Work Education Research Articles

Mentoring in the context of the implementation of the dual approach in personnel training

Introduction. The article presents the experience of training qualified workers and employees in the process of mutually beneficial partnership in the dual interaction of an educational organization and an employer in the context of the implementation of the «Specialty» project and the reduction of training periods, when the success of professional training depends on the effectiveness of the interaction of the teacher and mentor and when the role of the mentor is largely actualized. Purpose setting. The purpose of this study is to consider the possibilities of a dual approach at the level of the closest interaction – between the teacher of the educational organization (engineering teacher) and the heads of the practice in production (mentors) in joint training for the needs of the enterprise, which allows to combine the personnel and material resources of interested parties and, in general, contributes to improving the quality of education. Solving this problem contributes to: 1) systematic professional development of the tandem «teacher» and «mentor», exchange of professional and pedagogical experience; 2) development of psychological and pedagogical knowledge and skills of teachers; 3) activation of educational and cognitive activity of students; 4) formation of the need for self-development of students, teachers and mentors. Methodology and methods of the study. The leading approaches to the research are personality-oriented, activity-oriented, systematic, contributes to improving the effectiveness of the interaction of the «teachers – mentor» tandem in the joint training of in-demand personnel corresponding to modern realities and contributing to the successful implementation of the project «Specialty». Results. The significance of the research results lies in the fact that didactic conditions have been identified and a model of dual-creative interaction has been developed, taking into account the interests of all parties in the training process, where the key figure is the personality of the student. The results also allow us to determine the prospects for further studies of this problem, which consist in the creation of scientifically based technologies for designing the content of education in conditions of effective social partnership, identifying more effective forms, means and methods of mentoring. Conclusion. The presented methodology of training workers on the basis of effective dual-creative interaction can be useful for teachers of practical training, masters of vocational training, teachers of technology and successfully applied in short-term courses of adult education, professional development, training and retraining of qualified workers and employees.

Broken (Again) – Making Sense of Ankle Fracture, Hospitalisation, and Early Recovery: An Autoethnography

There is little research on the experience of recovering from acute injury, with most first person accounts of illness about chronic ill health. Ankle fracture is a common, distressing injury with short- and long-term life-altering impacts. In this article, an autoethnographic approach is used to tell a story of ankle fracture, surgery, and subsequent early recovery. The story is told and examined from one person’s multiple perspectives – as a patient, healthcare worker, and healthcare educator – and thus reflects on both the delivery and organisation of healthcare, and the personal experience of receiving care. The impacts of ankle fracture and recovery are considered and related to other research on the experience. Common factors include pain, loss of independence, isolation, loneliness and depression, changed personal and social identities and engagement, and lack of understanding of the trajectory of recovery. Illness and injury narratives can provide valuable contributions to healthcare education and the delivery of care, as well as being used to support those living through similar experiences. This article argues that the combination of sociological thinking and patient experience has a valuable contribution to make to healthcare education.

Deaths associated with electric shock injuries in children and adults: A 10-year retrospective examination in Şanlıurfa, Southeast Turkey (2012-2022).

Electric shock injuries (EIs) have high rates of morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. The aim of this study was to examine autopsy cases resulting from EIs and to compare pediatric and adult groups with respect to sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics, location of the incident, electricity entry-exit wound characteristics, current direction, pathological effects of the electric shocks on the body, and cause of death. A total of 8075 autopsies conducted between 2012 and 2022 were retrospectively examined. Şanliurfa is a city in the southeast of Turkey with the highest birth rate in the country. Of 123 cases of death resulting from EIs in Şanliurfa, 58 (47.2%) were children (age < 18 years). In the majority of children (81%), a low-voltage injury resulted from a domestic appliance while the children were playing at home in a rural area. In the vast majority of adults, a high-voltage injury (HVI) resulted from a workplace accident due to working with HVI materials in an area outside the home. The manner of death was accidental in all the electric shock injuries. The electricity entry and exit wounds formed as a result of EIs had similar characteristics in both children and adults, with no significant difference identified. In the province of Şanliurfa, Turkey, which borders Syria and where the main occupation is agricultural activities, there is a need to increase electrical safety precautions within the home, educate parents, and increase electrical safety conditions and worker education in the workplace.

Optimizing the roles of health workers to improve access to health services in Africa: an implementation framework for task shifting and sharing for policy and practice

BackgroundGlobally, countries are taking actions to ensure that their population have improved access to people-centred and integrated health services. Attaining this requires improved access to health workers at all levels of health service delivery and equitably distributed by geographical location. Due to the persistent health worker shortages, countries have resorted to implementing task shifting and task sharing in various settings to optimally utilize existing health workers to improve access to health services. There are deliberations on the need for an implementation framework to guide the adoption and operationalization of task shifting and task sharing as a key strategy for optimally utilizing the existing health workforce towards the achievement of UHC. The objective of this study was to develop an implementation framework for task shifting and task sharing for policy and practice in Africa.MethodsA sequential multimethod research design supported by scoping reviews, and qualitative descriptive study was employed in this study. The evidence generated was synthesized into an implementation framework that was evaluated for applicability in Africa by 36 subject matter experts.ResultsThe implementation framework for task shifting and task sharing has three core components – context, implementation strategies and intended change. The implementation strategies comprise of iterative actions in the development, translation, and sustainment phases that to achieve an intended change. The implementation strategies in the framework include mapping and engagement of stakeholders, generating evidence, development, implementation and review of a road map (or action plan) and national and/or sub-national policies and strategies, education of health workers using manuals, job aids, curriculum and clinical guidelines, and monitoring, evaluation, reviews and learning.ConclusionThe implementation framework for task shifting and task sharing in Africa serves as a guide on actions needed to achieve national, regional and global goals based on contextual evidence. The framework illustrates the rationale and the role of a combination of factors (enablers and barriers) in influencing the implementation of task shifting and task sharing in Africa.

A community-based intervention to improve screening, referral and follow-up of non-communicable diseases and anaemia amongst pregnant and postpartum women in rural India: study protocol for a cluster randomised trial

BackgroundMedical complications during pregnancy, including anaemia, gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy place women are at higher risk of long-term complications. Scalable and low-cost strategies to integrate non-communicable disease screening into pregnancy care are needed. We aim to determine the effectiveness and implementation components of a community-based, digitally enabled approach, “SMARThealth Pregnancy,” to improve health during pregnancy and the first year after birth.MethodsA pragmatic, parallel-group, cluster randomised, type 2 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of a community-based, complex intervention in rural India to decrease anaemia (primary outcome, defined as haemoglobin < 12g/dL) and increase testing for haemoglobin, glucose and blood pressure (secondary outcomes) in the first year after birth. Primary Health Centres (PHCs) are the unit of randomisation. PHCs are eligible with (1) > 1 medical officer and > 2 community health workers; and (2) capability to administer intravenous iron sucrose. Thirty PHCs in Telangana and Haryana will be randomised 1:1 using a matched-pair design accounting for cluster size and distance from the regional centre. The intervention comprises (i) an education programme for community health workers and PHC doctors; (ii) the SMARThealth Pregnancy app for health workers to support community-based screening, referral and follow-up of high-risk cases; (iii) a dashboard for PHC doctors to monitor high-risk women in the community; (iv) supply chain monitoring for consumables and medications and (v) stakeholder engagement to co-develop implementation and sustainability pathways. The comparator is usual care with additional health worker education. Secondary outcomes include implementation outcomes assessed by the RE-AIM framework (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance), clinical endpoints (anaemia, diabetes, hypertension), clinical service delivery indicators (quality of care score), mental health and lactation practice (PHQ9, GAD7, EuroQoL-5D, WHO IYCF questionnaire).DiscussionEngaging women with screening after a high-risk pregnancy is a challenge and has been highlighted as a missed opportunity for the prevention of non-communicable diseases. The SMARThealth Pregnancy trial is powered for the primary outcome and will address gaps in the evidence around how pregnancy can be used as an opportunity to improve women’s lifelong health. If successful, this approach could improve the health of women living in resource-limited settings around the world.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05752955. Date of registration 3 March 2023.

Occupational Characteristics and Health Status of Vietnamese Male Migrant Workers in the Republic of Korea

BackgroundThe objective of this study is to identify the working conditions and health status of Vietnamese male migrant workers in Republic of Korea, in comparison to the Korean general population. MethodsWe conducted our survey through the Migrant People Center, and we received completed questionnaires from 87 male Vietnamese migrant workers. The questionnaire employed was identical to those used in the Korean Working Conditions Survey and the 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The collected data from the Vietnamese migrant workers was then compared with the Korean reference population using indirect age-standardization. ResultsVietnamese male workers demonstrated a higher prevalence of health problems including hearing problems (age-standardized prevalence ratio (aSPR) 13.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.07–20.4), skin problems (aSPR 13.49, 95% CI: 8.07–20.4), and low back pain (aSPR 8.40, 95% CI: 6.50–10.69). Elevated exposure to workplace hazards such as chemicals (aSPR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.51–3.51), organic solvents (aSPR 2.22, 95% CI: 1.44–3.28), handling of heavy objects (aSPR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.24–2.21), and high temperatures (aSPR 1.96, 95% CI: 1.46–2.57) was observed among them. Additionally, they faced a higher risk of no personal protective equipment (aSPR 2.53, 95% CI: 1.26–4.52) and a greater prevalence of unmet medical needs (aSPR 7.14, 95% CI: 4.74–10.32). ConclusionOur findings highlight the elevated workplace hazards, health problems, and unmet medical needs among Vietnamese male workers compared to the Korean reference population. These findings underscores the urgency for enhanced scrutiny over working conditions and protective equipment provision, coupled with efforts to improve healthcare accessibility and worker education.

“Everyone knows there is a battle”: Colleges, Universities, and the Education of Occupational Therapists in Ontario, 1970 to 1985

Following the creation of Ontario’s Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) in 1965, an interested group of health care providers and educators in Hamilton began to advocate for the creation of a program in occupational therapy at Mohawk College. Historically, occupational therapy education in Canada took place within universities, so a college-based program was viewed as a significant development by the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (CAOT) and its provincial branches. The idea of the Mohawk program was developed concurrently with the work of Ontario’s Healing Arts Committee, which put forward more than two hundred recommendations that would reshape the education of health care workers. These two elements, the development of an occupational therapy program within a CAAT and a major review of education for health care workers, were viewed with concern by the CAOT. This paper analyzes the history of this educational development and the response of the profession of occupational therapy. It illustrates the strategies used by the CAOT, and the Ontario Society of Occupational Therapists, to delay the implementation of the program. The paper also illustrates the development of minimum standards for entry to practice, accreditation policies for education programs, and membership requirements for the CAOT, all of which were connected to employment prospects. All of this had implications for the viability of the Mohawk College program and for its graduates.

A Feasible Web-Conference-Style Remote Simulation using Demonstration Video Clips in Anaesthesia under the COVID-19 Outbreaks: A Preliminary Survey Study.

The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has deprived simulation-based medical education for health care workers. Attendees are strictly prohibited to converge at a simulation training venue because of the COVID-19 outbreaks. To address this issue, we developed a web-conference-style remote simulation program using demonstration video clips. This report introduced the method and described participants' satisfaction. This preliminary survey study evaluated learners' satisfaction in multiple institutions. The Satisfaction Scale Questionnaire with High-Fidelity Clinical Simulation (SSHF) by a 5-degree scale was used to evaluate participants' satisfaction. The survey was conducted immediately after completing the simulation sessions. Ten (100%) participants (7 anaesthesia individuals, 2 anaesthesia residents and 1 nurse anaesthetist) from nine institutions responded to the survey. All median values of the satisfaction scores were ≥4.0, whereas the median values of scores for environmental fidelity and psychological insecurity were 3.5 and 3.0, respectively (P=0.005). A web-conference-style remote simulation using demonstration video clips is a feasible method for conducting simulation-based medical education under COVID-19 that showed high satisfaction scores. Further, additional studies are required to explore the internal and external validity and the effectiveness of mastery learning.

Employers’ Efforts to Encourage Older Workers to Retire Later - A Case Study of Large Companies in Slovenia

Abstract Background and Purpose Most developed societies are facing the challenge of an ageing population, which poses several issues, including low labour force participation and financial pressures on the sustainability of the pension system. Countries typically address this situation by raising the retirement age, which often results in dissatisfaction among workers as such decisions are perceived as imposed. Therefore, our work’s main purpose was to research the analysis of implementing measures for managing older workers in companies, which would indirectly influence workers’ decisions to voluntarily choose longer work participation. Design/Methodology/Approach We designed our study on the assumption that companies that more frequently conduct various analyses of their employees also pay greater attention to measures for managing older workers. In doing so, we focused on the measures that the literature identifies as important for keeping older workers employed for longer. The data source was a study from 2020, which sampled large companies in Slovenia with more than 100 employees. We posed the questions to the person responsible for human resource management in the company. The initial question was whether conducting employee analyses is associated with the implementation of measures focused on education and training, skills transfer, and career development as well as managing the health of older workers. We formulated three main hypotheses, which we confirmed using linear correlation analysis. Results We found that companies that conduct more frequent analyses of employees’ qualifications and competencies, on average, also more frequently implement measures related to the area of education and training of older workers and to the area of knowledge transfer and career development of older workers. We confirmed statistically significant correlations in general as well as at the level of particular measures. Furthermore, we found that companies that more frequently conduct analyses of the health structure of employees, on average, also more frequently implement measures in the field of managing the health of older workers. We concluded that companies that conduct employee analyses more frequently demonstrate a higher level of commitment to implementing measures for managing older workers, which subsequently impacts their decision to retire later. Conclusion By conducting employee analyses, companies gain important information that leads to the timely and sufficiently frequent implementation of measures for managing older employees. With empirical data, we have supported our prediction that the frequency of implementing measures through which companies can influence older workers’ decisions for later retirement is associated with the frequent conduction of employee analyses. This article has contributed to our understanding of ageing and the treatment of older workers. It has also highlighted a softer approach to promoting prolonged work engagement for older employees as an alternative to unwanted, legally imposed later retirement.

Workplace and non-workplace cannabis use and the risk of workplace injury: Findings from a longitudinal study of Canadian workers

ObjectivesFindings of previous studies examining the relationship between cannabis use and workplace injury have been conflicting, likely due to methodological shortcomings, including cross-sectional designs and exposure measures that lack consideration for timing of use. The objective was to estimate the association between workplace cannabis use (before and/or at work) and non-workplace use and the risk of workplace injury.MethodsCanadian workers participating in a yearly longitudinal study (from 2018 to 2020) with at least two adjacent years of survey data comprised the analytic sample (n = 2745). The exposure was past-year workplace cannabis use (no past-year use, non-workplace use, workplace use). The outcome was past-year workplace injury (yes/no). Absolute risks and relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated between workplace and non-workplace cannabis use at one time point and workplace injury at the following time point. Models were adjusted for personal and work variables and were also stratified by whether respondents’ jobs were safety-sensitive.ResultsCompared to no past-year cannabis use, there was no difference in workplace injury risk for non-workplace cannabis use (RR 1.09, 95%CI 0.83–1.44). However, workplace use was associated with an almost two-fold increased risk of experiencing a workplace injury (RR 1.97, 95%CI 1.32–2.93). Findings were similar for workers in safety-sensitive and non-safety-sensitive work.ConclusionIt is important to distinguish between non-workplace and workplace use when considering workplace safety impacts of cannabis use. Findings have implications for workplace cannabis use policies and substantiate the need for worker education on the risks of workplace cannabis use.

Methods of developing management competencies of education workers in postgraduate education

The study aimed to identify methods for enhancing management quality in educational institutions and the professional competencies of education workers. Methods. The study involved the method of expert evaluations and the questionnaire survey. The obtained data were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics. Results. A total of 43% of respondents said they were satisfied with training programmes, while 45% replied affirmatively to online training courses and coaching. However, when asked whether the method helped develop management competencies, online training courses ranked second with 55% “yes” answers, behind coaching with 76%. Training programmes were the least effective method, according to the questionnaire, with only 23% affirmative answers. Conclusions. The study found that education workers' management competencies can be improved through methods like training programs, online courses, and coaching. The analysis of the results of the questionnaire survey showed that in general all three methods can be effective for the development of management competencies of education workers. Prospects. Further research could be improved by extending a sample size and using a variety of methods to evaluate the effectiveness of training programmes.

Application of TQM Practices on Organizational Performance: A Study of Lafarge Africa Plc. Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

This study evaluated the application of TQM practices on organizational performance of Lafarge Africa Plc. The specific objectives were to examine the extent to which top management commitment, customer focus, process/product design and training and education on quality are applied or implemented in producing quality products in order to enhance performance. The study employed survey research design. The population of the study was 463 respondents. The study used a structure questionnaire using 5 points Likert Scale of SA=5, A=4, U=3, D=2, and SD=1. The sample size was 210 respondents using Krejcie and Morgan Table of 1970 for sample size determination. Cronbach Alpha Coefficient was used to validate the reliability of the instrument with the coefficient index of 97%. Simple Linear Regression Model was employed to test the hypotheses using SPSS version 23.The study revealed that the application of top management commitment to quality has a positive and significant effects on organizational performance of Larfarge Africa Plc. Calabar, Cross River State. The study revealed that the application of customer focus has a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. The study also found that the application of process design on quality has a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. The study also revealed that the application of training and education of workers on quality has a positive and significant effect on organizational performance. The study recommended that the management of the organization should put in more efforts and commitment to quality issues and decisions in order to improve quality products and services continuously. The management should also ensure that quality of products are maintain based on customers specification and expectations in order to enhance organizational performance steadily. The management should design the product and production processes based on quality standards set or established by SON and NAFDAC in the system in order to improve performance steadily. The management of the organization should ensure that workers are regularly train and educated on quality issues in order to produce quality products on a continuous basis.

Effect of intensive training and education of health care workers on the maintenance bundle of venous access devices in critically ill patients at a tertiary care academic hospital

The maintenance bundle of care for all venous access devices (peripheral intravenous catheters, PIVC; central venous catheters, CVCs; hemodialysis ports) is important to prevent secondary sepsis in critically ill patients. This quality improvement project analyzed the effect of intensive training and education of health care workers (HCWs) on maintenance bundles for venous access devices. The study period comprising of preintervention phase (3-months) included 25 random visits to the intensive care unit for point observations regarding maintenance of all venous access devices in-situ in all intensive care unit patients on the day of the visit. The observations were categorized as appropriate or inappropriate practices based on American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) guidelines for CVC 2020, INICC guidelines for PIVC 2017, and Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACQHCS) for PIVC and hemodialysis ports, December 2019. While the intervention phase (1-month) comprised intensive training and education of HCWs, postintervention phase 3 (3-months) included similar visits and point observations as during the preintervention phase. The maintenance of PIVC improved significantly in terms of the condition of site (from 82.7% appropriate observations to 97.8%, P<.05); condition of connectors (45.7%-56.8%, P<.05), and any attached unused IV sets (90.5%-98.56%, P<.05). For CVC, there was significant improvement in condition of insertion site (66%-94%, P<.01); condition of connectors (0%-44.37%, P<.01); fixation (91%-99.3%, P<.05); any attached unused IV sets (38.9%-97.3%, P<.01) and knowledge of HCW (96.52%-100%, P=.05). For hemodialysis ports, no significant improvement was observed. Intensive training and education of HCWs led to significant improvement in the maintenance bundle of care for PIVC and CVC.

중학교 2학년 학생의 진로 활동 경험 잠재계층 분류 및 영향요인

Objectives This study used data from the 4th(2019) to 5th(2020) years from the 4th to 5th years of the Busan Education Longitudinal Study (BELS) Elementary School panel to classify latent classes according to their career experience, identify factors that affect career maturity, learning participation, and academic self-efficacy.&#x0D; Methods The latent classes were classified into four based on the presence or absence of seven career activities, including ‘counseling with homeroom teachers’, ‘counseling with private education workers’, ‘counseling with parents’, ‘conducting career-related tests’, ‘attending senior school entrance briefing’, and ‘collecting media use information’. The four latent classes were named ‘primary teacher-dependent group’, ‘active career search group’, ‘career teacher-dependent group’, and ‘career information collection group’, reflecting the characteristics of each type related to career activity experience.&#x0D; Results High career maturity, learning participation, and academic self-efficacy were found in the “active career search group” and “career information collection group” with high parental communication. However, while the “active career search group” showed low academic achievement, the “career information collection group” showed high results in parental attachment, self-esteem, and academic achievement. In the case of students with high anxiety and depression, it was found that they were likely to be included in the “career information search group” or the “career teacher-dependent group”.&#x0D; Conclusions This study is meaningful in that it classified latent classes by dividing career activity experiences by type, and analyzed the impact of each latent class on psychological factors related to learning.

ANALISIS DAMPAK PENGGUNAAN INTERNET PADA PENDAPATAN PEKERJA SEKTOR INFORMAL DI PERDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the impact of internet usage on the income of informal workers in Indonesia's urban and rural area. The data used in this study is secondary data, sourced from August 2021 SAKERNAS data. This study uses Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to analyze the main objective. The result of this study shows that informal workers in urban area has more benefits than informal workers in rural area. Meanwhile the internet usage in urban and rural area are not optimal. This study implies that internet usage has worsen the income gap between urban and rural area. Therefore, the government should widen the internet access in all over area, particularly the rural area. Thus, it should provide training or education for informal workers in rural area about awareness of the importance of internet.

Parental transmissions of education for workers and poverty in Brazil

This article aimed to analyze empirically the parental transmission of education to workers employed in the labor market according to the socioeconomic status in Brazil. For this, Logit models were applied based on microdata from the 2014 Brazilian Household Sample Survey. The intergenerational reproduction of education for Brazilian workers and the heterogeneity between socioeconomic positions were validated. Among the poor, there is intergenerational persistence of lower education and low educational upward mobility between generations. On the other hand, among the non-poor, this parental maintenance of educational level is in high schooling. The parents' primary occupation and living in urban areas reduce the chances of reproducing the parents' educational legacy, while they increase for women, white people and those residing in developed regions. The results confirmed that the educational persistence for low-educated workers, greater for the poor, feeds the cycle of poverty and supports the maintenance of historical inequalities in the country.

PrEP retention predictors among key populations in urban areas of Zimbabwe — a machine learning approach

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) success depends on adherence and hence retention in care. It is vital to find factors that affect PrEP retention to make this HIV-prevention method successful. The main objectives of this study were to identify the major determinants of PrEP retention at six months from day of initiation and to determine PrEP retention clusters. Data of people who were initiated on PrEP care at Population Services International sites between 2017 and 2019 in Zimbabwe were used. Determinants of PrEP retention were identified using multivariable logistic regression and partitioning around medoids (PAM) cluster analysis to determine the number and composition of PrEP retention clusters. Significant PrEP retention determinants were found to be population type, sex, marital status, employment type, age and education level. Female sex workers were most likely to stay on PrEP compared to other users. We found that PrEP users could be grouped into three risk clusters: cluster 1 consisted of married adult males who are high-risk individuals; cluster 2 consisted of the young single men who have sex with men (MSM); and cluster 3 consisted of adult women who are separated or divorced and employed as sex workers. The retention rates were 32%, 24% and 44% for clusters 1 to 3 respectively. We conclude that adults, female sex workers, high-risk individuals, women, people without or with little education and sex workers stay on PrEP better than youths, MSM, men and educated and employed individuals.

Factor Analysis of Low Back Pain among Women in Sea Food Processing.

Women in sea food processing units were involved in pre processing, grading, cleaning, freezing and packaging and they adopted static and awkward posture which results in low back pain. The aim of the present study is to analyze the factors that contribute to low back pain among women workers. A total of 244 women workers participated in the study. Socio economic background and frequency of musculoskeletal discomforts were studied. Descriptive statistics, chi square analysis and factor analysis were carried out to identify the factors contributing to low back pain. Women were involved in peeling (48.8%), setting (26.6%) and grading (24.6%) activity. Factor analysis indicated that work environment contributed to 33%, personal factors contributed to19%, work organization contributed to 16% and socio economic factors contributed to 11% for the low back pain. Worker education and periodical health surveillance will help to minimize the risk of low back pain among the women in industrial settings.

EFA dan CFA untuk pengembangan skala karakter mahasiswa bidang pariwisata

&lt;span&gt;Character measurement for prospective student tourism workers has an important role in the overall education and training of prospective tourism workers. The limited scale of characters that can be used properly and meet the criteria of a valid and realizable scale makes the study of character scale development for tourism students very important. The study aims to validate factors and constructs for character measurement in tourism students. Character scale validation involved 300 tourism student respondents in Bali, utilizing six dimensions and 24 measuring items. EFA analysis in four rounds drops four items but includes all the theoretically constructed factors. CFA results confirm that 20 items of six-character scale factors are a powerful measurement model in character construction for tourism students. Each item contributes to each strong factor and correlates with equally strong factors, forming a single continuum of the same measurement. The results of this research have an important position in the overall study that develops character measurement.&lt;/span&gt;

The Education-Job Satisfaction Paradox in the Public Sector

We compare the self-reported satisfaction of workers, employed in the private and the public sectors across European countries, with their working conditions and pay and have reached a controversial conclusion. Although we have found there are more educated workers in the public sector than in the private sector, higher-educated workers report lower levels of satisfaction with their working conditions and income when employed in the public sector, which was the opposite for less educated workers employed in this same sector. In contrast, we found a positive association between education and job satisfaction for workers employed in the private sector.