Cost Of Education Research Articles

Cost effectiveness of preemptive school closures to mitigate pandemic influenza outbreaks of differing severity in the United States

BackgroundNonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) may be considered as part of national pandemic preparedness as a first line defense against influenza pandemics. Preemptive school closures (PSCs) are an NPI reserved for severe pandemics and are highly effective in slowing influenza spread but have unintended consequences.MethodsWe used results of simulated PSC impacts for a 1957-like pandemic (i.e., an influenza pandemic with a high case fatality rate) to estimate population health impacts and quantify PSC costs at the national level using three geographical scales, four closure durations, and three dismissal decision criteria (i.e., the number of cases detected to trigger closures). At the Chicago regional level, we also used results from simulated 1957-like, 1968-like, and 2009-like pandemics. Our net estimated economic impacts resulted from educational productivity costs plus loss of income associated with providing childcare during closures after netting out productivity gains from averted influenza illness based on the number of cases and deaths for each mitigation strategy.ResultsFor the 1957-like, national-level model, estimated net PSC costs and averted cases ranged from $7.5 billion (2016 USD) averting 14.5 million cases for two-week, community-level closures to $97 billion averting 47 million cases for 12-week, county-level closures. We found that 2-week school-by-school PSCs had the lowest cost per discounted life-year gained compared to county-wide or school district–wide closures for both the national and Chicago regional-level analyses of all pandemics. The feasibility of spatiotemporally precise triggering is questionable for most locales. Theoretically, this would be an attractive early option to allow more time to assess transmissibility and severity of a novel influenza virus. However, we also found that county-wide PSCs of longer durations (8 to 12 weeks) could avert the most cases (31–47 million) and deaths (105,000–156,000); however, the net cost would be considerably greater ($88-$103 billion net of averted illness costs) for the national-level, 1957-like analysis.ConclusionsWe found that the net costs per death averted ($180,000-$4.2 million) for the national-level, 1957-like scenarios were generally less than the range of values recommended for regulatory impact analyses ($4.6 to 15.0 million). This suggests that the economic benefits of national-level PSC strategies could exceed the costs of these interventions during future pandemics with highly transmissible strains with high case fatality rates. In contrast, the PSC outcomes for regional models of the 1968-like and 2009-like pandemics were less likely to be cost effective; more targeted and shorter duration closures would be recommended for these pandemics.

Blockchain technology roles to overcome accounting, accountability and assurance barriers in supply chain finance

PurposeKnow your customer (KYC), accounting standards, issuance, clearing, and trade settlement became the major barrier to implement accounting, accountability and assurance process in supply chain finance (SCF). Blockchain technology features have the potential to solve accounting problems. This research focuses on exploring how blockchain technology provides solutions to overcome the barriers of accounting process in SCF. The benefits, opportunities, costs and risks related to blockchain adoption are also explored.Design/methodology/approachMulti-case study and qualitative methods are used with a framework based on blockchain role to overcome the accounting process barriers. Ten blockchain projects in SCF and 29 interviews of participants as a unit of analysis are considered.FindingsThe findings indicate that blockchain technology offers solutions to solve accounting, accountability and assurance problems in SCF. Validity, verification, smart contracts, automation and enduring data on trade transactions potentially solve those barriers. However, it is also necessary to consider costs such as implementation, technology, education and integration costs. Then there are possible risks such as regulatory compliance, operational, code development and scalability risk. This finding reflects the current status of blockchain technology roles in SCF.Research limitations/implicationsThis study unveils blockchain's SCF accounting potential, emphasizing multi-case method limitations and future research prospects. Diverse contexts challenge findings' applicability, warranting cross-industry studies for deeper insights. Addressing selection bias and integrating quantitative measures can enhance understanding of blockchain's accounting impact.Practical implicationsAccounting professionals can get an idea of the future direction and impact of blockchain technology on accounting, accountability and assurance processes.Originality/valueThis study provides initial findings on the potential, costs and risks of blockchain that is beneficial for parties involved in SCF, especially for banks and insurance underwriters. In addition, the findings also provide direction for the contribution of blockchain technology to accounting theory in the future.

Household Energy Poverty: Evidence From a Large-Scale Longitudinal Survey

Energy is a basic household necessity closely related to human health and well-being; unfortunately, not all households have equal access to energy. This condition is referred to as energy poverty, wherein a household lacks access to or cannot afford basic energy services to meet its daily needs. The goal of this research is to analyze the determining factors of the probability of households experiencing energy poverty in Indonesia, focusing on Household Demography and Household Expenditure factors. Using household survey data from IFLS4 (2007) and IFLS5 (2014) and employing Multinomial Logit analysis, this study aims to capture the differences between groups of energy-consuming households. The research findings indicate that households found it easier to access energy (especially gas) after the implementation of the energy conversion policy from kerosene to gas, which began in 2007. Based on the estimation results, the probability of households experiencing energy poverty in Indonesia in 2007 is determined by Education, Income, Spouse Work, Communication Cost, and Health Cost, while in 2014, it is influenced by Education, Spouse Work, Electric Cost, Fuel Cost, Health Cost, and Non-food Consumption. Other indicators of Household Demography and Household Expenditure show different results for each category and period. To address energy poverty, a change in perspective and reform of programs in the energy sector are required. The government can also provide energy subsidies and compensation to poor and vulnerable populations.

Financial Return on Investment: An Analysis of the Top-Ranked Private Universities in the United States

The increasing cost of an undergraduate education in the United States of America has caused alarming degrees of student loan debt with deleterious consequences to the lives of graduates. Although there are myriad considerations when choosing an institution to attend, the avoidance of unmanageable debt should be prioritized. In this regard, institutions of interest should be examined based upon potential earnings in light of the actual cost of attendance. The purpose of this study was to examine the return on investment for an undergraduate education (i.e., the ratio of median annual earnings after attendance to the average annual cost of attendance) between the top-ranked private universities in the United States as per the U.S. News & World Report top-20 rankings for 2024. Annual earnings and cost of attendance data were gathered from the College Scorecard. Findings for 18 private universities reveal major differences between published tuition and fees and the actual cost of attendance (on average, the latter is 32% of the former) with an average return on investment of 6.6; however, there is a wide range of return on investment (2.9–24.4). Findings further reveal that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and Princeton University are the top three institutions with respect to both the ROI and U.S. News & World Report rankings

Masalah Pembiayaan Pendidikan di Indonesia: Kenaikan Biaya Pendidikan

The cost of education is becoming increasingly expensive. According to an article quoted by detikedu citing BPS statistics, the cost of education rises by 10% to 15% each year. It should be realized that unequal education as a result of the high cost of education will affect all elements of social life. Education is not only expensive in public and private schools or educational institutions. This research uses a literature research approach. The literature search used keywords such as "education financing problems in Indonesia", "rising education costs", "high education costs", and other keyword combinations relevant to the topic. Education financing consists of investment costs, operating costs and personal costs. One of the most important aspects of achieving optimal educational goals is managing expenditure appropriately in accordance with the necessary financing needs. It is a sad reality that, due to lack of resources, disadvantaged children will continue to drop out of primary, junior secondary and senior secondary school, and will never have the opportunity to go to university. Some factors that contribute to the rising cost of education include: 1) Ineffective and inefficient school financing budgets, 2) Lack of democratization and transparency in school management, 3) Weak supervision and control of school fees by the government, 4) Lack of teacher welfare.

Challenges with food safety adoption: A review

AbstractGlobally, the risk of foodborne diseases is high among the young, old, pregnant and immunocompromised groups. Strategies to improve safe food supply are poorly understood among stakeholders. In this paper, we discuss the importance of the adoption of food safety standards, the effects of non‐compliance of food safety protocols, consumer‐producer awareness of food safety, and the challenges involved in the adoption of food safety protocols. The major challenges include gaps in dissemination of relevant information, the cost involved in adoption of many food safety programs; low educational levels of food handlers, insufficient food testing laboratories; inadequate funding, equipment, and skilled personnel; and cost of training and education; and lack of coordination among organizations handling food safety issues. Building competencies of food safety personnel, inspectorates, national or regional laboratories and adequate resource support to industry and supporting agencies will enhance safety of the global food supply.

DETERMINAN MINAT MAHASISWA AKUNTANSI MENGIKUTI PENDIDIKAN PROFESI AKUNTANSI (PPAK) DENGAN MOTIVASI SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI

This research aims to examine the factors that influence students' interest inparticipating in Professional Accounting Education (PPAk). Accountingprofessional education is further education after completing a bachelor's degreemajoring in accounting. This research is quantitative research. The sample in thisstudy was students from the undergraduate economics and business faculty ofaccounting at least semester 7 at a university in Lombok. Determination of thesample in this study used the Slovin formula. The number of samples used in thisresearch was 5 universities, with a total of 55 students as respondents. This researchis aimed at testing and analyzing the influence of education costs, length ofeducation, and parental influence on students' interest in pursuing professionalaccounting education with motivation as a moderating variable. The data analysistechniques used are Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA), descriptive statisticalanalysis, classical assumption test, coefficient determination test (R2) andhypothesis test (t test) and f test. Based on the results of this research, it shows thateducation costs and motivation can weaken students' interest in participating inPPAk. The length of education and motivation are not able to strengthen therelationship with students' interest in participating in PPAk. Parental influence andmotivation were unable to strengthen the relationship with students' interest inparticipating in PPAk. Based on the empirical results in this research, it shows thateducation costs have an influence on students' interest in participating in PPAk. Thelength of education has an influence on students' interest in participating in PPAk.Parental influence has no effect on students' interest in participating in PPAk.

The Administration of the Costs in Virtual and Actual Education and Through the Method “Break-Even-Point”. In Biology-Chemistry

The universities, as well the public as the private, will try to implement an university policy that tries to overcome the academic, administrative, teaching and economic problems that would be found in view of the concrete fact that they ignore the behavior of those categories that explain such inconvenient. In the best of the cases, they are know problems too specific as the traditional lack of elements and equipment, the lack of training the staff of certain administrative levels, the inadequacy of locals, elaboration of modules, presentation of advises and obviously it’s established a direct relation between the magnitude of these problems and the insufficiency of financial resources. This project made the application of the method “Break-even-point” (balance point) of the Costs In Virtual Education (VE) and Actual Education (AE) in University Education. The project presents the relation of fixed costs and variable costs and the influence that the number of students in the Biannual Total Cost by program has, such is the case of Education Degree: Biology-Chemistry.

Tren Perjudian Online di Kalangan Mahasiswa: Dampak, dan Upaya Pencegahannya

Online gambling has become a prominent phenomenon among students because it is considered a fast way to earn money instantly, even becoming the main source of income for some students to meet their daily needs. However, serious attention to this phenomenon arises because it is considered detrimental to the future of Indonesia's young generation, changing mindsets in earning a living and forming less productive personalities. Some cases involve students using money from their tuition fees to gamble without considering the risks, potentially threatening their ability to pay off educational costs. Therefore, this research aims to identify the factors driving students to engage in online gambling. Factors such as social, economic, situational aspects, learning environment, perception of winning, and perception of addiction influence students' tendencies in online gambling, while secretive attitudes, difficulty accepting advice, stubbornness, and reluctance to admit or avoid potential dangers are obstacles in dealing with this phenomenon.

Analysis of Perceptions and Roles of Wives/Housewives of Business Actors on the Existence and Sustainability of Crossing Service Businesses in South Lembeh District, Bitung City, Indonesia

Lembeh Island is an administrative area of Bitung City and is administratively divided into two districts, namely North Lembeh and South Lembeh Districts. The total population in Papusungan Village, South Lembeh District, Bitung City, in July 2019 was recorded at 3,129 people and those who work as fishermen were recorded at 380 fishermen, consisting of 140 fishing rod fishermen, 120 ring trawl fishermen, 110 business actors/crossing services, and 10 light boats. Especially for the crossing service business, it certainly has an important role in the economy of the local community.A business will not run smoothly if it is not supported by family roles, including the wife or housewife of the business actor in question. The views or perceptions of housewives towards the sea taxi crossing business and its sustainability need to be analyzed. The problem can be formulated as follows: How are the Perception and Role of Wives / Housewives of Business Actors on the Existence and Sustainability of Crossing Services in South Lembeh District, Bitung City? The time required from the data collection survey to the preparation of the final report is 8 months, from March – October 2023. The research method uses survey methods. Data come from primary and secondary data and are discussed and analyzed based on quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. Perceptual analysis is done using the Likert Scale scoring model. The results showed that the perception of wives/housewives was very good and very agreed with the statement. This is felt by the wife/housewife at the same time with her family that sea taxis are easy to run, and they do not spend much cost and energy because they always wait for queues or turns and the sea taxi business benefits when viewed in terms of time and cost and it has bright prospects and is easy to do because it is assisted by a driving machine. As a further explanation, they wait in the queue where sometimes 1 day is only 1 time for the opportunity to pick up passengers. However, according to the wife/housewife, it will be covered by their husband's work as a motorcycle taxi driver and impromptu laborer for stevedoring business actors at Bitung port. The role carried out by housewives in the family of sea taxi business actors in Papusungan village is an effort to help the family economy, which aims to meet family needs so that their economic resilience increases. The impact of the dual role of housewives working in the domestic sector has a major impact, especially in fulfilling daily needs, such as food needs, education costs, and other household needs.

Analysis of the Improvement Path of Cost Control Efficiency Based on ABC Model in Financial Informationization System of Colleges and Universities

Abstract This paper assembles the general accounting procedures of the operation cost method and analyzes the applicability of using the ABC model for college education cost accounting based on the shortcomings of traditional cost control accounting methods. Combined with the foundation of financial informatization construction in colleges and universities and the advantages of joint BP neural network algorithm, it designs and forms the accounting system of education cost in colleges and universities based on the ABC model and formulates the accounting process of education cost in colleges and universities. Clarify the motivation for the resource, summarize the operational costs, calculate the rate of motivation, and allocate the education costs to obtain the per capita education training cost. According to the traditional cost control accounting way to get the education cost of each college, compare the cost control results of the two cost accounting methods, analyze and verify the applicability of the ABC model to the efficiency of college education cost control. Using the two accounting methods to account for the cost of education in the College of Arts, respectively, 303,274,000 yuan and 253,859,000 yuan, there is a significant difference between the two. The traditional costing method of accounting results are relatively large, which may lead to the results of the average per capita cost of education being inflated, and the use of the ABC model and neural network for college costing is more in line with the reality of the development of college education.

Role Of Competitive Advantage In Mediating The Determinants Of Private High School Students' Satisfaction

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of: (1) service quality on competitive advantage; (2) educational costs on competitive advantage; (3) convenience on competitive advantage; (4) service quality on satisfaction; (5) educational costs on satisfaction; (6) convenience on satisfaction; (7) competitive advantage on satisfaction; (8) the indirect effect of service quality on satisfaction through competitive advantage; (9) the indirect effect of educational costs on satisfaction through competitive advantage; (10) the indirect effect of convenience on satisfaction through competitive advantage of private high schools in the Kudus district. This research method utilizes a quantitative approach, with the population being all high school teachers in the Kudus district. The sample consists of 130 teachers. Data analysis was conducted using smartPLS software. The results of the study are as follows: (1) there is a significant influence of service quality on competitive advantage (0.015 < 0.05) with 15.4%; (2) there is no significant influence of educational costs on competitive advantage (0.497 > 0.05); (3) there is a significant influence of convenience on competitive advantage (0.000 < 0.05) at 82.2%; (4) there is a significant influence of service quality on student satisfaction (0.000 < 0.05) with an effect of -41%; (5) there is a significant influence of educational costs on student satisfaction (0.000 < 0.05) with an effect of 54.2%; (6) there is no significant influence of convenience on satisfaction (0.798 > 0.05); (7) there is a significant influence of competitive advantage on satisfaction (0.000 < 0.05) at 81%; (8) service quality indirectly affects student satisfaction through competitive advantage in private high schools in the Kendal district at 0.154 or 15.4%; (9) educational costs do not indirectly affect student satisfaction through competitive advantage in private high schools in the Kendal district; (10) Convenience does not indirectly affect teacher satisfaction through service quality in private junior high schools in the Kendal district. In conclusion, this study suggests that (1) service quality and convenience significantly influence increasing student or school competitiveness; (2) service quality, educational costs, and competitive advantage significantly affect student satisfaction; (3) competitive advantage serves as a relevant mediator in enhancing service quality towards student satisfaction. This study recommends that private high schools in the Kendal district improve satisfaction determinants to enhance customer satisfaction. Further research is recommended to involve the influence of other indicators of student satisfaction variables.

School Location and Private Cost of Secondary Education in Oyo and Osun States, Nigeria

The study established the relationship between location of schools and private costs (cost of transportation, feeding, books and uniform) of secondary education in Oyo and Osun States, Nigeria. It also investigated the difference in the private cost of secondary education in urban and rural secondary schools and the parameters employed to site secondary schools in the two states under study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study consisted of all the senior secondary school III (SSS3) students in all the 63 local government areas in both Oyo and Osun states (Oyo and Osun states are made up of 33 and 30 local government areas respectively). The sample of the study comprised 2,000 SSSIII students (1,040 from Oyo state and 960 from Osun state) from 100 secondary schools (52 from Oyo state and 48 from Osun state) in 32 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the two states under study (17 LGAs from Oyo state and 15 LGAs from Osun state). The selection of the students, schools and local government areas was based on Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling method. The instrument used for data collection is a questionnaire titled “Students’ Questionnaire on Secondary School Location and Private Cost” (SQSSLPC). Seven null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The results of the study showed that location of secondary schools and private cost of secondary education were not significantly related (χ2 =0.8896, table value = 3.84, df = 1, P > 0.05) and there was no significant difference in the private cost of secondary education between urban and rural secondary schools (t-cal, -1.23 < t-crit, 1.96, df = 1,992). The study concludes that educational planners have essential roles to play in the process of locating secondary schools in the states.

How To Measure The Economic Return Of Education

This research aims to explain the different ways to measure the economic return from education by comparing individual and social incomes with the educational levels of individuals. There are many methods that can be used to measure the economic return from education, the most important of which are the simple correlation method, the residual income method, and the direct rate of return method for education. The descriptive analytical approach was used to measure the economic return from education and to analyze the return and cost of education. There are many studies that have attempted to measure the economic return from education with the aim of determining the economic value of education represented by the income or wage that the educated individual receives, is this income primarily due to education or are there other factors that affect income generation. Previous studies in measuring the economic return from education have reached important results, a higher level of education leads to increased productivity and higher income. Through analyzing the return and cost of education, the economic return from education is greater than the expenditure on it, and its investment return may exceed many other economic projects. Education also has a social return, both for individuals and society.

Что происходит с образовательной системой США?

The article examines a complex of different types of problems that the Joe Biden administration faced when pursuing a course in the field of education, identifies painful points in its system, shows the ratio of successes and failures in educational policy and the extent to which the White House has taken into account changes in the demand for graduates in the labor market USA and in the perception of young Americans about the value of a university. Higher education in this country is considered a source of pride and the key to unlocking the American Dream. American universities rank nineteenth out of the top thirty in the world’s university rankings, and nine of the most successful universities are located in this country. However, behind this facade lies the accumulation of financial, personnel, social and racial problems in educational institutions. An analysis is given of the decline in the attractiveness of college in the eyes of the younger generation of Americans, caused by some devaluation of the diploma on the labor market, the rising cost of education and the increase in student debt on loans. In turn, the factors for the high cost of education are: the cycle of supply and demand, inflation, bloated administrative, teaching staff and university staff, whose work is ultimately paid for out of the pockets of students and their parents. An alternative to college and university that offers a faster and much cheaper route to a career in the form of short-term online courses and technical education schools is becoming popular among a significant portion of the younger generation. A special section is devoted to the analysis of the political and intellectual movement called Critical Race Theory, which has penetrated the curriculum of schools and colleges in many American states and identified another line of division in American society.

Decoding the eco-financial mindset: financial literacy, attitudes, and efficacy measures and the spending behavior of Filipino millennials

In today's volatile economy, millennials stand out as a generation defined by their significant reliance on technology and the issues they encounter in their formative and later years. Experiencing from education costs and socio-economic backgrounds, problems exacerbated by the lack of financial acumen and economic downturns, millennials inevitably become financially vulnerable in the increasingly evolving financial landscape. This research delves into Filipino millennials' financial decision-making, focusing on financial literacy, financial attitude, financial efficacy, and spending behavior. Survey questionnaires were distributed among 431 millennials from the cities of Laguna, Philippines, through Google Forms. Data analysis was conducted through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in Jamovi, unveiling strong positive correlations among eco-financial literacy, eco-financial efficacy, and eco-financial attitude, emphasizing their interdependence in shaping millennials' financial decisions. A negative correlation is identified between spending behavior and financial attitude and a breakdown of spending patterns revealed both variability and consistency of millennials’ spending patterns across categories. The findings emphasize the value of tailored financial education, training, and intervention programs. Such initiatives must be crafted with acute sensitivity, recognizing millennials' unique aspirations and inclination towards social media and peer influences.

Многомерная демография: новый подход к оценке человеческих ресурсов российского Севера

Over the past three decades, the population of the Russian North has decreased by almost a quarter. Simultaneously, an increasing share of pensioners may negatively affect the availability and quality of labour resources in northern regions. The article examines the dynamics and structure of human resources in 13 regions of the Russian North in the 21st century using multidimensional demography. This approach, along with the main demographic indicators (sex, age) varying in time and space, involves considering such additional characteristics as education and labour force participation. This view of demographic processes can reveal whether an increase in education or employment (qualitative characteristics) can help reduce negative trends in the quantitative characteristics of human resources. The average duration of education of the total and employed population was compared. Indicators of the total duration of education and education costs were used to assess the value of the accumulated educational potential. According to the calculations, in 2002–2010, the total duration of education of the employed population decreased only in 3 of the 13 northern regions and remained at the 2002 level in 3 regions. In 2010–2021, this indicator already decreased in seven constituent entities and remained at the 2010 level in three regions. The total loss of educational potential of human resources amounted to 4.1 million person years of education. To remedy the educational potential in 2020 prices, more than 600 billion roubles of budgetary funds would be needed. The occurred transformations are clearly demonstrated by sex-age-educational pyramids. The study showed that negative demographic trends in the Russian North almost cannot be reduced by improving qualitative characteristics. The findings can be applied to develop demographic, social and labour policies, and to construct demographic forecasts.

Perceived Influence of Inflation on Nigeria Educational System: A Case Study of Federal Polytechnic, Oko.

This research work investigates the Perceived influence of inflation on the Nigerian educational system: a case study of Federal Polytechnic, Oko, in Orumba North Local Government Area of Anambra state. Three research questions were raised to guide this study. Descriptive survey research design was used to conduct this study. The population for the study comprised of all the students and teaching staff of Federal University, Oko. The sample of this study comprised of four hundred (400) students and eighty (80) teaching staff. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the samples of this study. Data were collected using a self-developed questionnaire. The instrument was validated by two experts, one from the economics department and the other from educational foundation department. A pilot testing method was used to establish the reliability of the instrument, the scores obtained were analyzed using Cronbach Alpha and the reliability coefficient was estimated at 0.80. The data obtained were analyzed using mean. Based on this analysis and findings, it was discovered that there was significant relationship between perceive influence of inflation and education in Nigerian University(r(399) = .670**, p<.05),also result reveals that there was relationship between perceive influence of inflation and the quality of education within the educational system in Nigeria(r(399) = .606**, p<.05) and there was significant relationship between inflation and decrease in enrollment in educational institutions in Nigeria(r(399) = 0.464, p<0.05)However, it was recommended that government spending on education should be increased. A system of regular salary adjustments for teachers should be established. Inflation-indexed tuition fees and other educational costs should be developed and implemented. Measures to improve the quality of education within the system should be implemented such as providing more professional development opportunities and better training for teachers.

Новые возможности участия граждан в инициативном финансировании бюджетов общеобразовательных школ

The subject of the study is the state of financing of Russian schools. The purpose of the work is to identify opportunities for individuals and legal entities to participate in the financing of secondary schools. To ensure the competitiveness of Russian higher education, it is necessary to create a solid foundation for secondary education so that school graduates have the highest basic education, so that families do not have to bear the huge costs of additional private education in grades 10 and 11 (tutors and additional courses in preparation for the Unified State Exam) to successfully pass the final exams. To improve the quality of secondary education, it is necessary to massively and point wise finance targeted school projects. The article considers the problem of finding sources of financing for initiative budgets of secondary schools. The main drawback of the existing experience in financing initiative budgets in the Russian Federation has been identified, in which the final selection of projects for implementation and the final decision on the amount of allocated funding does not take place at the school board level (as it should be in accordance with the fundamental principles of initiative (participatory) budgeting, but at a higher level – as a rule, by a commission of officials the subject of the Russian Federation in which the school is located. The experience of Germany in terms of the organization of targeted transfer to secondary schools of financial resources received in the form of taxes from specific individuals and legal entities based on the taxpayer's choice is considered. It is proposed to provide school initiative budgets with their own sources of financing, independent of the decisions of executive authorities, based on two ways for parents of secondary school students to transfer part of the amount of parental income tax to the income part of the initiative budgets of schools where their children study, thanks, firstly, to modification of the existing tax deduction for education, bringing its size up to seven times the amount of parents' expenses for transferring money to the initiative budget of the school; Secondly, the permission for parents whose income is more than 5 million rubles per year to direct, at their choice, part of their income tax (levied at an increased rate of 15%) in a targeted manner to the initiative budget of the school where their children study. The economic effect of both methods is calculated using the example of one school.

A logit model approach to the examination of parents’ willingness to contribute towards the cost of senior high school education: The case of parents in Tamale, Ghana

The Free Senior High School policy introduced in Ghana has helped to enhance access resulting in significant increases in enrolment and other improvements such as early reporting at schools by students, sufficient provision of schoolbooks, distribution of school outfits and improved feeding menu. There are also challenges ranging from inadequate and delayed funding to poor and insufficient supplies, with most facilities being either absent or in poor shape, mainly because of heavy financial burden the policy puts on government. These resulted in calls on government by stakeholders and other watchers of the sector for a review of the policy that will allow parents to make some contributions towards their wards' senior high school education. This study sought to examine the willingness of parents to contribute towards the senior high school education of their wards amidst the current Free Senior High School policy in Ghana; to help make a research-based input into the discussion using a logit model approach; and to also create a basis for comparison in future studies. Responses from some 467 parents of students in Senior and Junior High Schools in the Tamale township; purposively and randomly selected were analysed. Respondents were made up of more females than males who were predominantly either employed or self-employed with about 69% having a formal education of a sort. The study observed that majority of respondents expressed their willingness to contribute towards their wards’ senior high school education; largely towards the feeding component of the cost, and that a review that will cover the forementioned will not be out of place since it is anticipated, and parents are willing to contribute in that direction. It was also observed that the logit model was an appropriate statistical approach in performing the analysis of the study data with a categorical and dichotomous response variable. A mean willingness to contribute amount was also estimated as GH₵450.70. The study recommends a review that will allow parents whose wards have boarding status to at least pay for the boarding component including feeding.