Education Expenditure Research Articles

Relationship among the scale of university funding, structure of revenue and expenditure, and academic output: evidence from China’s 36 World-Class universities under construction, 2013–2022

ABSTRACT To investigate the relationship between Chinese university funding and academic output, we collected data on the scale and the structure of funding and academic output of 36 World-Class universities under construction in China during 2013–21 and 2014–22. Furthermore, we empirically analyzed the effects of funding scale and structure on academic output using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, random effects, and fixed effects models. This study demonstrates that the scale and structure of funding have a significant effect on academic output. Among them, the scale of total budget revenue has a significant effect on academic output, and its influence on highly-cited researchers (HiCi) is greater than the other indicators. The scale of total budget expenditure also has a significant positive influence on academic output, and its influence on N&S is greater than the other indicators in order. The structure of revenue has a significant influence on academic output, and business revenue has the greatest influence on PUB. The structure of horizontal expenditure has a significant influence on academic output. The vertical expenditure structure has a significant impact on academic output, and educational expenditure has the greatest impact on PUB. Based on the results, we discuss implications for researchers and for policymakers to improve the construction effect of World-Class universities under construction in China.

Class in caste: Inequalities in human capital investments in children in India

Caste is a unique marker of social stratification in India. There are significant eco- nomic inequalities and considerable disparities in educational achievements between historically disadvantaged caste groups and Others. Unequal investments in their chil- dren’s human capital by caste can perpetuate income inequalities and reproduce class differences between caste groups. This paper analyses caste-based disparities in house- hold expenditure on children’s school education using nationally representative social expenditure data on education from 2007–08 and 2017–18 in India. The paper uses a recentered influence function (RIF) based decomposition analysis to pinpoint the key factors underpinning the disparity in private educational expenditure between disadvantaged caste groups and Others. Further, to overcome the problem of heterogeneity of data the study also employs propensity score matching (PSM) as robustness check for the decomposition analysis. The findings from decomposition and matching approaches reveal that differences in endowments, specifically income differences, between caste groups explain most of the caste-based gap in children’s human capital investments. The study has implications for public policy to address educational and economic disparities between disadvantaged caste groups (ST, SC and OBC) and Others in India.

Impact of Public Expenditure on Education in Chhattisgarh

This paper objective to investigate the correlation between public spending on education and the growth of the state of Chhattisgarh. Time-series data spanning from 2000 to 2021 was utilised. Public expenditure has several effects in economy. It can increase economic growth. It can increase social welfare. It is directly expected education is helps Positive Social change of citizen. The result shows that total public expenditure and Education expenditure is highly and statistically significant on economic growth indicator such as GER and DOR in primary level in Chhattisgarh.Public expenditure helps in achieving equitable distribution income and promote growth and welfare. The findings indicate that total public spending and education spending have a statistically significant and positive impact on economic growth indicators like the state's Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) and the percentage of primary school dropout children (DOR) at the primary level. Education is directly expected to contribute to citizens' positive social transformation. The study's findings show that public spending on education and economic growth are correlated over the long term. Over time, there is a found unidirectional causal relationship between public education spending and Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP).

The impact of the carbon trading market on urban coordinated development in China.

Evaluating the effects of China's carbon emission trading scheme (ETS) is crucial for the coordinated development of Chinese cities. Therefore, based on the panel data of 242 cities in China from 2008 to 2019, this paper uses the multi-period difference-in-difference (DID) model to comprehensively evaluate the impact of carbon market on the coordinated development of cities from the perspectives of carbon market policy and carbon market efficiency, and then analyzes the mechanism and heterogeneity of the effect of carbon market efficiency. The results show that both carbon market policy and carbon market efficiency can promote the coordinated development of cities. Science and education expenditure plays a significant intermediary role in the impact of carbon market efficiency on the coordinated development of cities. The heterogeneity test finds that the stricter the performance penalty system, the higher the level of urban coordinated development, and the stronger the effect of carbon market efficiency. The findings of this paper provide policy recommendations for further improving the construction of China's pilot and national ETS and enhancing the coordinated development of Chinese cities.

The Effectiveness of Conditional Cash Transfer Program: A Case of Rural and Urban Beneficiaries in Philippines

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program in the Philippines in terms of its effect on conditionality goods as reflected by food, health, and education expenditures of households from rural and urban areas that benefitted the program. The CCT program in the Philippines is known as Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) that seeks to address the problem on poverty by improving the socioeconomic status of poor households through targeted investments in health and education. This study used the Propensity Score Matching methodology in estimating the average treatment effect on the treated to capture the effect of CCT on conditionality goods. The study finds that CCT has a significant effect on education for household beneficiaries in rural areas and has improved the quality of food consumed by household beneficiaries in urban areas. Also, a decreased in the per capita total expenditure and per capita food expenditure of the household beneficiaries is revealed in urban areas driven by their improved saving behavior. Thus, the CCT program, at some point, is effective in meeting its short-term goal, but it must be more targeted in order to improve its impact on other conditionality goods.

Maternal relative income, bargaining power, and children's education expenditure

This study presents a household bargaining model to theoretically examine the logical mechanisms by which maternal relative income influences children's education expenditure. The theoretical findings demonstrate that an increase in maternal relative income can enhance children's investment in education through both the income effect and bargaining effect. To validate the theoretical model, empirical tests are conducted using panel data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) covering the period from 2010 to 2018. The findings demonstrate a significant and robust positive influence of maternal relative income on children's education expenditure, even after conducting rigorous robustness tests and addressing potential endogeneity issues. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the increase in maternal relative income particularly benefits boys, younger children, and those with fewer siblings. Moreover, households residing in northern China and high-income households observe a more substantial rise in their children's education expenditure as a result of an increase in maternal relative income. Mechanism tests indicate that the impact of maternal relative income on children's education expenditure primarily stems from both the income effect and bargaining effect.

Impact of Health Investment on Economic Development in Nigeria

This study examined the impact of health investment on economic development in Nigeria. Using secondary data sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins and World Bank development indicators, World Bank Database for the period of 1981- 2020. It applied Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests for unit root which indicated that all the variables were stationary at first difference except gross fixed capital formation at level. The mixed order of the unit root tests necessitated the adoption of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds Cointegration technique. The study submitted that a strong evidence of cointegration among the variables exist. It prove that health investment variables (recurrent and capital health investment, public education expenditure, gross fixed capital formation and labour participation rate) have positive impacts on economic development in Nigeria except foreign exchange rate which reveals negative impact. The result of Pairwise Granger causality test indicated that there were uni-directional and bidirectional causality among health investment variables and economic development in Nigeria. Therefore, it concluded that health investment variables have positive and significant impacts on economic development in Nigeria except exchange rate. Moreover, this study recommended that health policy should be made by government to increase the budgetary allocation to health sector particularly on recurrent and capital public health investment, improve quality of education through statutory allocation to education sector, provide exchange rate policy that will encourage investment in human capital by individuals and private sector. Finally, the government should expand institutional capacity to produce qualified manpower, improve personnel salaries, wages and working conditions in health and education sectors

Firm's emission reduction effectiveness and the influence of the five institutional dimensions of the quintuple helix model: European evidence

AbstractBased upon the quintuple helix model (QHM), this study explores whether the differences in firms' emission reduction effectiveness can be attributed to the five institutional helices related to educational system, economic development, political–legal system, cultural orientation, and the natural capital. Using a set of listed European firms for the 2015–2020 period, we show that firms with better emission reduction effectiveness operate in nations with more public educational expenditure and scientific production, more extensive economic development, and better institutional and governance quality. Moreover, emission reduction strategies are more pronounced in firms located in countries characterized by less masculinity, individualism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance, and more long‐term orientation and indulgence. In addition, we find that companies with better emission reduction effectiveness are found in countries with more natural capital, characterized by a life in harmony with nature and employing the finite resources available in a sustainable and environmentally conscious manner. Moreover, employing a two‐stage model to identify the most relevant helix, we find that the political–legal system helix is the most pivotal in promoting firms' commitment to reducing environmental emissions.

Determinants of Life Insurance Consumption in OECD Countries Using FMOLS and DOLS Techniques

This paper aims to examine the determinants of life insurance consumption in 30 OECD countries using panel data from 1996 to 2020. This study uses GDP per capita, Life expectancy, Urbanization, School education, and Health expenditure as the determinants to measure the OECD countries’ life insurance consumption. Insurance density is used as a proxy for life insurance consumption. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and causality tests are applied in this study. Our empirical results revealed that the variables urbanization, school education, and GDP per capita significantly impact life insurance consumption, whereas life expectancy and health expenditure were found to have an insignificant relationship in estimating life insurance consumption. These findings will help all insurance industry stakeholders in OECD countries in policy formulation and decision making.

COVID-19 and child education outcomes in Southern Ghana

This study analyses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child education outcomes by providing evidence on the gendered dimension, determinants and coping measures of informal households in Southern Ghana. We rely on a face-to-face interview undertaken in January 2022 (i.e., approximately 2 years after the beginning of the pandemic) involving 761 students across basic and secondary schools from 10 metropolitan, municipality and district assemblies (MMDAs) in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. We document several disruptions to child education outcomes such as learning practices, school attendance, class participation and academic performance. The results also showed that per child education expenditure incurred due to the COVID-19 pandemic by the informal households was GHS305 (US$ 49). Additionally, we assess the correlates of the negative effects on academic performance and COVID-19 related education expenditure as a result of coping measures. Our results from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) show strong association between participation in online classes, age of students, ownership of television and district of residence on COVID-19 related education expenditure. Results from Logit models show that self-reported negative effects of COVID-19 pandemic on academic performance are affected by gender and age of student, distance to market and location of residence. Interestingly, we also found considerable gendered heterogeneity for the predictors of the COVID-19 pandemic on child education outcomes. We conclude that the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated countermeasures had negative effects on child education outcomes, and that informal households incurred considerable costs in attempting to address the associated education challenges in Southern Ghana. The findings have implications on the design and implementation of educational policies and programs to address the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child education outcomes in developing countries.

Community-based peer mentorship improves academic performance: Evidence from Makhanda, South Africa

ABSTRACT Despite high rates of education expenditure, South Africa's education system remains sharply unequal and underperforms overall compared to other countries. One approach to addressing education inequality and underperformance is community-based peer mentorship. This paper presents evidence from the Nine Tenths mentorship programme in Makhanda (formerly Grahamstown) as a way to improve academic performance among matric students in under-resourced secondary schools. Using school matric pass rates from 2012 to 2021 and student admission metrics for participants in 2020–2022, a strong association is found between the activities of Nine Tenths and improved academic performance. No-fee schools where Nine Tenths is active record pass rates that are 28 percentage points higher on average than schools without Nine Tenths. Matric students who participate in Nine Tenths increase their Admissions Points Score (APS) by 4.23 points on average, and every student between 2020 and 2022 earned a bachelor pass. While the evidence suggests that Nine Tenths is effective, the programme operates on a relatively small scale and is not broad-based in its implementation. The programme shows is a promising example of community-based interventions to address schooling inequality independently and more efficiently than the current education policy in South Africa.

Analisis Pengaruh Belanja Modal, Belanja Pendidikan, Kredit, Investasi, dan UMP Terhadap Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja Sektor Pertanian

Agricultural sector still become pedestal absorption of the highest labor compared with others, however with the highest absorption labor in the sector agriculture is comparable with productivity its labor. This research purpose to analyze and measure in amount of capital expenditure influences, education expenditure, credit, investment and UMP to labor productivity in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi. The secondary data form of panel is used in this research by combine 2010 -2021 time series and a cross section of 2 provinces on the island of Sulawesi namely the provinces of South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi in the form reports are collected from Bank Indonesia, Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance Directorate general Balance Finance. The research results show that the determining factors for labor productivity in the agricultural sector in South Sulawesi Province are investment variables and UMP, while in West Sulawesi province it is capital expenditure.

Political Dynasties and Local Spending in Indonesia

Does political dynasty affect local spending in Indonesia? Only a few articles have taken up the political economy issues in Indonesia This study provides empirical analysis that focuses on explaining the effect of the political competition through dynasty winning in the mayoral election to the local spending that focuses on functional-classified expenditure at the district level. Using the Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) estimation, this study examines whether the dynasty mayor has different trends in the way to spend local expenditure compared to the non-dynasty mayors. Due to the limited political competition, this study finds the magnitude effect of the dynasty mayor on local spending that used to drive the regional economy. Compared to the non-dynasty mayors on a separate sub-dataset, this study finds different effects of a dynasty between the incumbent and the non-incumbent dynasty mayor on local spending. The incumbent dynasty mayor negatively affects ‘visible’ expenditure’ e.g., grant and social assistance expenditure, social protection expenditure, housing and public amenities expenditure, education expenditure, dan current expenditure. This study also finds negative effects of the political dynasty on local spending from the dynasty mayor elected during the period of simultaneous mayoral election (2015-2018).

Analysis of the Effect of Government Spending and PDRB on Human Development Index in Districts/Cities of Bengkulu Province

HDI, or Human Development Index, is a measure used to assess the level of human quality development in a country. The purpose of this research is to see the effect of government expenditure on education and health as well as GRDP on the level of HDI in the Regency/City of Bengkulu Province. The analysis method in this study uses panel data regression and uses Stata/MP 14.0 software. Panel data covering 10 regencies/cities in Bengkulu Province for a period of 7 years, namely 2015-2021. The results of the research conducted have a significant influence between health expenditure, and GRDP on HDI in the Regency/City of Bengkulu Province. However, education expenditure does not have a significant effect on HDI in the Regency/City of Bengkulu Province. Through health expenditure and GRDP, it is hoped that it can improve the quality of life of people in Bengkulu Province.

Impact of FDI absorptive capacity on labor productivity in Vietnam

This study examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) absorptive capacity on labor productivity in Vietnam's vibrant and dynamic context. Using panel data analysis of firm-level data from the Vietnam Enterprise Survey for 2008-2018, which was collected by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam, the authors find out that capacity is essential in enhancing labor productivity in Vietnamese firms. The study takes a strong and thorough approach, using panel data analysis to find out the many aspects of firm-level absorptive capacity and what these aspects mean for improving labor productivity in Vietnamese businesses. Specifically, firms with higher absorptive capacity tend to have higher labor productivity levels than those with lower absorptive capacity. Our findings suggest that policy makers in Vietnam and other developing countries must develop their absorptive capacity to benefit from FDI and fully improve productivity. In order to fully benefit from foreign direct investment (FDI), host nations must place a high priority on building their capacity to absorb FDI through wise expenditures in infrastructure, innovation, education, and training, as well as intellectual property rights protection. The study also shows how important absorptive capacity is in the relationship between FDI and productivity by adding to the existing research and finding the specific absorptive capacity indicators that are most useful for increasing labor productivity in Vietnamese businesses.

Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in Tanzania

This study examines the impact of government expenditure on economic growth, focusing on health, infrastructure, education, and agriculture in Tanzania. The data from 1970–2020 were analysed using the STATA software. Government expenditure on education, health, agriculture, and infrastructure sectors were the independent variables, while GDP was the dependent variable. Wagner’s law of increasing state activity and Keynesian economic theory were used to guide the study. Unit root test and Johansen co-integration test were conducted. The Johansen co-integration test results indicated the absence of a long-run relationship between all explanatory variables and economic growth. However, the ARDL model revealed that government health expenditure had a low effect on economic growth compared to infrastructure, education, and agriculture expenditures; all of which had higher effects. The study recommends that more government resources be spent on substantial infrastructure.

The nexus between green finance and energy consumption in regional comprehensive economic partnership countries.

Green finance has been valued and promoted by Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) countries for its attribute of supporting green and sustainable development. However, the fossil fuel-centric growth pattern poses a threat to the sustainable development of RCEP countries. The existing literature remains inadequate regarding the relationship between green finance and fossil energy consumption. An in-depth understanding and empirical examination of the nexus between green finance development and fossil energy consumption in RCEP countries is key to successful policymaking and sustainable development. This study proposes a theoretical framework for analyzing the nexus between green finance and fossil energy consumption. Then, a green finance development index is constructed by using the entropy weight method based on green credits, green securities, and green investments. By utilizing method of moment quantile regression (MMQR), panel data of 10 RCEP countries from 2008 to 2020 are investigated. The results demonstrate a strong nonlinear pattern of green finance's impact on reducing fossil energy consumption. Conventional finance and fossil energy consumption from the preceding period significantly promote fossil energy consumption, while green technology serves as a mitigating factor for fossil energy consumption. However, the impacts of education and environmental expenditure on fossil energy consumption are limited and inconsistent. Hence, the relevant practitioners, including governments and policymakers, are encouraged to collaboratively promote the green finance policies, and devise tailor-made strategies based on countries' features. Additionally, this study recommends that the RCEP countries incorporate research and development of green technologies, as well as environmental and educational expenditures, into the policymaking process.

Exploring the impact of macro-determinant factors on energy resource depletion: Evidence from a worldwide cross-country panel data analysis

The depletion of energy resources stands out as one of humanity's major challenges. Therefore, understanding the determinant factors that could potentially affect the depletion rate of energy resources is emerging as one of the main research interests of academics in this field, and this study intends to contribute by filling this gap. This paper aims to investigate the influence of different factors that can be categorised into six main categories, such as education, governance quality, sustainability, technological advancements, economic development, and health expenditures, on the depletion of energy resources in a large sample of 132 countries clustered according to their income level, for a 14-year period (2007–2020). To this end, we propose six composite indices that we developed to capture each of the six categories of macroeconomic factors. Following the panel data analysis conducted for each cluster of countries, classified based on World Bank income classification, our findings suggest that the most determinant factors for the energy depletion rate are education (for upper-middle income), governance quality (for high-income), technology advancements (for low-income), economic development (for high, upper-middle, and low-income), and health expenditures and diseases (for high, lower-middle, and low-income countries).

Is there a Link between Teacher Salary and Educational Achievement? An Analysis in OECD Countries

This paper uses data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and employs multiple regression models to investigate the relationship between teacher salary and educational achievement in mathematics and science across 30 countries. After controlling for alternative wage opportunities and two macroeconomic factors (GDP per capita and educational expenditure as percentage of GDP), the results reveal no significant relationship between teacher salary and educational achievement in mathematics and science. These findings imply the need to look beyond a single policy, such as higher salaries, in favor of policy strategies that address working conditions and other challenges facing new teachers. Keywords: teacher salary, educational achievement, OECD, PISA data

Efektivitas Perencanaan Anggaran dan Koordinasi Terhadap Penyerapan Anggaran Belanja Pendidikan

Education has a very important role in the development of a country, because quality education is the foundation of sustainable social and economic development. The aim is to analyze the effectiveness of budget planning and coordination on the absorption of the education expenditure budget. The research method used is a literature study or Library Research with a qualitative approach. Based on the literature review in this article, it can be concluded as follows (1) Budget planning affects the effectiveness of the absorption of the education expenditure budget. (2) Coordination affects the effectiveness of the absorption of the education expenditure budget. Keywords: budget planning, coordination, education spending budget