Education Level Of Household Head Research Articles

Smallholders' resilience-building adaptation and its influencing factors in rainfed agricultural areas in China: based on random forest model.

In recent years, extreme events and risks have increased under the background of global warming, which influenced agricultural production significantly. Adaptation has been considered as a key pathway to enhancing smallholders' climate resilience. We selected a total of 903 smallholders using the multi-stage random sampling technique in rainfed areas in China, and then collected the survey data through the structured questionnaire and focus group discussion. Three resilience-building adaptation indices (RBAS-A, RBAS-D and RBAS-I) were constructed by the entropy method, whose mean values were 0.378, 0.336, and 0.602, respectively. Furtherly, the random forest model was used to explore influencing factors of climate-resilient adaptation strategies. The results revealed that education level of household head, family size, farmland size, access to information by mass media and kith and kin, perception of temperature change in summer and winter, and perception of crop yield change were the significant factors influencing smallholders' alteration strategies. Meanwhile, age and education level of household heads, off-farm income, farmland size, mass media, and perception of winter temperature changes had significant effects on the diversification strategies. Moreover, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, information access and climate change perceptions, and impacts had significant impacts on intensification strategies. Importantly, we found that there was a certain threshold for the impact of several factors on the constructed composite indices. And the impacts of the perceptions of temperature on alteration and intensification strategies showed a V-shape. Finally, we proposed targeted suggestions for improving smallholders' climate-resilient adaptation in the rainfed agricultural areas in China.

Unidimensional versus Multidimensional Poverty: A Case Study of Haryana

Poverty does not encompass a single deprivation but involves a system of multiple interconnected deprivations. The present study attempted to investigate if the unidimensional measure of poverty based on the consumption expenditure approach can capture the actual state of poverty in Haryana. The study was based on the sixty-eighth round of the National Sample Survey on consumer expenditure. A total of eight indicators of poverty were chosen, namely; consumption expenditure, occupational security, educational level of head of household, educational level of the individual, lighting, cooking fuel, dwelling unit, and land ownership. These indicators were clubbed into three broad dimensions, namely, material well-being, education, and standard of living. The results revealed that consumption expenditure as a proxy to judge an individual's welfare in Haryana was unreliable as it under-represents deprivations across other indicators and had a low degree of association with them. A multidimensional measure of poverty was thus more suitable to capture the actual state of poverty. Further, it was found that education contributed the highest to Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), followed by material well-being and standard of living. Among individual indicators, the most significant contributors to MPI in Haryana were the educational level of household-head as well as other members, cooking fuel, occupational security, and consumption expenditure.

Determinants of food insecurity in food aid receiving communities in Ethiopia

This study analyzed households' food security and its determinants along with the coping mechanisms opted against food insecurity while assessing the food security interventions in southern Ethiopia. Combination of emergency and project food aids are the two major intervention strategies enforced to alleviate food insecurity in the area. The results from descriptive statistics show that 74.17% of the surveyed households were food insecure. The logit model result revealed that sex, age, education level of household head, family size and access to remittance were significant factors that affect the status of household's food security. Finally, empowering women, fair aid targeting on older households, strengthening formal and informal education, awareness creation on effective family planning and reducing the dependency syndrome and encouraging entrepreneurship were identified to factors that potentially improve food security on the households. • Food aid cannot achieve food security by itself. • Some of the food aid is stolen and sold in the market place. • Cash for work provides employment opportunities and generate public goods. • Food aid program participation had an association with social connection. • Prolonged aid-dependency results loss of skills and aspiration failure.

Adaptation Strategies and Livelihood Vulnerability of Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam: A Case of the Khmer Community in Mekong Delta

This study investigates the impact of climate change adaptation strategies on the livelihood vulnerability of ethnic minority households in Vietnam, specifically the Khmer people in the Mekong River Delta. Research data were collected from 426 Khmer farming households in three provinces—namely Tra Vinh, Soc Trang, and Kien Giang—which comprise the largest Khmer population. Vulnerability is measured using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) with weights based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results show that Khmer households have a moderate level of vulnerability, and that Khmer households in Tra Vinh province have a significantly higher level of vulnerability than the other two localities. Multivariate regression analysis reveals that adaptation strategies have a significant impact on reducing livelihood vulnerabilities. Moreover, results highlight the relationship of the livelihood vulnerability level to factors such as education level of household head, gender of household head, household's land area, household labor force, dependency ratio, poor household, housing status, agricultural and nonagricultural income, information access, social network access, local support policies, credit access, climatic shocks, and perception of climate change.

Push and pull factors of red pepper (capsicum) market supply: Evidence from south western Ethiopia

The growth and development of the spices sector depend upon market-oriented production system and good marketing infrastructure. However, for smallholder farmers, it is difficult to supply theirs produces to markets because of different problems and barriers. Therefore, this study was aimed at analyzing the push and pulls factors of red pepper market supply in Southwest Ethiopia. The primary data were collected from 267 randomly selected sample households’. The Tobit model was used to determine the volume of red pepper supplied to the market. The results shows that the education level of household head, land allocated for red pepper production, access to credit, and lagged price of red pepper significantly affect the volume of red pepper supplied to the market. The major production constraints that hamper red pepper yield were red pepper disease, lack of fertilizer supply, lack of improved variety, lack of pesticide, harvesting before maturity, and poor post-harvest handling. The marketing constraints were lack of marketplace, low and unstable price of the product, and low quality of product, improper scale, lack of government support, and lack of transport. Therefore, Policies that give more emphasis on the provision of modern inputs, improving infrastructure, strengthening institutions of collective action, and improving the marketing extension system are recommended. • Push and pull factors are direct and indirect cause of market supply. • An efficient marketing system is the building block of economic growth. • Proper and stable pricing system increase producer's net gain. • Red pepper is the second most important vegetable.

Socioeconomic factors influencing farmers’ willingness to replant trees: evidence from smallholder rubber farming in Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT Planting trees is a source of income for many smallholders worldwide and is critical for providing a range of ecosystem services. The effectiveness of the policies and incentives to encourage tree farming by smallholder farmers depends on the socioeconomic context of the farm households. The study investigates smallholder farmers’ willingness to replant rubber after reaching its economic lifespan while also examining the impact of farm households’ socioeconomic factors on willingness to replant. Using the utility maximization theory and logit model, the paper analyses household-level data collected from 404 smallholder farmers in Sri Lanka. The empirical findings show that about 71% of farmers are willing to replant rubber. Socioeconomic characteristics of farm households are significantly associated with the willingness to replant rubber. Considering the increase in the probability of willingness, factors such as education level of household head, share-cropping, family labour, income generation from rubber farming, non-farm income, other agricultural income, farmers group participation, and institutional support, positively affect farmers’ willingness to replant rubber. The findings suggest that considering these factors in the formulation of appropriate incentives and strategies for rubber farm diversification would foster a beneficial environment for smallholder rubber farming.

The Role of Livelihood Diversification for Household Food Security: The Case of Kebridahar District, Korahey Zone of Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia

The majority of the Ethiopia populations live in a rural area which their livelihood heavily depends on rain-fed agriculture. The rainfall pattern of the area is fluctuating from season to season, which causes food insecurity problems. The rural people of the study area participated different income-generating activities but it seems ineffective. To investigate the impact of livelihood diversification on household’s food security in study area, multi-stage sampling methods was employed to select 119 representative household heads from kebridahar district. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistic and econometric model of probit Logistic Regression was used for this. The data analysis tools were conducted such as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versions 20 and STATA Software. The study HHs 77.3 % of them said that participating in different livelihood activities has a positive impact for household food security whereas 22.7 % of them responded that participating difference livelihood activities have no longer impact on household food security because it needs start-up capital. The livelihood diversification impacted household food security among MHHs and FHHs differently. The main source of food in the study households categorized as 10.1% of them depends food from the own production, 79% of them depends food from their Purchase whereby, 10.9% of them depends their food source for government support. In this study 54.6% of the sampled households was food secure, whereby 45.4% of them was food insecure with 3140.19 kcal and 1437.54kcal intake respectively. The model revealed that sex being female head and limited extension contact was negatively impacted HH food security whereas, education level of household head and livestock holding positively impacted household food security. It can conclude livelihood diversification play great role for improving the household’s food security status as a whole. Therefore the household’s should contribution in different income generating activities as implication of household food security. Keywords : food security, livelihood diversification, probit regression model, DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-17-01 Publication date: September 30 th 2022

The determinants of energy choice for household cooking in China

The use of household solid energy for cooking is a key factor of environmental health risk. China still has a large share of households relying on solid fuels as a primary source of energy. Clarifying the determinants that drive energy choice in China's households is fundamental to promote household energy transition. We integrate the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm and multinomial Logit model into identifying the determinants of energy choice for household cooking in China by the Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS) data. The economic situation is an important factor of household cooking energy transition. Household expenditure is more important than household income. Income is an important factor, but the influence of off-farm employment is more important than income. Higher levels of health and household heads with children are more inclined to use clean energy. The education level of household head, living conditions, and the accessibility and affordability of energy are important factors of energy choice for household cooking. Our study expands the literature on the determinants of energy choice for household cooking and provides valuable supports for policy formulation of household cooking energy transition in China.

The Role of Livelihood Diversification for Household Food Security: The Case of Kebridahar District, Korahey Zone of Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia

The majority of the Ethiopia populations live in a rural area which their livelihood heavily depends on rain-fed agriculture. The rainfall pattern of the area is fluctuating from season to season, which causes food insecurity problems. The rural people of the study area participated different income-generating activities but it seems ineffective. To investigate the impact of livelihood diversification on household’s food security in study area, multi-stage sampling methods was employed to select 119 representative household heads from kebridahar district. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistic and econometric model of probit Logistic Regression was used for this. The data analysis tools were conducted such as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versions 20 and STATA Software. The study HHs 77.3 % of them said that participating in different livelihood activities has a positive impact for household food security whereas 22.7 % of them responded that participating difference livelihood activities have no longer impact on household food security because it needs start-up capital. The livelihood diversification impacted household food security among MHHs and FHHs differently. The main source of food in the study households categorized as 10.1% of them depends food from the own production, 79% of them depends food from their Purchase whereby, 10.9% of them depends their food source for government support. In this study 54.6% of the sampled households was food secure, whereby 45.4% of them was food insecure with 3140.19 kcal and 1437.54kcal intake respectively. The model revealed that sex being female head and limited extension contact was negatively impacted HH food security whereas, education level of household head and livestock holding positively impacted household food security. It can conclude livelihood diversification play great role for improving the household’s food security status as a whole. Therefore the household’s should contribution in different income generating activities as implication of household food security. Keywords: food security; livelihood diversification; probit regression model (;) DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/118-03 Publication date: August 31 st 2022

The Determinants of Market Participation and Its Effect on Food Security of the Rural Smallholder Farmers in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa.

Addressing the disproportionate burden of food insecurity in South Africa requires targeted efforts to help smallholder farmers to access markets. The purpose of this study was to assess determinants of market participation and its contribution to household food security. The secondary data used in this study were collected from 1520 respondents; however, 389 smallholder farmers participated in the market. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale revealed that out of the total sample size, 85% of the households were food insecure while 15% were food secure. Gender of household head, receiving social grants and higher wealth index positively impacted market participation. Having a family member with HIV had a negative impact on market participation among smallholder farmers. The results from the extended ordered probit regression model showed that household size, having a family member with HIV and agricultural assistance had a positive and significant contribution to the household food insecurity situation of the smallholder farmers. On the other hand, the educational level of household head, ownership of livestock, age of household head, gender of household head, and having access to social grants had a negative and significant effect on the food insecurity status. Access to education and the market can improve household food security. Linking smallholder farmers, particularly women and aged farmers, to markets should form an intrinsic part of the government's efforts to improve farming and food security and increase access to diversified food.

Determinants of Teff Row Planting Technology Adoption: The Case of North Shewa Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

Row planting is one of the technologies introduced in Ethiopia to improve production and productivity of the major crops. However, the rate of adopting the technology decline from time to time. Thus, this study aims to identify factors affecting adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the selected districts of North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Multi-stage random sampling techniques were used to select 400 respondents. Adoption index, independent sample mean t-test, chi-square test and double hurdle model were used for data analysis. The results of adoption index reveals that among 400 sample households, 79.8% was non-adopter while 20.2% were adopter of Teff row planting technology. A total of 10 variables were hypothesized to affect the adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the study area. Among these, 6 variables had significant effect on adoption level of Teff row planting technology while 4 variables had significant effect on the intensity use of Teff row planting technology. Accordingly, the experience of household in Teff production, education level of household head, family size, extension contact, credit utilization and demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on the adoption level of Teff row planting technology adoption at 1, 1, 5, 1, 1 and 1% significance level respectively. Moreover, family size, education level of household head, frequency of extension contacts and demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on the intensity use of Teff row planting technology at 10, 1, 1 and 1% significant level respectively. Hence, in order to increase the households’ adoption level and intensity use of Teff row planting technology in the study area, strengthening the extension services, improving the education level of the households, strengthening the credit services and expanding the demonstration site should be the focus area of the policy makers.

The effects of socio-economic factors on the food security status of rural households in the Eastern Cape Province: Evidence from farming households

Issues relating to food availability, accessibility, affordability, and utilization remain of paramount importance among rural households. In order to formulate or implement relevant food security programs in rural areas, it is essential to have a deep understanding of the food security status of rural households. This study sought to determine the prevalence of food insecurity among rural households in the Eastern Cape Province, as well as its key socioeconomic and demographic factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 240 households using questionnaires about food security. A convenience sampling method was used to collect data, along with a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The binary logistic regression model revealed that age of household head, education level of household head, access to credit, household income, and household size were all associated with food security status. Thus, this study recommends that the government at all levels (local, state, and federal) have an adequate budget allocated to increasing awareness of the benefits of participating in farming to improve the livelihood outcomes of households

Determinants of Modern Agricultural Technology Adoption for Teff Production: The Case of Minjar Shenkora Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Agriculture is one of Ethiopia’s economic cornerstones, although its production remains low. Since then, the implementation of modern agricultural technologies has remained a promising strategy in Ethiopia for increasing agricultural production, achieving food security, and reducing poverty. The objective of the study is to examine the determinants of modern agricultural technology adoption for teff production in Minjar Shenkora woreda. The data were collected from the representatives of 362 rural households. This study employed both descriptive statistics and multinomial logit model. The estimations of the multinomial logit model revealed that sex, age, marital status, tropical livestock units, educational level of household head, distance to market, extension contact, active household members, access to credit, off-farm activities participation, and cultivated land size are the determinants of modern agricultural technology adoption for teff production in Minjar Shenkora woreda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Therefore, this study recommended that the country’s federal and regional governments, agricultural development offices, nongovernmental organizations, and donor agencies should collaborate with farm households to improve access to information, access to credit, encourage off-farm participation and provide training and consulting services to increase the adoption of modern agricultural technologies.

Determinants of urban household choice of cooking fuel in Ghana: Do socioeconomic and demographic factors matter?

A greater proportion of Ghana's charcoal, which contributes to deforestation, is consume by urban households. To help inform interventions on clean cooking fuel use, this study explored the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on urban household choice of cooking fuel (clean vs. unclean) in Ghana, using the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, a national representative survey data. The factors explored were sex of household head (HH), age of HH, marital status of HH, household size, educational level of HH and household wealth. Data were analysed through simple percentages, chi-square test and binary logistic regression. A statistically significant association was found between all six socioeconomic and demographic factors, and urban household choice of cooking fuel. However, from the odds ratios, we identified household wealth as the main determinant of urban household choice of clean cooking fuel because clean cooking fuel and equipment are expensive compared to unclean cooking fuel. We recommend that interventions aimed at scaling up urban households use of clean cooking fuel in Ghana and similar environments should include price reduction and/or subsidization of clean cooking fuel and equipment as well as economic empowerment of poor households.

Evaluating factors influencing firewood consumption in households at the Thulamela Local Municipality, South Africa

A large part of the world’s population still depends on firewood for domestic energy needs. If appropriately used, firewood can be considered a renewable energy resource. However, in many rural areas it is burnt in the open and in poorly ventilated kitchens, emitting smoke which is potentially harmful to those exposed to it. Interventions such as wood gasification stoves and electricity seem to have failed. This study evaluated factors influencing firewood consumption in households at the Thulamela local municipality. A household survey collected data from the selected community and it was analysed with Statistical Package for Social Scientists. The chi-square test was used to measure the degree of association between two categorical variables. The study showed a statistically significant association between the source of energy used and gender, education of the household head, employment status, income level, and energy expenditure. The chi-square test determined the association between the variables as the significance level is less than the p-value. The results also indicated that household energy consumption is influenced by level of income, gender, educational level of household head, employment status, number of members employed in a household, and energy expenditure. These factors are linked and mutually dependent. It is recommended that the use of renewable energy and modern energy technologies, such as liquefied petroleum gas, biogas and solar, should be encouraged, with the assistance of the municipality. There is also a need to raise environmental awareness. It is through education that people’s perception, attitudes and behaviour towards firewood consumption practices can be changed.

KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI KELAPA SAWIT SWADAYA DI KABUPATEN TULANG BAWANG

The aims of this research are to analyze the level of food security, the factors that affect the level of food security, and efforts to increase the level of food security of palm oil farmer households (POFH). The research was conducted using a survey method in Tulang Bawang Regency by involving 67 respondents from POFH who were chosen by a simple random sampling. The results of the research showed that 47.76 percent of POFH were categorized as the most secure of food, 29.85 percent as less secure, 20.90 percent as vulnerable, and 1.49 percent as food insecure. The factors that positively affect household food security were household income, formal education level of household head, and ethnicity. The factor that negatively affect household food security was the the number family members. The efforts to increase the level of food security by Government were monitoring the stock of rice, drafting food balance, Programs called Pengembangan Usaha Pangan Masyarakat (PUPM), Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL) and Modal Pengembangan Pangan Pokok Lebel (MP3L). The efforts of palm oil farmer households were owing groceries (47.50%), do outside work of palm oil farmer (50.62%), and changing dietary habit (1.88%). Key words: cross-classification, food security, palm oil households.

The Impact of Adopting Improved Wheat Technology on the Productivity and Income of Households in Misha District, Southern Ethiopia

Wheat rust disease is a major constraint of wheat production in Ethiopia. Thus, this study is carried out to examine the impact of rust resistant wheat varieties on the productivity and income of households in Misha district in Southern Ethiopia. Using a household survey, cross-sectional data were collected from 387 randomly selected households. Descriptive statics and propensity score matching methods were used for data analysis to achieve the objectives of the study. Propensity score matching method was used to measure the impact of adopting rust-resistant improved wheat varieties on productivity and income of households. The study has found that age and education level of household head, land size, livestock holding, frequency of extension contact, and access to credit services were factors that significantly affected adoption of rust-resistant improved wheat varieties. Using the propensity score matching method, the study found that the adoption of rust-resistant improved wheat had a positive impact on average wheat productivity and income of households. Moreover, the results were insensitive to unobserved heterogeneity bias. This indicates that adoption of the technology has a positive contribution to households' wellbeing. Therefore, government and concerned bodies should better give due attention to the development, dissemination, and scaling up of rust-resistant improved wheat varieties. Keywords: Adoption, Impact, Propensity Score Matching, Wheat. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/12-6-03 Publication date: June 30 th 2022

Estimated Consumption of Discretionary Salt and Salt From Bouillon Among Households, Women, and Children in the Northern Region of Ghana: CoMIT Project

ObjectivesTo 1) estimate discretionary salt (‘table salt’) consumption and the proportion of salt from bouillon, among households, women and children; 2) compare estimated salt consumption of women and children to recommendations; and 3) identify factors related to household salt consumption in 2 districts in the Northern Region, Ghana. MethodsWe enrolled households in the Condiment Micronutrient Innovation Trial (CoMIT) Project pilot survey from 14 urban and 14 rural clusters in the Tolon and Kumbungu districts. Using the Fortification Assessment Coverage Toolkit (FACT), households (n = 369) reported most recent purchases of discretionary salt (DS) and bouillon cubes (SB, ‘salt from bouillon’; bouillon assumed to be 55% salt). From the purchase data, we calculated median (IQR) household salt consumption (g/d) by summing DS and SB, and calculated the proportion from SB. Salt consumption for women of reproductive age (15–49 yrs, WRA) and children 2–5 yrs was estimated by the Adult Male Equivalent method and compared to recommendations from the World Health Organization (WRA < 5 g/d) and the National Academy of Sciences (children 2–5 yrs < 3.75 g/d). We used Spearman’s rank test to assess partial correlations between household salt consumption and household size, food insecurity (USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale score), socioeconomic status (SES, index score of home asset ownership), and household head education level while controlling for district, setting (urban/rural), and cluster. ResultsMedian (IQR) household salt consumption was 56.2 (40.3,116.2) g/d, 23% of which was contributed by SB. Median household size was 10 (8, 14) members. Estimated salt consumption was 6.0 (4.0, 10.2) g/d for WRA and 2.9 (1.9, 5.2) g/d for children; an estimated 50% of WRA and 31% of children potentially exceeded recommendations. Household size and food insecurity, but not education level or SES, were positively correlated with household salt consumption (r = 0.3, p < 0.001; r = 0.2, p < 0.001). ConclusionsHousehold salt and bouillon purchase data suggest that salt consumption among women and children in this area exceeds recommendations; food prepared outside the home may further contribute to salt consumption. Salt reduction interventions may be warranted in this context. Funding SourcesHelen Keller International through support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Determinants of market participation decision and intensity of market participation in western Ethiopia: Evidence from smallholder tef producers

Tef is the first crop produced in Ethiopia and the main staple food and income generation source. The productivity of the crop is low due to different factors. This study aimed to identify factors affecting tef market participation decision and the level of market participation of tef producers’. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select appropriate sample households. The descriptive statistic, inferential statistic, and econometrics model were used to analyze the collected data. The result shows that 72.27% of sampled households sold their tef in the market. The double hurdle model result revealed that tef market participation decision was affected by land allocated for tef, the volume of tef produced, gender of household head, education level of household head, additional income sources, extension services, and market information while the intensity of participation was affected by the volume of tef produced, gender, education level, improved variety used, additional income sources, and extension service. These results suggest that to enhance the flow of tef to market and intensity of tef in participation skills and knowledge through training, advising, and supervision; capacitate farmers by the additional work atmosphere and empowering women farmers through improved variety and to access working capital are need attention by respective sectors that contribute in the commodity value chain.

Factors affecting households' trust in the community based health insurance scheme inEthiopia.

The trust that potentially community-based health insurance (CBHI) members have in the actual health insurance scheme is a crucial determinant for members who decided to enroll and continue being members of the scheme. While the literature on health insurance in low-income countries mentions the importance of trust in consumers' decision to insure, to date the association between trust and trust-building factors has not been researched in the Ethiopian context. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the factors affecting households' trust in the CBHI scheme in Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed to collect data from 617 household heads from March 1-30, 2020. A multistage sampling technique was carried out and interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed, and variables with a P-value < 0.05 were considered to have a statistically significant association with trust in the CBHI scheme. A household survey resulted in 617 households being interviewed making a response rate of 97.3%. The mean age of the respondents was 44.7 (SD°11.2) years and the majority of the respondents were Oromo 528(85.6%). Holding other covariant fixed, educational level of household head (ß = 0.17, 95% CI:0.14-0.32), members' satisfaction with past experience (ß = 0.40, 95%CI:0.41-0.57), favorable attitude toward CBHI (ß = 0.31, 95%CI:0.12-0.49), perceived quality of service (ß = 0.15, 95% CI:0.02-0.29) and dropout from CBHI (ß = -0.23, 95%CI:- 0.41-- 0.05) were covariant that had an association with trust in the CBHI scheme. This study found that the educational level of the household head, members' satisfaction with past experience, members' attitude toward CBHI, perceived quality of services and dropout from CBHI were covariant that were affecting trust in the CBHI scheme. Therefore, if the scheme wants to build trust and maintain membership, great attention should be given toward the improvement of the quality of service and attitude of members towards the CBHI scheme. These findings suggest that CBHI managers, different health insurance agencies, providers and policymakers need to think systematically about a wide range of initiatives that enhance trust and caring, and to design trust-building structures and practices that sustain the CBHI scheme.