Education Funding Research Articles

Higher Education Policy and Practice: What Hinders the Development of Knowledge-Based Economy in Georgia?

Abstract The article discusses the problematic linkages between higher education and the development of a knowledge-based economy in Georgia. The main challenges, as identified through qualitative and quantitative research, are caused by, on the one hand, the lack of state’s long-term strategic vision of higher education development, insufficient funding of both education and research, and instrumentalization of the higher education system for political interests. On the other hand, however, the lack of awareness among industry representatives about their own role in supporting the commercialization of research further hinders the creation of a knowledge-based economy in Georgia.

PENGELOLAAN DANA BANTUAN OPERASIONAL SEKOLAH (BOS) DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS KOTA BANDA ACEH

Developed countries are often characterized by several factors, one of which is education. Education is a state effort to develop physical and spiritual potentials in accordance with societal values. In Indonesia, the government supports education through programs like School Operational Assistance (BOS) to help with education costs as outlined in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Number 18 of 2022 concerning Funding of Education Expenses. According to the 2003 National Education System Law, the management of education funds must follow the principles of fairness, efficiency, transparency, and public accountability. Therefore, both the government and the community must manage education funds transparently and accountable so the public can see the utilization of school funds. This study aims to determine the effect of accountability and transparency on the BOS funds management in senior high schools in Banda Aceh City. This quantitative research involved all 17 high schools in Banda Aceh City, using a saturated sampling technique through questionnaires. The results indicate that accountability significantly influences the management of BOS funds in these schools and that the implementation has been effective.

Optimizing Educational Processes: Strategies for Enhanced Primary and Secondary Education Implementation

The research aims to describe the implementation of primary and secondary education in schools. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this research were school principals, teachers, and students—data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation, questionnaires, and triangulation (combination). Data analysis techniques are carried out by reducing data, compiling data presentation, drawing conclusions, and verification. The research findings are that strategies for improving the implementation of primary and secondary education in optimizing the educational process can be implemented by schools and madrasas by planning the implementation of education, expansion and equalization of opportunities for quality basic education, including the development of alternative education; developing curriculum according to the needs of educational institutions (modifying); preparing school activity plans and budgets, managing according to technical instructions, making accountability letter and financial reports. The need for improvements in several crucial aspects of the education system, namely the development of a more relevant and effective curriculum, strategies for managing education funds that can optimize the use of available financial resources, effective education expansion, and equity strategies, increasing the competence of teachers and teaching staff are also important implications. This research stimulates innovation in the education system, such as the development of new learning methods or the integration of technology in the learning process, with concrete steps that educational institutions and policymakers can take to improve the quality and access to primary and secondary education, ensuring that all individuals have an equal opportunity to receive a quality education.

Public Education Investment, Economic Growth and Welfare: A Political Economy Analysis with Preference Heterogeneity

This study examines the politics of public education policy and its impact on economic growth and welfare under intergenerational altruism. The study considers an endogenous growth model with altruistic overlapping generations. Due to its significant role in promoting long-term economic expansion, we consider investment in public education to be an effective tool of productive government intervention. Nonetheless, public educational investment has been the subject of political disputes owing to its inherent intergenerational redistributive implications. Backed by the tendency of democratically elected governments to maintain their political power, the preferences of some particular individuals or group of individuals become more dominant in the political process of determining the level of public investment in education. In particular, governments are more concerned with the preferences of the median voter, or the current generation at large, because they, as electors, have the ability to determine the next government. This reality leads governments to exhibit a bias toward the desires of these people. As a result, such political considerations divert the economy from its optimal path of economic growth and reduce the welfare of future generations. This effect becomes more pronounced when individuals with lower levels of altruism toward their offspring assume a more influential position in the political decision-making process over the allocation of public funds for education. Our theoretical analyses demonstrate the implications for economic growth and welfare resulting from policy decisions made by democratically elected governments with inherent biases, as opposed to decisions made by an unbiased social planner.

Goals, Structure and Financing of Surgical Residency Training: A Subcommittee Report of the Blue Ribbon Committee II.

As part of the Blue Ribbon Committee II, review current goals, structure and financing of surgical training in Graduate Medical Education (GME) and recommend needed changes. Surgical training has continually undergone major transitions with the 80-hour work week, earlier specialization (vascular, plastics and cardiovascular) and now entrustable professional activities (EPAs) as part of competency based medical education (CBME). Changes are needed to ensure the efficiencies of CBME are utilized, that stable graduate medical education funding is secured, and that support for surgeons who teach is made available. Convened subcommittee discussions to determine needed focus for recommendations. Five recommendations are offered for changes to GME financing, incorporation of CBME, and support for educators, students and residents in training. Changes in surgical training related to CBME offer opportunity for change and innovation. Our subcommittee has laid out a potential path forward for improvements in GME funding, training structure, compensation of surgical educators, and support of students and residents in training.

Analisis Sumber dan Jenis Pembiayaan Pendidikan di Indonesia

This research uses a systematic literature review method with the PRISMA model to examine the sources and types of education financing in Indonesia. Data was obtained through a literature study, by analysing 25 journal articles from 2013-2023 that were relevant to the subject matter. Of the 25 articles, 12 were identified as relevant, which were then re-analysed. The results of the analysis showed that there were 10 articles that discussed the sources and types of education financing in Indonesia with a focus on the efficiency of education fund management, while 2 articles were considered less relevant because they talked about the basic concepts of financing and financing planning. The discussion in this study is about the definition and concept of education financing, legal basis, types of financing, and sources of financing such as government funds, community donations, and parental contributions. The education financing cycle includes planning, accounting and evaluation to ensure the effective and efficient use of financial resources. This research provides an in-depth understanding of education financing in Indonesia, highlighting the important roles of government, communities and educational institutions in providing funds to support the sustainability and quality of education

Social Factors Associated with Insecurity in Nigerian Society

The study examines the societal issues that contribute to the level of insecurity in Nigerian society using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) co-integration technique with data from 1991 to 2022. The variables used as independent and societal factors generating insecurity include the unemployment rate; the high cost of living in society; insufficient funds for education, community social services, healthcare services, and infrastructure; and agricultural development. Among the criteria evaluated, inadequate school financing and the unemployment rate appear to be the most significant sources of insecurity in society as a result of young people’s involvement in abduction, violence, and other societal issues. The study recognizes that government measures aimed at reorienting society towards a peaceful environment for habitation are critical. It is of the utmost importance to provide employment for young people and adequately support schools in order to lower the number of youngsters who are not in school. These out-of-school children are readily persuaded to join groups that make society untenable. Thus, free education is strongly suggested to engage and develop their thoughts in a constructive manner so that they can be valuable to society.

The degree of implementing STEM practices among mathematics teachers at the middle school level from the teachers’ and educational supervisors’ perspectives

The current quantitative study aims to examine the degree of implementation of STEM practices among middle school mathematics teachers from the teachers’ and educational supervisors’ perspectives. The study also seeks to identify the statistical significance between the responses of teachers and supervisors regarding the degree of implementing STEM practices. STEM is an acronym for the integrative approach among science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The study used a questionnaire that was built based on a four-level Likert scale as a tool for collecting data using the descriptive survey method. Sixty-four middle school mathematics teachers and seven educational supervisors of mathematics participated in the study that took place in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Findings revealed that the participating teachers implemented STEM practices moderately in their classrooms in the main three domains which are lesson evaluation, lesson implementation and lesson planning, respectively. In addition, there are statistically significant differences between the participating teachers and supervisors regarding the degree of implementing the STEM practices in favor of the teachers. The study recommends dedicating sufficient funds for STEM education, creating creative STEM websites and labs and obtaining access to STEM resources and materials. It is concluded that there is a great need for preparing mathematics teachers to apply STEM practices in their classrooms.

Exploring the Potential for Tuition-Free Higher Education in South Africa: A Scoping Review

The debate on tuition-free higher education has raged in South Africa since the #FeesMustFall protests at South African universities in 2015 and 2016. The government responded with a tuition-free education policy targeting students from households earning less than R350 000. However, the question remains can South Africa sustain a tuition-free education policy given its developing nation status and the levels of its GDP? This article sought to assess the feasibility of tuition-free higher education for all in South Africa. A scoping review was used, and fifteen articles about tuition-free higher education feasibility in South Africa were reviewed. The choice of the scoping review was due to the need for an understanding of the current state of play in research on the feasibility of tuition-free higher education in South Africa. The results suggest that tuition-free higher education for all is not feasible in South Africa. There seems to be a consensus that South Africa lacks the resources to finance tuition-free higher education for all. Tuition-free higher education is also viewed as a regressive tax on the poor given that the majority of students in higher education institutions come from middle and upper-income households. However, it is important to note that a distinction is drawn between tuition-free higher education for all and tuition-free higher education for the poor and academically deserving. The latter seems to receive support with some viewing it as a moral imperative in an unequal society such as South Africa’s. It is recommended that future studies approach the issue from an empirical standpoint whereby the GDP levels are assessed against higher education funding.

Implications of losing a need- and merit-based scholarship on the educational trajectory: a curricular analytics approach

AbstractUnderstanding how students with low socioeconomic status finance their tuition over time can help us comprehend the impact of students’ decisions on their subsequent curricular progress, graduation, or dropout. This work presents a curricular analytics approach using process mining techniques to study educational funding trajectories as processes. Specifically, the SCHOLARSHIP-LOAN-SELF-FUNDED model is designed to reveal educational funding trajectories and obtain aggregate information. Academic and tuition records of 2484 undergraduate students from a private Chilean university who started their programs with a government need- and merit-based tuition aid were analyzed. Students who lost their scholarships were more likely to drop out, whereas students who maintained this aid were more likely to graduate on time. Curricular progress per semester was slower after scholarships ended or after the students lost them and stayed. Financial aid was associated with students’ curricular progress and linked to their permanence and graduation time. Higher education institutions should consider the eligibility criteria and maintenance requirements of financial assistance when designing their curricula.

A Comparative Study of Students Graduation Analysis Using Classification Methods in Undergraduate Electrical Engineering Tidar University

This research aimed to classify achievement factors for electrical engineering students at Tidar University using K-Means and Agglomerative Clustering classification algorithms. The goal was to understand if any parameters influence high-achieving student performance. The Indonesian government and private sector for university students provide significant education funds. Student scholarships are awarded based primarily on GPA and entry path, overburdening staff and causing confusion during distribution to eligible recipients. A system was needed to accommodate additional eligible criteria. The researcher selected factors to identify engineering student performance, including school origin, entry path, tuition fees, and GPA. These inputs could determine graduation status. The results compared calculation methods based on collected data accuracy, processing times, and characterizing clustered data to determine the best classification method. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering performed better. Accuracy testing on 600 training data points yielded 73.94% for improved K-means and 90.42% for AHC. The Average processing time was 674.92 seconds for improved K-means and 554.35 seconds for AHC. Silhouette testing also characterized calculation methods, with improved K-means scoring best at 0.654 and AHC at 0.787 using two clusters.

The Management of Facilities and Infrastructure in the Development of Islamic Boarding Schools in Jambi Province

This research is motivated by the condition of Islamic boarding schools in Jambi province in terms of infrastructure management. The research objective is to determine the infrastructure management system in developing Islamic boarding schools in Jambi Province.The research method uses a qualitative approach. The sample in this study; Nurul Jalal Islamic boarding school, Tebo Regency City, Zulhijjah Islamic boarding school, Batang Hari Regency, Nurul Iman Islamic boarding school, Jambi City and as a research informant for Islamic boarding school leaders, madrasa leaders and staff who handle infrastructure management. Data collection technique using snowball sampling. Sampling technique using the method : interviews, documentation, observation. To test the validity of the data by using data triangulationThe research results are as follows; first, management of facilities and infrastructure in the development of Islamic boarding schools in Jambi Province, the Islamic boarding schools as samples in this research are as follows; carry out planning, carry out implementation and organization, then carry out the process of procurement and inventory of facilities and infrastructure as well as the final stage of monitoring and evaluating the condition of infrastructure in an effort to develop Islamic boarding schools. All activities are oriented towards achieving goals, clarity and responsibility, administration, efficiency and consistency in the use of facilities and infrastructure. Second, the inhibiting factors in the process of managing facilities and infrastructure to develop Islamic boarding schools in Jambi province include; human resources, educational funds as well as the location and geography of Islamic boarding schools, while the supporting factors in managing facilities and infrastructure in developing Islamic boarding schools in Jambi Province come from the culture of Islamic boarding schools and the principles possessed by Kiai as leaders of Islamic boarding schools. Third, the efforts made by Islamic boarding schools in managing facilities and infrastructure in developing Islamic boarding schools in Jambi Province include; maximizing the allocation of the use of education financing funds for facilities and infrastructure, increasing human resources through training, collaborating with other institutions, collaborating with the private sector, collaborating with the government and the community. Fourth, a suitable management model for facilities and infrastructure in developing Islamic boarding schools in Jambi Province, the results of findings in the field show a model that is more suitable for developing Islamic boarding schools. The facilities and infrastructure management model is carried out using a strategic management model and at the beginning of activities uses the active management concept. This activity is influenced by the type and style of Islamic boarding school leadership. Apart from that, Islamic boarding school leaders view facilities and infrastructure as resources in the form of sources of strength in achieving a goal and as resources related to humans, finances and materials.

ANALISIS PENGANGGARAN DANA BANTUAN OPERASIONAL SEKOLAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN SARANA DAN PRASARANA PERPUSTAKAAN DI SMK AL-JAUHARIYAH

This study aims to analyze the utilization of School Operational Assistance (BOS) funds in the context of library improvement. School libraries have an important role in improving the quality of education and BOS funds are a source of funding that can be used for it, This research was conducted using descriptive-analytical methods. Data were obtained through surveys, interviews, and documentation studies on schools receiving BOS funding. Research respondents included school principals, library managers, and related teachers. The results showed that the utilization of BOS funds for library improvement is still not optimal. Most schools use the funds to purchase new reference books, update library collections, improve library accessibility, and provide facilities that support learning in the library. There are still several obstacles that hinder the effective use of funds, such as lack of awareness of the importance of library development, knowledge and skills of library managers, and limited budget allocated.

РЕАЛІЇ ТА НАПРЯМИ ПОКРАЩАННЯ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙ У РОЗВИТОК ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ТЕХНІЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ В КИТАЇ

Introduction. Over the past ten years, the Chinese government has attached great importance to the development of vocational education, improving its quality and optimizing its structure. Problem Statement. Realities and directions for improving investment in the development of vocational education in China. The purpose is to determine the directions of formation of an effective system of financing vocational education in China. Methods. The general scientific and special methods were used: analysis and synthesis, graphic, comparison, theoretical generalization, abstract and logical. Results. Attention is focused on the analysis of the current system of financing vocational education in China and the substantiation of proposals for optimizing its structure and forms, the need to increase non-fiscal sources of investment in its development. The authors analyze the current system of vocational education with Chinese specifics, consisting of secondary vocational education, higher vocational education and vocational education. The authors compare the financing of vocational and other forms of education, as well as the dynamics of changes in state funding per student. The structure of non-fiscal sources of funding for vocational education is analyzed. The uneven distribution of financial allocations of local authorities for vocational education in China is revealed. The effectiveness of measures to manage a special fund to improve the quality of modern vocational education is evaluated. Conclusions. Thus, at the present stage, the Chinese government seeks to build a modern system of vocational education with Chinese characteristics. The result-oriented approach to financing vocational education has been noted. At the same time, the structure of investment in its development is not effective enough. There is also a significant regional stratification of education costs. The author substantiates the need to deepen the interaction of industrial and educational policies in their unity. Transfer payments should be made on the basis of transparency and openness. The revenue structure of various educational funds should be improved.

Investment in tertiary education in OECD countries: Student spending and public support, allocation of education funding by resource category

Subject. This article discusses the issues of financing and ensuring the accessibility of higher education, and getting the balance between higher education spending and other public spending. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the major economic indicators of the higher education system's development in some countries and regions. Methods. For the study, I used the general scientific research methods. Results. The article describes different combinations of students' tuition costs and ways to find the optimal balance between different forms of learning support undertaken by governments of different countries. Conclusions. The high quality of higher education is recognized as an absolute priority. In the coming decade, higher education ecosystems will change in many countries, driven by changes in demand for higher education. More flexible and diverse financing modalities are needed, taking into account the practices of different countries.

Missing the target? Government commitment to education sector funding in Sub-Saharan Africa 2000–2023

It is assumed (at least implicitly) that the SDG4 Education for All targets are unlikely to be achieved unless governments commit at least 20% of total government expenditure to the education sector. This article focuses, therefore, on analysing medium-long term trends in the education funding share (EFS) for 40 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa since 2000. The two main conclusions are that the EFS is currently above 20% in less than 10% of these countries and that the EFS has been steadily declining in around half of all countries in SSA.

Three-way interaction effect of entrepreneurial orientation, CEO power, and organizational slack on Indonesian firms’ performance

This study aims to explore the complex interplay between entrepreneurial orientation, CEO power, and organizational slack, and their collective impact on firm performance within Indonesia’s manufacturing sector, providing actionable insights to optimize operations in a dynamic, resource-constrained environment. The paper employs a longitudinal approach, utilizing dynamic panel data from 127 publicly-traded manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2022, focusing on this sector due to its significant role in Indonesia’s economy and the unique challenges these firms face in adapting to market changes and competitive pressures. The study initially found that entrepreneurial orientation did not significantly influence firm performance. However, when CEO power was introduced into the analysis, it significantly, albeit negatively, moderated the effect of entrepreneurial orientation, suggesting that higher CEO power may actually diminish beneficial impacts of entrepreneurial orientation on performance (β = –48.041, p < 0.05). Importantly, the analysis revealed that organizational slack can positively interact with both entrepreneurial orientation and CEO power, mitigating this negative influence and enhancing firm performance (β = 15.261, p < 0.05). These findings illuminate the complex interdependencies within strategic management, underscoring the necessity of aligning upper echelon power dynamics with organizational resources. This alignment is crucial for leveraging the full potential of entrepreneurial orientation to enhance firm performance. AcknowledgmentsThis study received sponsorship from Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia and Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education). The support from these organizations has been invaluable in the completion of this work, enabling comprehensive data collection and analysis crucial to complete the study.

Distribution of catheterisation laboratories in Indonesia 2017–2022: a nationwide survey

BackgroundGeographical terrains of Indonesia pose a major hindrance to transportation. The difficulty of transportation affects the provision of acute time-dependent therapy such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Also, Indonesia’s aging population would have a significant impact on the prevalence of acute coronary syndrome in the next decade. Therefore, the analysis and enhancement of cardiovascular care are crucial. The catheterisation laboratory performs PCI procedures. In the current study, we mapped the number and distribution of catheterisation laboratories in Indonesia. MethodsA direct survey was used to collect data related to catheterisation laboratory locations in July 2022. The population data was sourced from the Ministry of Home Affairs. The recent growth of catheterisation laboratories was examined and evaluated based on geographical areas. The main instruments for comparing regions and changes throughout time are the ratio of catheterisation laboratories per 100,000 population and the Gini index (a measure of economic and healthcare inequality. Gini index ranges from 0 to 1, with greater values indicating more significant levels of inequality). Regression analysis was carried out to see how the number of catheterisation laboratories was affected by health demand (prevalence) and economic capacity (Gross Domestic Regional Product [GDRP] per Capita). FindingsThe number of catheterisation laboratories in Indonesia significantly increased from 181 to 310 during 2017-2022, with 44 of the 119 new labs built in an area that did not have one. Java has the most catheterisation laboratories (208, 67%). The catheterisation laboratory ratio in the provinces of Indonesia ranges from 0·0 in West Papua and Maluku to 4·46 in Jakarta; the median is 1·09. (IQR 0·71–1·18). The distribution remains a problem, as shown by the high catheterisation laboratory Gini index (0·48). Regression shows that distribution of catheterisation laboratories was significantly affected by GDRP and the prevalence of heart disease. InterpretationThe number of catheterisation laboratories in Indonesia has increased significantly recently, however, maldistribution remains a concern. To improve Indonesia's cardiovascular emergency services, future development of catheterisation laboratories must be better planned considering the facility's accessibility and density. FundingIndonesia Endowment Fund for Education – Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP)

Moderating role of enterprise risk management in the relationship between sustainability performance and a firm’s competitive advantage

The emergence of sustainable business practices has garnered interest among stakeholders. However, the question of whether sustainability performance provides companies with a competitive advantage is still being debated in the literature. This paper aims to examine the influence of sustainability performance – namely economic sustainability performance and environmental, social, governance (ESG) – on competitive advantage, with the effectiveness of enterprise risk management (ERM) as the moderating variable. This paper used 202 firm-year observations during 2015–2022 from non-financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. To test the hypotheses, panel data regression with a one-year time-lag analysis is conducted. The findings show that economic sustainability performance has no relationship with competitive advantage, while ESG has a positive effect. Furthermore, ERM effectiveness strengthens the effect of economic sustainability and ESG on competitive advantage. Further investigation used a two-year time-lag analysis for a long-term perspective. The analysis shows that economic sustainability performance and ESG have a positive impact on competitive advantage. In contrast, ERM effectiveness has no effect on the relationship between economic sustainability performance and competitive advantage. Moreover, additional analysis incorporates the effect of COVID-19 into the main model and shows that the pandemic did not affect competitive advantage; this is consistent with the main results. The findings encourage companies to improve their risk management and sustainability initiatives. The government may also take it into account when developing rules that promote the implementation of sustainable development. AcknowledgmentThis research was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia through the Center for Higher Education Fund (BPPT) and Indonesia Endowment Funds for Education (LPDP) for providing the Indonesian Education Scholarship (BPI-Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia).

Rethinking Nigeria’s Development: The Transformative Power of Ethics, Education and Religion

The concept of development has been intertwined with human existence since ancient times. The study delved into the contemporary development landscape of Nigeria, analysing it from a comprehensive perspective that encompasses ethics, education, and religion. The study was initiated by a profound scientific inquiry in order to explore the intricate interplay between ethics, education, and religion in the growth and development of Nigeria. In addition, data collected from secondary sources such as text, journals, and the internet were analysed using exposition and content analysis methods. The concepts of education, development, and development ethics were further elucidated. The study highlighted Nigeria's on-going struggle to achieve developed status, citing the prevalence of immoral acts like corruption. It also emphasised the undeniable influence of religion on various aspects of Nigeria's development, such as education, social amenities, science and technology, language, peace as well as reconciliation. The study also revealed that the Nigerian government's insufficient investment in the education sector has resulted in a scarcity of experts in various fields, hindering the nation's progress. As a result, the study recommended that the government increase funding for education and that educational institution incorporate ethics into their curricula.