Educational Buildings Research Articles

Energy Efficiency of Educational Buildings Through Envelope Design Based on Field Observations and Sefaira Simulation (Case Study: FIP B Building)

Abstract The dense activity in the FIP B Building makes energy optimization in the building very important because it will impact faculty operations. This research shows deficiencies in the design of the existing FIP B building, which can be corrected through a number of aspects of change based on field observation and Sefaira Simulation that can increase the building’s energy efficiency in the form of adding skylights, creating an atrium, and increasing the window-to-wall ratio. The value of increasing the efficiency of the new model compared to the existing one is known by the Sefaira energy performance simulation for both model envelopes. The results of the simulation show that the greatest increase in efficiency is in the use of AHU fans, the second is in AHU cooling, and the lowest is in interior lighting and equipment. However, lighting usage has the potential to be more efficient with the relatively improved daylight accessibility in the new design model. The overall annual energy use and EUI level in the new model are slightly more efficient than the existing model. The result of this study provides aspects of consideration in the architectural design of campus buildings with large masses.

Potential and Challenges in Adapting Green Behavior Towards Energy-Efficient Educational Building (Case Study: i-CELL FTUI)

Abstract The amount of energy consumption in the building sector has led to the concept of green buildings. This concept is more familiar with focusing on technical aspects, where, in fact, the factor that causes the amount of energy consumption comes from the human factor. This paper aims to examine green behavior in the consumption of electrical energy in green buildings. The case study used is the FTUI i-CELL Building, which is a green building. The method used is a literature study and a questionnaire to find the potential for behavior change, savings, and challenges or obstacles from the perspective of users and managers. Based on the study’s results, the building users’ role can provide potential savings in the coverage of cooling, lighting, and electrical equipment that is greater than that of the manager. it was found that green behavior by users of the building could save 26.60%-36.55% of the energy consumption, whereas behavior by building managers only saved 8.73%-23.67%. Even so, both of them still have to work together to achieve savings in electricity consumption through green behavior. This is because the manager has an important role, such as equipment maintenance, which can affect electricity consumption. In addition, in achieving potential savings, both users and managers experience challenges or obstacles in terms of knowledge, norms, and perceptions of control that shape green behavior in electricity consumption. Suggestions for further development are adding simulation to determine the amount of savings and identify the correlation and significance of knowledge, norms, and perceptions of control that play a role in shaping green behavior.

A Statewide Program to Test and Reduce Lead in Drinking Water at Schools and Child Cares.

A lead testing act was passed in Colorado mandating that all licensed child care facilities and public schools serving fifth grade and lower test all drinking water locations for lead by May 31, 2023. Colorado's Water Quality Control Division created the Test & Fix Water for Kids program to implement this act. Aspects of the program included establishing a database, outreach and education, technical assistance, lead analyses at the Colorado State Laboratory, remediation, and reimbursement. Of a total of 6000 licensed child care providers and public elementary schools, 4500 entities enrolled and tested 53 000 water samples for lead at drinking water fixtures. Testing results showed that 93% (46 000 total) of the fixtures tested were below the 5 parts per billion (ppb) action level. As a result, 7% (3700) of the fixtures tested were above the action level. Of the fixtures that tested above 5 ppb, 47% were classroom faucets. Many of these faucets had not been used since COVID-19 when several schools switched to using bottle fillers. The program identified all fixtures associated with low usage as well as older fixtures to be replaced with lead-free options to reduce lead levels below 5 ppb. Almost 600 000 children have been protected from potential exposure to lead in drinking water through this program. This article outlines the methods of launching a statewide lead testing program and the importance of testing fixtures for lead in drinking water in early childhood education buildings.

Integrated seismic vulnerability assessment for heritage educational buildings in Annaba city: combining probabilistic hazard analysis and structural modeling

PurposeThe primary goal of this research is to evaluate the seismic performance of Asla Hocine Primary School, a heritage school building in Annaba, Algeria, to prevent additional damage during future earthquakes in the region. The study aims to guide decision-makers in strengthening weak parts or elements in the building, implementing preventive measures and ultimately reducing earthquake disaster risk by mitigating vulnerability.Design/methodology/approachThe research employs the 3Muri software to model the seismic behavior and structural failures of the school’s elements. An integrated multimodal pushover analysis is used to generate the non-linear capacity curve of the school to assess its seismic performance. The seismic demand is determined based on Algerian seismic regulations, with peak ground acceleration derived from a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Annaba city for return periods of 100, 200 and 500 years. The study develops three seismic scenarios to evaluate performance levels and expected damage probabilities.FindingsThe study reveals that the Asla Hocine Primary School faces a high risk of damage and potential collapse under the expected seismic hazard of the region. The analysis indicates variable resilience across different seismic return periods (100, 200 and 500 years), with the performance level degrading from life safety to collapse prevention and total collapse under increasing seismic intensity. This underscores the need for targeted structural analysis and potential retrofitting to enhance the building’s seismic robustness.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper encouraged to account for soil-structure interaction in similar studies, as it can significantly affect the overall seismic performance of buildings. Furthermore, conducting out-of-plane analysis when necessary can offer valuable insights into the structural behavior of specific components.Practical implicationsThe insights provided by this study contribute vital data toward conservation efforts and risk mitigation strategies for heritage structures in seismic zones. The findings are intended to guide decision-makers in implementing preventive measures and strengthening weak parts or elements in the studied school building, ultimately reducing earthquake disaster risk by mitigating vulnerability.Originality/valueThis research offers a comprehensive framework for assessing the seismic vulnerability of heritage schools using detailed modeling and analysis. It highlights the importance of considering return periods of seismic events in assessing a building’s seismic performance and provides a deeper understanding of the structural response to seismic stresses at both macrostructural and individual element levels. The study emphasizes the critical need for seismic risk assessment and targeted retrofitting to preserve cultural heritage assets and ensure their continued use.

Comparison of Spatial Perception Regarding the Re-functionalized Industrial Buildings: Abdullah Gül University Sümer Campus

Industrial buildings that conserve their authentic identities and provide cultural sustainability also appeal to the spatial perceptions of users through their old and new usage forms. It is thought that every generation will have different timeframes and experiencing forms in the spaces they are in, based on their own needs, and this is believed to reflect on their spatial perceptions. Accordingly, this study aims to reveal the effect of different generations’ characteristics on their perception of educational buildings converted from industrial buildings and to reflect users’ reactions to the relevant spaces. In this study, the evolving spatial perceptions regarding Abdullah Gül University Sümer Campus, which has been converted as an educational facility from Sümerbank Fabric Factory, were evaluated through the members of the Generation X and Z. This study which employed qualitative data collection and assessment methods was conducted as a particular case study. Furthermore, this study contained the holistic assessment of the physical, functional and psychological aspects of the re-functionalized campus considering the fact that these spaces whose functions were converted to be educational would include differences based on spatial perceptions. The results of this study indicated that Sümer Campus was considered by the Generation X as a location combining the old texture with the new, while the Generation Z assessed the campus as an esthetic formation where the old and new coexisted with contrasts.

Cultivating A Culture Of Continuous Improvement And Teamwork In An ICPOP Hub

Abstract Background The Integrated Care for Older Person’s (ICPOP) Hub is one 3 Hubs in the healthcare region. The success of the ICPOP Hub has been the adaptability, motivation, dedication of the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) using inter-disciplinary methods to achieve best outcomes for people with frailty and complex multi-morbidity in the Community. Referrals have increased - 406 in 2023. There were 2,754 direct patient MDT contacts in 2023. Medical capacity for new patients is limited. Alternative ways of working were needed to meet increasing demand. Methods Quality improvement methodologies were employed to enhance efficiency. Existing practices were mapped, deficits highlighted. New practices were trialled in plan-do-study-act format. Results The MDT collaborated to develop structured pathways for Falls and Memory. Criteria were established for triaging referrals, assessment standards, management, post diagnostic support using national/international guidelines (Model of Care for Dementia in Ireland, World Falls Guidelines). More patients were seen via direct-to-MDT pathways and discussed at bi-weekly meetings. Direct referral pathway was instituted from the acute hospital Emergency Department (ED) Frailty Front Door Team to the Hub MDT. ‘One-stop-shop’, multiple, consecutive assessments, while comprehensive, resulted in significant patient fatigue. Moving to parallel assessment reduced appointment frequency and time in the Hub. Staff learned from other disciplines and translated knowledge/skills to tailored patient plans. Case management has prevented ED attendance, particularly for patients with delirium and/or dementia with non-cognitive symptoms. Early integration with Community/Voluntary groups was crucial. Visits from these groups promoted education and relationship building. The Community Connector role has been instrumental in linking people with wellbeing activities in their community. Challenges: Blurring boundaries between roles. Insufficient medical cover represents a barrier to timely patient assessment/management, obstacle to early hospital discharge. Demands on MDT intensify daily. Conclusion Enthusiasm, flexibility, ownership, teamwork, distributed leadership were essential in developing pathways and overcoming difficulties.

SELECTION OF OPTIMAL SOLAR PANEL ORIENTATION PARAMETERS

The article investigates the issue of optimising the installation parameters of solar panels to maximise their efficiency in the conditions of modern Ukraine, where the traditional energy infrastructure is severely damaged due to military operations. Particular attention is paid to parameters such as the angle of inclination and orientation of solar panels relative to the sun, which affect the overall performance of the system. The study was carried out on the basis of a solar power plant located on the roof of the educational building of the Ukrainian State University of Science and Technology in Dnipro. A detailed analysis of the plant's operation was carried out with the solar arrays oriented to the southwest (azimuth 222˚) and the results were compared with the calculations obtained using the PVWatts® calculator developed by the US National Energy Laboratory (NREL). The results of the study showed that the actual annual electricity generation was 3917 kWh, which is close to the predicted 3973 kWh obtained using PVWatts®. The analysis also demonstrated that changing the orientation of the solar panels from southwest to south (180˚ azimuth) could increase the annual electricity generation to 4227 kWh, which confirms the maximum efficiency of the southern orientation. The findings can be used to optimise existing and future solar power plant projects, ensuring more efficient use of resources and improving the overall efficiency of power systems. This knowledge will help to reduce dependence on fossil energy sources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ensure uninterrupted electricity supply for the population and critical facilities in the face of the destruction of traditional energy infrastructure.

Investigation of Lighting Performance and Improvement of Efficiency in a Designated Area of an Active Educational Building

Due to the inefficient use of daylight in many areas, the demand for artificial light sources, which have a history of approximately 200 years, has increased. This increase has particularly highlighted the need to investigate the energy quality, savings and efficiency of lighting systems in modern times. In this study, the lighting devices used in a selected classroom within the Central Classroom building at Hakkari University's Zeynelbey campus were examined. Photometric measurements were conducted under different seasonal conditions (winter and summer) in this area, including scenarios with natural, artificial and combined lighting. The obtained results were compared and evaluated against current standards. Additionally, the measured classroom was modeled using the DIALux lighting design software and a more efficient and economical lighting model was proposed using lighting devices with different power and characteristics for these areas. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations were made for selecting appropriate lighting systems and determining the usage patterns of lighting devices to improve working conditions and further reduce energy consumption with the existing lighting devices.

Abstract B063: A community-based organization, health equity uplift and growth alliance for triple negative breast cancer and metastatic breast cancer in young women

Abstract Background: Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) and Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC) disproportionately affect the Black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) community as well as younger women. Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women less than 40 years old, and survival rates for young women with BC remain lower than for their older counterparts. While more effective treatments and progress in genomic and genetic testing have improved survival of those affected by BC, not everyone has benefited from these advances. Methods: In early 2023, Tigerlily Foundation issued a request for proposal for community-driven initiatives to educate and support young BIPOC women at risk or living with TNBC or MBC in under resourced communities. Fifteen applications were received by Tigerlily over a 6-week period, and 5 community-based organizations (CBOs) in under-resourced metropolitan areas were recommended for $20,000 each in funding by an independent review panel. Tigerlily met with CBO leaders 3 times between May 2023-April 2024 to share experiences, lessons learned and successes. Results: The community- based organization health equity uplift and growth (CBO HUG) alliance resulted in patients and caregivers with increased awareness regarding BC stage, type, and equitable care standards. Approximately, 620 CBO led programs were held over 12 months, where 15,419 BIPOC community members were reached, and 340 community members were referred for screening or health services in partnership with CBOs, Tigerlily’s ANGEL Advocates (Peer Navigators) and NCI Cancer Center Leadership. Programs generally fell into 19 program types, e.g., game nights, radio podcasts, and programs in connection with mobile mammogram units. Twelve Tigerlily ANGEL advocates participated by sharing Tigerlily resources and their stories, providing educational material, facilitating discussion groups, and co-designing content and evaluation instruments. Evaluation reports identified over 40 actionable and notable practices. These practices are categorized by those that worked well and those that need improvement, as noted by CBO leadership and/or ANGEL advocates. Conclusions: The CBO HUG Alliance education and capacity building initiative fostered solutions and bolstered community-based organizations in under-resourced communities. This program leveraged peer navigation and culturally sensitive programming to help young BIPOC persons optimize their health. CBO leaders provided local expertise and community-driven solutions which are at the core of Tigerlily’s commitment to uplift others by listening, learning, leveraging what we learned, and letting the community lead. Next steps include sustained co-curation of tailored content to support empowerment of priority populations. Citation Format: Jeanne M. Regnante, Mandi L. Pratt-Chapman, Belinda Paulicin, Amy Leader, Virginia Leach, LaToya A. Cooper, Sue Steele, Maimah Karmo. A community-based organization, health equity uplift and growth alliance for triple negative breast cancer and metastatic breast cancer in young women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr B063.

Профессионально-техническое образование Якутской АССР в середине 1960-х гг.

The study focuses on the development of vocational education in the Yakut ASSR in the mid-1960s and the creation of a separate republican directorate to modernize the industry. By using little-known archival docu-ments, the article recreates an accurate picture of the development of vocational education in the region, char-acterizing the shortage of educational institutions and personnel despite the high demand from the rapidly de-veloping mining industry. At the beginning of 1964, there were only 11 vocational schools operating in Yakutia, which was clearly insufficient for the needs of the economy. There was an acute shortage of personnel, com-pensated by imported workers with low qualifications, which was partially offset by short-term training courses. The creation of the Yakutsk Republican Department of Vocational Education in 1964 stimulated a significant increase in the number of vocational school graduates and the active construction of new educational and resi-dential buildings.

Developing a Sustainability Assessment System for an Educational Building in the Iraqi Environment

Sustainability principles are considered one of the vital challenges facing developing countries (including Iraq), which are trying vigorously to implement sustainable development in most of their development projects. The projects of constructing educational buildings, such as schools and universities, are among the most important development projects to be established in Iraq. This study aims to develop standards to help improve the understanding of the sustainability requirements of educational buildings in Iraq. Through a series of studies, this study has developed a system that can be used to measure the sustainability of these buildings. First, information about sustainability assessment systems was gathered from the literature and references. Second, personal interviews with specialists, field questionnaires, and the software Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP) to identify the weights of the main categories and factors for sustainable educational buildings. The results showed that the criteria of Energy Efficiency received the greatest weight (29.6%). On the other hand, less weight was obtained from the Precious Water and Waste (3.6%). Finally, the study developed a rating system model, "Educational Building Sustainability Rate (EBSR)," under Iraqi environmental conditions.

Nanotechnology for thermal comfort and energy efficiency in educational buildings with a simulation and measurement approach in BSh climate

Educational buildings have a large share and impact on urban development. While research shows a significant portion of non-industrial energy consumption in these buildings, obtaining optimal thermal comfort in educational buildings remains one of the main concerns in achieving the grounds to promote students’ best performance and efficiency. Extensive research has been done in this field, however, this research presents a new approach to the diverse use of nanotechnology techniques which improve its properties and components in the buildings, aiming to reduce energy consumption and increase thermal comfort. In this paper, thermal comfort and energy consumption are evaluated in a 12-class elementary school located in Shiraz City. Aeropan and nano-Phase change materials (nano-PCMs) is used in the window glass and walls of the studied case. This evaluation presents the simulation and experimental analysis of thermal comfort (PMV) and energy consumption of three classroom alignments in the school building including the Linear-shape (LS), the Integrated Linear-shape (ILS), and the U-shaped (US) alignment. The simulation was performed using EnergyPlus 9.6 software, while the experimental data was collected using TESTO 425 device. The result of this research shows that after applying nano-PCM and Aeropan techniques in window glass and walls, the US alignment has the highest reduction in energy consumption (monthly average of 11.80%) compared to LS and ILS alignments. This alignment includes an energy consumption reduction of 12.03% in the coldest, and, 11.66% in the hottest day of the year in addition to increasing the monthly average thermal comfort of school by the use of nanomaterials.

Legal Review of Muhammadiyah's Strategy in Preventing the Spread of Radicalism

Radicalism among the youth is a serious challenge to security and social stability in Indonesia. Muhammadiyah, as one of the largest Islamic organizations in the country, plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of radicalism. This study aims to analyze Muhammadiyah's strategies in preventing radicalism among the youth, particularly through a legal and human rights (HAM) approach. This research employs a normative legal research method with a juridical and conceptual approach. Data is obtained through the study of documents and literature related to the radicalism prevention strategies implemented by Muhammadiyah. The findings indicate that Muhammadiyah's strategies in preventing radicalism focus on education, moderate preaching (dakwah), and character building of the youth based on the values of Islam as a blessing for all (rahmatan lil 'alamin). The legal and human rights approach is applied in the form of respect for freedom of religion, the right to education, and efforts to prevent discrimination as well as actions that violate the law in the process of preventing radicalism. However, there are challenges in implementing these strategies, particularly regarding the alignment between Muhammadiyah's programs and government regulations, as well as public perceptions of radicalism.

Quantifying the Influence of Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) on Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort: Classroom Study in Hot Arid Climates

Abstract Effective natural ventilation through well-designed windows plays a pivotal role in creating a healthy classroom environment, impacting students positively by ensuring fresh air, minimizing indoor pollutants, and maintaining comfortable temperatures. This study, conducted in educational buildings in Aswan, Egypt, investigates the influence of Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) on indoor air quality and thermal comfort. Utilizing the HOBO MX CO2 data logger and Design Builder simulation program, two models with WWRs of 20% and 30% were assessed. Results highlight the superiority of a 20% WWR, emphasizing the need to open windows for at least 60 minutes in the summer to achieve improved air quality and thermal comfort. The proposed enhancements, based on the findings, offer valuable insights into educational buildings in hot, arid regions.

Methodology to enhance sustainability in educational buildings through smart architecture

Methodology to enhance sustainability in educational buildings through smart architecture

Encounter Barrier Factor Biogas as Renewable Energy

The existence of an anaerobic bioreactor that produces biogas can provide two benefits. First, it can produce sustainable energy. Second, it helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and waste. Based on these two advantages, obstacles to its implementation must be overcome to realize regional energy security. The research method used is descriptive-quantitative and enriched by descriptive-qualitative by FGD, through in-depth interviews, direct observation of the field, and interviews of related parties. This research is to find the source of the problem for the gap that occurs between the real condition of biogas potential that is utilized and wasted as emissions. Based on the results of this study, there are three main obstacles that need to be optimized. The first is the difficulty of raw materials because most of them are imported. The second challenge is the price difference because the power purchase agreement was calculated before the new law came out. And third, the lack of government support. Based on these three constraints, the optimization strategy carried out is: first, facilitate regulations in the ease of procurement of supporting materials. Second, the government regulates and straightens regulations related to price differences. Third, central and local governments should actively support development by increasing training, education, and capacity building for policymaking and analysis in the field of new and renewable energy.

Multi-objective optimization of switchable suspended particle device vacuum glazing for comfort and energy efficiency in school typologies under hot climate

This study focuses on the multi-objective optimization of a switchable Suspended Particle Device (SPD) vacuum glazing system to reduce energy use while ensuring thermal and visual comfort in schools located in arid desert environments. A detailed synergy analysis was performed on a representative floor from three school classroom typologies, comparing suspended particle device vacuum glazing in its OFF and ON states against conventional double-glazing with air gaps windows. This analysis employed an advanced simulation framework integrating Rhino-Grasshopper with Open Studio Model, Colibri 2.0, and Design Explorer2 software to evaluate energy consumption, Adaptive Comfort Percentage (ACP), and Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI). Thermal comfort varied across typologies and orientations, with the atrium with skylight typology frequently meeting or approaching the 80 % Adaptive Comfort Percentage benchmark. However, the southern and eastern classrooms in the enclosed atrium with clerestory typology did not exceed a 39 % adaptive comfort percentage. The comprehensive parametric and multi-objective optimization simulation revealed that suspended particle device vacuum glazing in its 'OFF' state did not fulfill the UDI300lux–1000lux criteria across all typologies, even with maximal Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and skylight ratio (SR). However, the enclosed atrium with clerestory, integrating SPD vacuum glazing with a 40 % Window to Wall Ratio configuration, emerged as particularly effective in achieving optimal useful daylight illuminance distribution, minimizing energy consumption, and ensuring satisfactory adaptive comfort percentage across various orientations. These findings underscore the potential of multi-objective optimization of suspended particle device vacuum glazing, combined with strategic Window to Wall Ratio adjustments, as a viable alternative to traditional glazing systems in hot desert climates. The adaptability of suspended particle device vacuum glazing highlights its significant potential for achieving thermal comfort, enhancing sustainable architectural design, and improving energy efficiency in educational buildings within extreme climate zones.

Justification regimes and crisis practices: International educational collaboration amidst pandemic and war

This research investigates how international educational collaboration (IEC) as a social activity adapts to global crises: COVID-19 and the Russian’s invasion in Ukraine. We focus on Finnish higher education institutions (HEIs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that actively provide IEC activities, such as student exchange, education export and educational capacity building abroad. Drawing from the sociology of conventions (SC) and the concept of social practices, we formulate a multidimensional framework that connects regimes of justification, and social practices that emerge in crises. Considering crises as a critical test, we analyse how IEC cope with unexpected situations that require establishing new justifications of public accountability and morality, and practices that fit the crises situation. Our empirical data collected through a two-stage open-ended questionnaire in 2021 and 2022 enables us to consider the recent trends and potential future(s) of IEC. Empirically, we conclude that coping with global crises requires IEC actors to make changes in IEC practices. Analytically, we theorise that regimes of justification and social practices that emerge during crises (crisis practices) are interconnected. Thus, this study contributes to practice-oriented frame by considering accountability of practices in the unexpected circumstances, enhancing the understanding of how different organisations adapt to turbulent times.

Dynamics of Integration Processes into the Netherlands of Migrant and Intercultural Couples Who Have Been Married in the Catholic Church

ABSTRACT Migration is often a far-reaching event in the personal lives of migrants to Western Europe, especially when there is a background of war or persecution. This article aims at investigating patterns of cultural transition (CT), intercultural transition (IT), and cultural defence (CD), and values distilled from 12 semi-structured in-depth interviews with migrant and intercultural couples who have been married in the Catholic Church between 1995 and 2022. All couples live in the Netherlands. Results show that patterns of CT (n = 86) are more common than patterns of CD (n = 51) or IT (n = 22). From the three categories of values, faith values have been mentioned most often (n = 242), followed by family values (n = 132) and societal values (n = 87). Implications for intercultural pastoral care, faith education, and community building are mentioned. Welcoming and listening to migrants fits in the recent worldwide synodal process of the Catholic Church.

The Use of PCMs and PV Solar Panels in Higher Education Buildings towards Energy Savings and Decarbonization: A Case Study

Buildings are one the largest energy-consuming sectors in the world, and it is crucial to find solutions to reduce their energy consumption. One way to evaluate these solutions is using building simulation software, which provides a comprehensive perspective. In this article, using DesignBuilder software (v 6.1), the effect of using phase-change materials (PCMs) on the external walls and ceiling of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Shahid Beheshti University (Tehran, Iran) has been investigated. The methodology involves the use of a layer of PCMs for three locations: (1) on the walls; (2) on the ceiling; and (3) on both the walls and ceiling, with/without PV panels, which leads to seven scenarios (alongside the reference one). The result shows that using PCMs has a greater impact on the heating load than the cooling one and is more effective on ceilings than walls. For the simultaneous use of PCMs in the ceilings and walls, the heating and cooling loads, in comparison with the initial condition of the building, are reduced by 24%, and 12%, respectively. When using solar panels, the heating load increases by 12.6%, and the cooling load decreases by 8.6%, whereas the total energy consumption of the building is fairly constant when using both PV panels and PCMs. In these last conditions, the primary evaluated values shifted significantly. Notably, CO2 emissions saw a nearly 50% reduction, making the simultaneous use of PV panels and PCMs on both walls and ceilings the best performance option.