Educated Young Men Research Articles

“Masculinity is responsibility toward your family”: Masculinity in the shadow of Bedouin patriarchy in Israel

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study is to examine how the patriarchal structure affects Bedouin men's role in the family and how this role affects their masculinity.BackgroundHow the patriarchal structure affects Bedouin women and constrains them has been studied extensively, but there is a dearth of research on how it affects young Bedouin men—especially those who are the sons of men with higher education—who have been influenced by modernization and exposure to Israeli society.MethodThis is a qualitative study in the phenomenological tradition, using a semistructured in‐depth interview, of 20 young Bedouin men.ResultsFour themes were identified. “Power that I did not choose”: The patriarchal structure gives young men power and authority that they do not choose and cannot oppose. “The mirror of the older men is important”: Fulfilling the traditional Bedouin man's role is crucial for obtaining their elders' approval of their masculinity. “Responsibility”: The men have responsibility. “Masculine juggling”: The young men must negotiate their aspirations that conflict with society's expectations.ConclusionThe change that traditional Bedouin society is undergoing creates many challenges for young Bedouin men. These include having to be the authority figure in a patriarchal structure and the protector of the female family members, roles that often conflict with the men's personal desire for equality between the sexes and among family members.ImplicationsThe findings may be useful in planning support programs for educated young Bedouin men and may contribute to the understanding of the challenges facing men in Bedouin families.

Becoming “business class”: educated youth and Pentecostal change in eastern Uganda

ABSTRACT Our paper looks at the lives of educated young men in a Pentecostal church in eastern Uganda. The way young men conduct themselves, how they dress, how they speak in church, whether or not they are good with technology, help to define their claims to an educated identity. Youth leaders are valued for the liveliness they bring to church, for the ways they innovate in areas of praise and worship. At the same time, they are often criticised for the way they orient schemes and initiatives to their own advantage, for not being transparent and for ‘confusing’ others. We adapt Henrik Vigh’s concept of social navigation to show how educated young men become ‘political navigators’ in church. They mix ambitions for personal growth with their contributions to a modern, lively and dynamic church, and in so doing help to make it more ‘business class’.

Impact of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PREP) on health-related quality of life (QOL) of patients followed up at a reference center in São Paulo, Brazil

BackgroundHIV Pre-Exposure Pophylaxis (PrEP) is provided free of charge by the Brazilian national health system. Though effective in preventing HIV infection, little is known about its impact on the health-related Quality of Life (QoL) of users. ObjectiveThe present study aimed at assessing the impact of PrEP on the QoL of its users. MethodsProspective cohort study with 114 HIV-negative participants aged 18 years or older. Participants' QoL was assessed before starting PrEP and after 7 months of use, using the self-responsive WHOQOL-bref questionnaire. Sociodemographic and behavioral aspects were described and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsImprovement was seen in QoL scores for the environment domain (p = 0.02), which addresses feeling of physical safety, access to information and health services, and participation in leisure activities. Furthermore, participants reported improved satisfaction with their sex life, when questioned about the social relationships domain. There was no statistically significant change in the global QoL score, in the global health score, in the physical and psychological domains, nor in the total score for the social relationships domain. As for their socio-demographic profile, most participants were white and highly educated young cisgender men who have sex with men. 76.3% had unprotected sex in the 3 months before starting PrEP. 60.5% had reported substance use: marijuana (42.1%), club drugs (35.1%), and poppers (20.2%). ConclusionsThis study unveiled that PrEP benefited our cohort beyond its effectiveness in preventing HIV infection, having improved environmental aspects of QoL and self-satisfaction with sex life.

The meaning of leadership for educated young bedouin men

In a world beset by rapid change, more than ever people seek trustworthy leaders. The establishment of the State of Israel has wrought many changes in Bedouin society, including the perception of the traditional leadership. From being the majority population in an Arab country, the Bedouins have become a minority in a Jewish-majority state. Moreover, they have undergone a shift from an Indigenous, tribal culture to a culture based on individualism, and from a nomadic life to one of permanent settlement. In this context a qualitative study in the phenomenological tradition, using a semi-structured interview, was conducted among 20 educated young Bedouin men, ages 20–25, with the aim of understanding the meaning of leadership for them. The findings revealed that they see leadership as action for the benefit of all. They are aware of what they consider bogus leadership, elected officials who use their position to promote their own interests and those of their cronies. The participants described the differences between formal and informal leadership, on the basis of their experience. They also described the change they themselves are undergoing. The findings contribute to the understanding of factors affecting the perception of leadership in a society in transition to modernity and are applicable worldwide.

Cœur du Sahel Djaïli Amadou Amal

Reviewed by: Cœur du Sahel Djaïli Amadou Amal Edward Ousselin DJAÏLI AMADOU AMAL Cœur du Sahel Paris. Éditions Emmanuelle Collas. 2022. 364 pages. THE CAMEROONIAN NOVELIST Djaïli Amadou Amal (b. 1975) is best known for Les Impatientes (2020), which illustrates, from the contrasting perspectives of three main characters, the consequences of polygamy and arranged marriages on young women. While gender is the principal dividing line in Les Impatientes, the focus of Cœur du Sahel, Amal's most recent novel, is the apparently unbridgeable divide between social classes [End Page 64] (including the vestiges of Cameroon's caste system). In Les Impatientes, the recurring word is paradoxically "patience," repeated by the elders to each young woman who was coerced into an unwanted marriage. In Cœur du Sahel, the oft-repeated phrase is "nous ne sommes pas du même monde" (you and I come from different worlds). What this novel reflects is found in many of the countries on the African continent: the stark economic and cultural contrasts between a growing, relatively prosperous urban middle class and the less-educated rural villagers who are still trying to survive on subsistence agriculture. Faydé, the central character, has grown up in a farming village that is now being hard hit by both lack of rain and periodic attacks by the jihadi terrorist group Boko Haram. Faydé's father disappeared during one of those attacks, and her mother is left trying to work the land while raising Faydé's younger siblings. Faydé decides to do what other teenagers in her village have done: go find work as a domestic servant in Maroua, the biggest city in the area. This will allow her to send some money to her struggling mother. Faydé thus transitions from a remote village without electricity or running water to a regional center of commerce, a bustling metropolis with a university and other impressive buildings. Thanks to her extended family, she is hired by a wealthy household that includes—in an echo of Les Impatientes—one husband and three wives. The intelligent but initially naïve Faydé will quickly learn that she is, in terms of class, gender, as well as religion, at the very bottom of a rigid social hierarchy. Perhaps predictably, she will fall in love with an educated young man who is part of the local elite, but this will not be a typical Cinderella story. Amal writes about what she knows. Much of her own background—a Fulani Muslim woman from northern Cameroon who went through an arranged marriage at the age of seventeen—is present in her fictional work. She also clearly wants her readers from outside of Cameroon to learn more about her world. The narrative is preceded by a map of northern Cameroon, showing the main cities and the neighboring countries. The is also a map of the Sahel, the vast swath of semiarid land that separates the Sahara Desert from the lush coastal regions of West Africa. Throughout the novel, the author incorporates brief explanations about the socioeconomic and religious realities of the northern regions of Cameroon, a very diverse country with over 250 languages. The ultimate destruction of Faydé's village by the Boko Haram terrorist group, for instance, is an all-too-realistic pivotal event in the novel's plot. Also mentioned are global trends and events, from the foreign telenovelas that city-dwellers watch on their television sets to the disastrous effects of climate change on local farmers. In a country with a rich literary tradition, Amal confirms with Cœur du Sahel that she is one of Cameroon's most important living novelists. Edward Ousselin Western Washington University Copyright © 2023 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

Does inequality prevail in treatment of fairer sex in orthopaedics?

From times immemorial, women has had the difficult road to travel, may be their values in societal position, their active participation and understanding and realisation of their voice in matters of legislation, not to say the least in day to day contribution still needs to be appreciated despite working full time24/7. When I was a resident in the seventies, I often used to wonder, why the Opd’s were full of womenfolk as compared to men in chronic ailments of musculoskeletal pains carrying a with them , a thick pad of opd papers with only written legible prescription was ctall (continue all). On the other hand, the numbers were higher for male gender in trauma and sports injuries. To attend the OPDs, probably was an outing for them, getting away from daily chores of unrecognised and unappreciated, housebound work of 24/7. The most research subjects were males than females and the surprising feature was absent of consent when it came to consent for surgery, as if their presence does not matter and their place needs to be at home alone. It was accepted that they are not the bread winners but only the homemakers and medical expenditure on them was not very fruitful. It was after the 1993 the National Institute of Health made a declaration to deliver equal high quality of care and effective management to all and not to make gender biased discrimination. As we crossed the twentieth century and went into the 21st century, a forward progressive thinking brought about sea of change, when women started working in offices, took up to education, excelled more than men in education and in financial matters , thereby becoming independent and therefore demanded equality of status. There are now ever increasing number of women not only doing Orthopaedics but also superspecialising in sub specialist and attracting female patients and thus competing with their male counterparts. So you no longer see the world” destined for men only “ operating today, because of the need felt to give equal opportunity to all without any bias and discrimination of social status and circumstances to attain their full potential. Nowadays you see more women readily agree to consent for surgery, since more and more educated young men and women tend to accompany their mother for being operated because they insure their parents for medical treatment and feel satisfied emotionally and morally as they are giving back to them to reciprocate their loved and care. But still in some developing and underdeveloped countries for want of insurance agencies and abilities, there opportunities of facilities of care are lacking and therefore the male counterpart still is preferred for surgery over female patient. The female patient has more ailments of osteoporosis, osteoarthrosis and musculoskeletal problems than the male counterparts and the need to be promptly treated, to keep the pillar and backbone of the family healthy and not disabled. In developed countries, many joint replacement registries show, increasing number of female patients getting operated for joint replacement surgery and even for sports related injuries, implying that the ratio is changing to the prevailing order earlier. This reversing trend is better for society as the female patient becomes multitasked and well respected needs to be equally cared for and given the importance.

Gendering the second demographic transition: gender asymmetry, gendered tension, and cohabitation in contemporary urban China

The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) framework highlights individuals’ ideational shift toward greater individualism in explaining the rise of non-marriage unions. Contemporary China has seen a substantial increase in premarital cohabitation. Drawing on 65 in-depth interviews with highly educated young urban Chinese women and men, this article examines the gendered ways in which young Chinese adults perceive and make decisions about premarital cohabitation, as they envision their ideal lives and what autonomy and self-realization mean to them. I demonstrate that while male respondents predominantly view cohabitation positively as a risk-reduction strategy for avoiding incompatible marriages, female respondents still consider cohabitation to be a risk-amplification arrangement in practice that increases the possibility of uncertain marriage prospect, unsafe sex, and reputational damages. Young women, but not men, often have to strategize—through carefully managing information disclosure—about persistent parental expectations that discourage women’s premarital cohabitation. As a result, while male respondents regard marriage to be neither the necessary precondition nor the end goal of cohabitation, female respondents, who otherwise emphasize autonomy and individualistic fulfillment, continue to desire a close linkage between cohabitation and marriage. Leveraging the unique strength of qualitative data in demographic research, this article articulates the gender asymmetry in how women and men perceive cohabitation’s risks, benefits, and link to marriage. I elucidate the gendered tension between privately-held ideals of individualism vis-à-vis enduring social norms of female marriageability, as women and men differentially navigate parental expectations surrounding cohabitation. In so doing, this article makes a theoretical contribution by bringing a careful treatment of gender into the SDT framework.

Eating out of Home: Influence on Nutrition, Health, and Policies: A Scoping Review.

Eating out of home (EOH) is a common practice worldwide but research gaps have been identified. The aims of this review were (a) to find a common definition for EOH, (b) to determine the nutritional contribution of EOH, and (c) to analyze the relationship of EOH with health parameters in adults. Fifty-seven articles were finally selected. The definition of EOH was not harmonized between researchers and the comparison between studies was quite difficult. Restaurant and fast food were the terms most used, followed by chain restaurant, à la carte, sit-down restaurant, eating at table, full service, ready to eat, takeaway, buffet and buffet by weight, bar, cafes, and cafeterias, either alone or attached to at least one of the above. The profile of the main EOH participant was a highly educated, high-income, and unmarried young man. EOH was related to a body mass index (BMI) or being overweight in a different way depending on age, sex, or EOH frequency. A high rate of EOH led to poorer diet quality, characterized by higher intakes of energy, total and saturated fats, sugar, and sodium, as well as lower intakes of fiber, dairy, fruit, vegetables, and micronutrients. Regarding beverages, a higher intake of soft drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, beer, and other alcohol was observed when EOH. There is a need for a methodological consensus for analyzing the impact of EOH on dietary intake and health to avoid bias. Additionally, measures and policies should be utilized to help consumers to make healthier choices when EOH is compatible with business regarding those running EOH establishments.

Exploring interpersonal meanings on the discourse of the Indonesian national anthem from the CDA perspectives

This research is aimed at describing how the composer of Indonesia Raya (IR) construed and negotiated interpersonal meanings which represent his ideology to the Indonesians. The data in this qualitative study was the text of IR which is ideologically contested. The study analyzed the lexicogrammar properties dealing with words and structures and production processes. The data were collected by the researcher as the research instrument by using a documentation technique. The procedures of data analysis were conducted following the stages of Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis framework (1989), including micro analysis concerning lexical features in the text, meso analysis concerning the process production and interpretation of the text, and macro analysis concerning ideological effects and hegemonic processes in which discourse participates. The attitude system of appraisal was analyzed based on that proposed by Martin and White (2005), and Martin and Rose (2003). The results showed that from the affect viewpoint, the IR composer is seen as an educated young man who witnessed people suffer and did not only express his feeling of joy with the coming independence of Indonesia and the gratefulness, but also the insecurity and anxiety with the possibility of other forms of colonialism. Meanwhile, from the appreciation viewpoint, Indonesia is described as a noble, heredity, sacred, and magical land. Not only is it an expression of his admiration and love, but also it is a warning to maintain his emotional intimacy with the nation. The judgment subcategory illustrated that the Indonesians were mostly emotionally weak. The composer encouraged the Indonesian people to unite for a greater Indonesia.

"Un cerdo inconformista": el ensayo de Wang Xiaobo sobre la granja orwelliana de la Revolución Cultural

El ensayo "Un cerdo inconformista", del escritor chino de culto Wang Xiaobo (1952-1997), fue publicado por primera vez en 1996 en la revista 三联生活周刊 [Life Weekly]. En él se describen las aventuras de un cerdo, mascota de unos jóvenes instruidos, que es distinto a los demás: un cerdo ágil, vivaracho e inteligente que se las arregla para salirse con la suya. El cerdo es considerado una lacra por los lugareños.

Fearing Such a Lady: University Expansion, Underemployment, and the Hypergamy Ideal in Kampala, Uganda.

In Uganda, the cultural norm of hypergamy, which dictates that husbands should have higher economic and social status than wives, is pervasive and influential. Yet hypergamy has recently been challenged by women's gains in education relative to men and by an unemployment crisis leaving educated young men unable to find steady work. Using interviews with recent university graduates in Kampala, we investigate how highly-educated young adults navigate frictions between the hypergamy ideal and these recent transformations in gendered status. Some women reduce the salience of hypergamy by preventing their relationships from becoming serious, while other women intentionally perform the role of submissive housewife while preserving their autonomy. Men reframe their romantic circumstances to underplay their inability to achieve economic hypergamy, portraying educated women as undesirable and characterizing their partners as non-materialistic. These findings reveal how demographic and economic changes reconfigure relationship norms, gendered power dynamics, and family formation processes.

THE MOTIVE OF MADNESS IN WORLD LITERATURE

The paper is based on the hypothesis that the motive of madness is very common in literary works starting from the literature of the old age to modern and postmodern literary production. Many famous world writers have worked on this motive in various literary epochs, genera and species. In antique comedy, man's insanity was portrayed in a witty, playful and humorous way, and the same poetic, approach to the treatment of this motive is also of later comedical works. In tragedy, madness is often the cause of starvation, but also the ability to get to know essential knowledge, truth and ideas. Sometimes madness is considered obsessive, sick, or just punishment. In Renaissance literature, this state of the human spirit is seen through the theory of human wonders, attributing melancholy to educated young men, and hysteria to young women. It was caused by disappointment, suffering, unrequited love or sin. In the focus of our research were found some of the world's renowned literary creators, moral psychologists, who along with each psychological portrait also offer ethical values that characterize character. The theme of this paper is the motive of madness in some literary works. This paper is an attempt to address the complex issues of insanity in world literature through literary research supported by psychology. The aim of the paper is to examine the presence of the motif of madness, its understanding and interpretation from the ancient Greek drama, through the literature of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Classicism, Romanticism, Realism, to modern and postmodern literary traditions. The image of madness is given through various manifestations of character behavior, that it is authentic or irradiated, and through the comments of other heroes, eyewitnesses and interpreters.

Analyzing Moroccan ‘Youth’ in Historical Context: Rethinking the Significance of Social Entrepreneurship

Popular analyses of political discontent among young people converged on a global level after the advent of the economic crisis in 2007-08. They have referred to pervasive alienation, frustration, disappointment, and fear, depicting a generation exploited by ruthless business owners, neglected by policy elites, and abandoned by older generations. The analyses likewise share an understanding of the meaning of ‘youth’, namely a population defined by narrowing economic opportunities under global market capitalism and subsequent protest. This paper attempts to go beyond this conception to explore the emergence of a new framework for agency. More specifically, the paper aims to go beyond interpreting the behavior of ‘youth’ in the Arab World, especially among educated young men and women, as simply about protest. Instead, the paper posits that concurrent trends in privatization of public services, increasing individual and local responsibility for social problems and job creation, job insecurity, and greater exposure to rights and government accountability are influencing capacity to influence local change and likewise, challenging boundaries between social, political, and economic agency. Drawing on longstanding research on social activism in Morocco, the paper adapts the language of theorists of generational formation and consciousness (see Edmunds and Turner 2002, 2005) to argue that the initial consequence of market reform in the eighties and nineties was the formation of an ‘interval generation’, disenfranchised economically and unrepresented politically. Over the past 5-10 years, though, the entrenchment of globalization and neoliberal ideology have led to the emergence of an ‘active generation’ maneuvering to influence policy and liberal market capitalism through altering local economic and social opportunities. This maneuvering is particularly apparent in the rise of social entrepreneurship, not just as an employment policy, but also as an indicator of how the boundaries between economic, political, and social agency at a local level have blurred.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Benign Testicular Disorders in the Educated Young Men of Pakistan

BackgroundIt has been seen that despite the increasing incidence of benign testicular disorders (BTDs), little work has been done towards its awareness among the male populace. Also, the trend of not seeking help in this regard is concerning. In this study, we aim to better perceive the level of understanding and common practices regarding BTDs among educated young men.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out among two groups of ages 14-20 and 21-28 years. The inclusion criterion was that of educated males in an urban setting. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire using cluster sampling by independent interviewers. The questionnaire consisted of four parts dealing with demographics, knowledge, attitudes and practices. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test were used as the primary statistical tests.ResultsThe sample population consisted of an equal number of participants between the ages of 14 and 20, and between 21 and 28 years (n = 200, 50%). About half the participants (n = 215, 53.8%) were not familiar with the term BTDs. The majority (n = 324, 78.8%) of participants were not aware of symptoms of BTDs. Three-fourth of the participants believed that the subject is considered taboo in Pakistan (n = 307, 73.6%) while a majority of participants (n = 340, 85%) believed media coverage can help spread awareness of BTDs. A huge number (n = 268, 67%) thought that BTDs can cause fertility problems while one-third of them would not perform testicular self-examination (TSE) in case of pain or swelling in the scrotal region (n = 119, 29.8). The level of education and age were significantly associated with the knowledge regarding symptoms and types of BTDs.ConclusionKnowledge of BTDs and practices of TSE in the young educated men of Karachi are alarmingly poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need to create awareness at all levels using different strategies and platforms.

A Short Stay of the Russian Imperial Army Lieutenant Mikhail Dimitriyevich Kupreyanov in Murska Sobota in 1923

The author examines the life story of a Russian imperial army lieutenant, Mikhail Kupreyanov, who joined Wrangel’s Army during the Russian Civil War and found refuge in the early 1920s in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Having worked for various tradesmen and small entrepreneurs, the educated young man from St. Petersburg was employed in 1923 by the father-in-law of a Jewish cattle trader, Franc Gonda, in Murska Sobota. A love affair between Kupreyanov and Gonda’s sixteen-year-old daughter Margit and their attempt to escape to Russia unveil many layers of contemporary social reality, from the relations between the Prekmurje Jews and Russian immigrants to the attitude of the latter to their new and former homelands.

Analysis on HIV infection status of voluntary blood donors in Chinese Nanjing area from 2003 to 2013

This study was purposed to analyze HIV infections status among the unpaid blood donation population in Chinese Nanjing area from 2003 to 2013, to understand the HIV antibody positive and/or HIV-RNA positive population characteristics in order to provide evidence for recruiting strategy of blood donation without compensation. The whole blood samples of unpaid donors and the platelet donors were tested by ELISA, from June 2010 the NAT test was added for the samples that were ELISA test with unilateral negative. Every HIV reactive sample (HIV-antibody and/or HIV-RNA) was sent to confirm in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Nanjing, including 1 case of enzyme bilateral positive and HIV-RNA reactivity has been sentenced as indeterminacy; another 1 case of enzyme bilateral negative and HIV-RNA reactive was sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Jiangsu Province to test nucleic acid quantification to be positive; The unpaid donor HIV screening results from 2003 to 2013 in Chinese Nanjing area were analysed statistically. The results showed that from 2003 to 2013 years 641401 unpaid blood donors were tested,out of them 57 cases were contirmed to be HIV antibody positive (HIV-1),the total positive rate was 8.89/100 000. Since 2010 years, the HIV antibody positive rate increased significantly (P < 0.01), then it was stable until to 2012 years, the HIV antibody positive rate was 15.43/100 000. In the 2013 year, the HIV antibody positive rate was 10.03/100 000. The HIV antiboby positive rates in male and female were 13.25: 1. The years of male cases were 18-30 that accounted for 56.14%, and the years of male cases were 31-40 that accounted for 31.58%. The men who first time donated blood were 46 cases and accounted for 80.70%. The men who donated blood again were 11 cases and accounted for 19.30%. The men who donated blood on streets of blood donation accounted for 80.70% and their HIV antibody positive rate was 11.88/100 000. The men who donated blood in the plan organization of donators were 8.78%, and their HIV antibody possitive rate was 2.33/100 000. The HIV antibody positive rate were different in the different times and different donation types, and were statistical significance (P < 0.01). It is concluded that based on the present status of HIV antibldy positive rate in Chinese Nanjing area, the HIV antibody possitive donors are more observed in the first blood donation population, especially in the higher educated young men. This situation or tendency indicates that the voluntary blood donors should be organized or selected from low risk population, and should popularize the knowlege of unpaid blood donation, especiatly the knowlege of AIDS, strengthen cosulting work on the mobile donation points in streets before donating blood, and should establish the cyber-database to ensure blood safety.

“A Visitation of Providence:” Public Health and Eugenic Reform in the Wake of the Halifax Disaster

The Halifax Explosion provided the opportunity for an "experiment in public health" that was meant not only to restore but also to improve the city and its population in the process. The restructuring that occurred during the restoration was influenced by pre-existing ideals and prejudices which were reflected in the goals of the newly formed committees in charge of the reconstruction. The primary emphasis on improvement as well as control was the result of existing regional concerns regarding the emigration of the province's most "desirable" stock, in the form of healthy, educated young men and women, to central Canada and the eastern United States. Public health reforms reflected the eugenic goal of improving the overall quality of the population through education, surveillance, and inspection, resorting finally to institutionalizing people who public health officials determined were genuinely deficient.

Police Direct Entry and the Search for Talent — A Historical Perspective

The ‘Direct Entry’ schemes proposed by Tom Winsor have generated widespread and passionate debate, with most contributors being totally opposed to the concept. This article analyses the Direct Entry (Inspector and Superintendent) Schemes but additionally highlights the little-known but significant experience of the Royal Ulster Constabulary's Cadet Officer programme. That programme was designed to attract well educated young men, with clear command potential, to a career in policing. However, its eventual demise was the result of a failure to adapt it to the changing needs of society. The article supports the case for the Direct Entry (Inspector) Scheme but rejects the need for the Direct Entry (Superintendent) Scheme. It also argues for the police service to adopt a clear theoretical model, based on the British Army's concept of ‘officership’, to address current problems and to underpin any new recruitment schemes.

Timepass: Youth, class, and time among unemployed young men in India

ABSTRACTUnemployment among educated young men has become a central feature of globalization. In this article, I examine the experiences and strategies of unemployed young men in the north Indian city of Meerut. Many of these men complain that they are “just passing time” (doing “timepass”) in run‐down government universities. But they also use this idea of themselves in limbo to fashion novel cultures of masculinity that partially bridge caste divides. I use a discussion of these young men's predicament to argue for an ethnographically sensitive political‐economy approach to the study of youth, culture, and neoliberal transformation, one attuned to both the durability of social inequalities and counterintuitive cultural practice.

Fatality due to Sodium Fluoride Ingestion—Suicide or Accident?

ABSTRACTA rare case of fatal acute sodium fluoride (NaF) poisoning is presented. The literature was reviewed with special reference to the mode of exposure to sodium fluoride. Sodium fluoride poisoning is usually accidental, sometimes suicidal, and rarely homicidal. We present a case where an educated research scholar allegedly died due to accidental ingestion of NaF. Since NaF has an unpleasant bitter salty taste, it is highly unlikely that it can be mistakenly ingested by an educated young man, after dissolving it in tea in place of sugar. Features of vomiting, abdominal pain, muscular cramps, stable vitals for 1–2 hours, and sudden deterioration of haemodynamics with a positive history of sodium fluoride consumption were clinching points in favour of NaF poisoning. Autopsy showed severe pulmonary edema and gastric hyperemia with a postmortem blood fluoride level of 4.341 mg/L. The paper also discusses various aspects of management in suspected cases of poisoning. The hazards of keeping food preparations stored beside toxic materials are also noted.