settle for less when it comes to building minds and souls of our children. With all due respect to teachers and university professors, they are not the only best option for qualifying and training our youth for tomorrow’s challenges. However, those entrepreneurs are not teachers or willing to be, education specialists and strategists are required to set the vision and the procedures required to pave the way for highly practical competencies framework. Analgesics are no longer feasible.

Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi (PDRB), Rata-Rata Lama Sekolah Dan Pengangguran Dalam Disparitas Anggaran Pendidikan Di Indonesia Tahun 2015-2019

In the field of education every human being will experience a process. The presses are made to improve science, ability, creativity and innovation. In addition, education is able to increase economic growth, with the education sector able to increase the quality of human resources on the other hand indirectly, the old school's average increase in the quality of human resources and labor productivity so that it can reduce unemployment. The study aims to find out the impact of economic growth, the average length of school and unemployment on Indonesia's provincial education budget 2015-2019. This kind of research uses a quantitative method with the fixed effect model. The results of variable economic growth has significant impact on the education budget with a probability of 0,0019 or less than 0,05, for the average variable old school has significant impact on the education budget with a probability of 0.0022 and unemployment variable have a staggering 0.0000 or less than 0,05, and a variables of economic growth, the average long school and unemployment have a significant impact on the education budget with a probability of 0.000009 or less than a 0.05.

Efforts to Improve the Quality of Public Services in the Education Sector

Public service is a product of public bureaucracy that is accepted by users and the wider community. Therefore, public service can be defined as a series of activities carried out by the public bureaucracy, for example making identity cards, birth certificates and so on. Improvements to public services, especially in education, will improve and be more equitable. This is due to many limitations, both in terms of education budget, teaching staff, facilities such as school buildings, libraries, laboratories and scholarships for the poor. Therefore, it is hoped that educational services can be felt equally by the community in meeting their basic needs. In carrying out innovations in the field of education, the Regency Government directs, guides, supervises, supervises, coordinates, monitors, evaluates, and controls the organizers of units, pathways, levels, and types of education in accordance with national policies in the field of education and regional policies in the field of education within the framework of managing the education system. National Analysis of the challenges faced and opportunities for service development of the Kediri District Education Office requires an analysis of internal and external conditions. This requires an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, challenges (Threats), or a SWOT analysis of the conditions of education, youth and sports in Kediri Regency which is basically a description of the service performance of the Kediri Regency Education Office

Has the University Always Been “Neoliberal”?

Has the University Always Been “Neoliberal”?

Education Budget Through Central or Local Government Spending: Which Is More Effective in Improving the Quality of Human Life?

Regional autonomy demands a division of authority between the Center and the regions, which in turn has an impact on budgeting policies. On the one hand, central government spending is oriented towards equity, but on the other hand, the regions understand very well their respective characteristics. The government's budget is always results-oriented, so this research can later be used as a benchmark in planning budgeting. In terms of spending on Education in Indonesia, the budget is channeled through central government spending and local government spending. This research is structured to see between the Central Government or Local Government, more significant in accelerating human quality (IPM) in Indonesia. This study uses Vector Auto Regression with Bayesian Vector Auto Regression model specifications to determine the effect between the variables studied. The variables used in this study are the Central Government Expenditure budget, Regional Government Expenditure on Education through Transfers from the Center to the Regions, Adjusted Per Capita Expenditure, and the Human Development Index from 2007 – 2020. The estimation results show a tendency for local government spending to be more able to increase Human Development Index compared to the Education budget through central government spending. This finding indicates that in the end, the results of decentralization, one of which is the delegation of authority for local government spending, can accelerate the human development index higher than the expenditure issued by the central government.

Teacher support, preparedness and resilience during times of crises and uncertainty: COVID-19 and education in the Global South

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing education inequities, further marginalising those with poor and limited education opportunities, particularly in conflict, fragile, and insecure contexts. In the Global South, the COVID-19 pandemic compounds existing crises, frailties, and inequities as the impoverished suffer food insecurity, physical conflict, and crises of health and water. Existing research suggests that the pandemic has further disadvantaged marginalised communities, weakened learner performance, increased learning losses, and stretched already strained education budgets. However, little is known about the role of teachers in the policymaking process relating to matters that have a direct impact on their work. It is this gap that we address in this paper. Drawing on research, commissioned by the Open Society Foundation and Education International, based on a detailed desk-based review and interviews with purposefully selected Teachers' Union and Government officials in eight African countries, we examine the role of teachers in education policy-making processes and the kinds of support made available to them, or the lack thereof, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the conceptual framing of de Sousa Santos's sociology of absences and cognitive injustice, we demonstrate that teachers have been absent from policymaking processes and have not been adequately provided with the necessary professional development (PD) and psychosocial support to navigate the uncertainties and pedagogical requirements imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Equality and Equity in Indonesian Education: The Consequences of Decentralization


 
 
 
 This paper discussed Indonesian efforts to change the Indonesian educational system from centralization to decentralization. The Indonesian government launched several programmes to support its decentralization policy in education. The programmes were intended to open equal access to education all over Indonesia and minimize the gap among the regions. This paper analysed whether the programmes provided equality and equity to Indonesian citizens in terms of educational access. Finally, this researcher recommended that the Indonesian government gives more attention to the disadvantaged area, for example, poor and remote regions. This may provide equal access to education with good quality in Indonesia. Moreover, the Indonesian central government may allow local authorities to get involved in teacher professionalism programmes. Local authorities may invite successful educators from other regions to learn their successful localized curriculum. Finally, the central government must ensure that local government apply a minimum of 20% of its budgets for education. The funding might help local educational authorities pay teachers' salaries on time as the delay in teacher salaries may affect negatively their work conditions. 
 
 
 

Relationship of Province Government Equipment, with Regency/City Government Equipment in Improving the Achievement of Education Development Indicators in Banten Province

This study examines the reality of the relationship between Provincial Government Apparatus and Regency/City Government Apparatus in Improving the Achievement of Education Development Indicators in Banten Province. Indicators of education development reflect the quality of human resources which is positively and significantly correlated with the level of welfare, so that the better the level of quality of human capital, the better the level of welfare. By using a case study method that refers to the main case, namely the relationship between Provincial Government Apparatus and Regency / City Government Equipment after the implementation of the distribution of government affairs in the field of education. In this study, various categories were found that formed the initial proposition of the concept of findings that could be put forward: first, the relationship between Provincial Government Apparatus and Regency/City Government Apparatus in improving the achievement of education development indicators in Banten Province seen from the aspect of authority and institutional limited by laws and regulations. Invitation and static mindset of bureaucratic implementers in the education planning and budgeting process. In the institutional aspect, there is no structural device that has the authority to provide guidance and supervision of the education administration of the district/city government. Second, the relationship between Provincial Government Apparatus and Regency/City Government Apparatus in improving the achievement of education development indicators in Banten Province seen from the aspect of regional planning and finance is indirect but is represented by regional apparatus in charge of regional planning and finance. Third, the relationship between Provincial Government Apparatus and Regency/City Government Apparatus in improving the achievement of education development indicators in Banten Province seen from the aspect of informal guidance and supervision.