Edirne Province Research Articles

Sustainable Paddy Farming in Edirne: Evaluating the Impacts of Excessive Fertilizer and Pesticide Use

This study examines the environmental and economic impacts of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use in paddy fields in Edirne Province, Türkiye. Chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, are crucial for boosting paddy yield and ensuring food security. However, recent trends indicate significant potassium deficiency and excessive pesticide use, leading to environmental degradation and higher production costs. Incorrect fertilization techniques and pesticide usage can lower product quality and yield, adversely affecting farmers’ incomes and the national economy. Surveying 139 paddy farmers, the research found that farmers apply the herbicidal active ingredients Tefuryltrione, Clomazone, Tembotrione, and Quinclorac at rates of 129.35%, 34.27%, 18.06%, and 155.29% above the recommended levels, respectively. The excessive use of pesticides costs each farmer an additional USD 925.67, totaling USD 5.32 million for Edirne. The majority of farmers (69.2%) do not conduct soil analysis, indicating a potential gap in adopting the best practices for soil management and fertilization. Farmers use 84% less potassium than recommended while applying nitrogen and phosphorus 13% and 14% above the recommended levels, respectively. The extra cost of fertilizer use in Edirne is calculated as USD 833,135.49. This situation harms the economy and may have adverse effects on the environment and potential health effects on consumers.

Establishing a Remote Area Network for an Automation System: A Case Study of Yeni Karpuzlu Drinking Water Automation

Yeni Karpuzlu is a town located in the Ipsala district of Edirne province. The drinking water needs of this town are supplied from a deep water well. Water is pumped from the deep well using a submersible pump and sent to a 500-m 3 capacity concrete water tank. Here, the water goes the town's water demand through natural flow. The water is then sent from the tank, which is located 30 meters above ground level, to the town. There is a distance of 800 meters between the well and the tank, and 6000 meters between the tank and the control center located in the town. A local network has been established using outdoor access points for communication between the industrial control devices located at these three points. Data from the instruments are collected at a speed of 300mbps. Additionally, it is sent to the video center via IP cameras for area security. All devices on this network communicate with each other and are controlled. This paper will discuss the operation of the automation system mentioned above. Operations include the pump operation based on tank levels, pressure control using an adjustable valve to maintain network pressure, and monitoring and control operations from the central unit.

Monitoring Trends in Packaged Food Supply for Added Sugar and Sweeteners: Are We Jumping out of the Frying Pan into the Fire?

Excessive sugar intake can lead to poor health outcomes. The use of sweeteners is considered as a strategy to reduce added sugar consumption. The presence of sweeteners in food products has increased significantly in many countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the added sugars and sweeteners in packaged products. 1550 (57.9%) out of 2676 food products contained at least one added sugar. Confectionery and desserts (35.38±24.82 g/100 g), and snack foods (20.70±16.20 g/100 g) were the main categories containing the highest amount of added sugar. 229 (8.6%) out of 2676 food products contained various types of sweeteners. The most popular added sugar was sucrose (62.9%), while the most popular sweetener was sorbitol (28.2%). This is the most comprehensive study in the city center of Edirne province in Türkiye reporting on the types and frequency of added sugars and sweeteners in packaged products. This study offers monitoring to improve the legislation of Türkiye on added sugars and sweeteners used in the food supply.

Investigation of the presence of Brucella spp. in amphibians collected from some regions in Türkiye

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that causes economic losses in many countries worldwide, especially in livestock. With the development of molecular techniques, the diversity of Brucella species has been increasing in recent years. Recently, atypical Brucella spp. have been isolated mainly from cold-blooded animals. Firstly, the African bullfrog and then B. inopinata and B. microti-like strains have been identified in various frog species worldwide. This study aimed to determine the presence of Brucella in amphibian frogs for the first time in Türkiye by bacteriological and molecular methods. Internal organ samples (spleen, liver, lung, kidney, etc.) of 150 frogs from different regions of Türkiye (Edirne/Ipsala (53 pieces), Adıyaman/Kâhta (97 pieces)) were used for the isolation of Brucella spp. Simultaneously, DNA extraction was performed using a commercial isolation kit from tissue homogenates and samples cultured in media and left to incubation. As a result of Brucella genus-specific PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and Multiplex PCR (Bruce-Ladder) methods performed with these extracts, no positivity was detected in the frog samples taken from Edirne province, while in 4 of the frog samples taken from Adıyaman province, bands of approximately 250, 600, 700, 1000, 1500 and 3000 bp were observed in Multiplex PCR. Sphingomonas paucimobilis (S. paucimobilis) was identified by analysing the culture obtained from these samples with VITEK®2:Healtcare. As a result, the presence of Brucella spp. could not be detected both bacteriologically and molecularly in the study samples. However, observing similar multiple bands in multiplex PCR suggested that this bacterium and Brucella species are phylogenetically close. At the same time, it was determined that this opportunistic pathogen isolated from various human infections can colonise amphibians. Since S. paucimobilis, which is found together with Brucella species under the class Alphaproteobacteria, causes opportunistic infections, especially in immunocompromised humans, it was concluded that this bacterium may pose a risk for those working in farms where frogs are raised for human consumption, and it is thought that it may be essential to take the necessary preventive measures.

Impacts of land use/land cover and climate change on landscape sensitivity in Tunca River sub-basin: Use in spatial planning and sectoral decision processes

Managing landscape change is increasingly challenging due to rapid anthropogenic shifts. A delicate balance must be struck between the environment and change to ensure landscapes can withstand these impacts. This study conducted in the Tunca River sub-basin of Edirne province, aims to assess landscape sensitivity by examining the influence of land use/land cover (LULC) and climate change on landscape function processes. For this purpose, a methodology was developed based on ecosystem services to determine landscape sensitivity. The results revealed a LULC transformation that could lead to a 60% reduction in forest areas and a 5% and 20% increase in urban and irrigated agricultural areas, respectively. Water and erosion emerged as the most affected landscape function processes. Future scenarios from 2050 to 2070 indicate noteworthy changes in landscape sensitivity, showing an increase in sensitivity in the upper regions of the basin. The study identified high sensitivity in forested areas, moderate sensitivity in agricultural zones, and low sensitivity in micro-basins near residential areas. Protection and improvement strategies are recommended for areas with high and moderate sensitivity, while use-oriented strategies are suggested for those with low sensitivity. This study also establishes a scientific foundation for guiding the protection and management of ecologically sensitive basin areas, offering insights into the effects of landscape change processes at the micro-basin level in connection with climate change models.

Sleep quality and self-efficacy for managing chronic disease: A cross-sectional study in the elderly Population in Edirne Province

Objective: To examine the relationship between sleep quality and self-efficacy for managing chronic diseases in elderly individuals living at home in Edirne province. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data was collected through simple random sampling and home visits from 244 individuals aged 60 years and older between March and December 2018. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale, and the Interview Form were used in the study. The data was collected using descriptive analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis. Results: Most of the individuals (86.1%) had poor sleep quality and the mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index total score was 7.16±3.04. The mean of Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale total score was 4.82±1.79. Sleep quality was worse in individuals who were women, single, retired, perceiving their health as bad, and with comorbidities (p˂0.05). There was a negative and significant relationship between the scales in correlation and regression analyses (p˂0.05). Conclusions: Self-efficacy in chronic disease management was an important factor in improving sleep quality. Healthcare professionals must be knowledgeable and experienced in practices that increase self-efficacy in primary care.

Examining the Attitudes of Students in Secondary Education Towards Physical Education and Sports Class in Terms of Some Variables

The purpose of this study was to compare some variables like gender, class level, engaging in sports outside of the school, sports participation status of parents, having an indoor sports facility of students studying in Edirne province secondary schools by determining their attitudes towards Physical Education and Sports class. The sample of the study consisted of 1789 students from 7th grades (483 male, 480 female) and 8th grades (424 male and 402 female). To determine the attitudes of students towards physical education class ‘Physical Education Class Attitude Scale’ (PECAS) developed by Sherrin and Toulmin and adapted to Turkish by Özer and Aktop (2003) was used. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between gender, class level, engaging in sportive activities outside of the schools variables in terms of physical education attitude scale total score and there was no statistically significant difference between the scale scores of sports participation status of parents, and having an indoor sports facility variable. Attitude scale scores of male students were found to be higher than female students (p=0,05). Attitude scale scores of 7th grade students were found to be higher than 8th grade-students (p0,05). As a result, the results obtained from the current study indicate that the attitudes of secondary school students owards physical education class were affected by gender, class level and age. It can be concluded that these factors were recommended to be taken into consideration in planning physical education lessons by relevant institutions to increase the attitudes of students towards physical education class.

Identification of Some Sunflower Diseases Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Among the oilseed plants cultivated in Türkiye, sunflower ranks first in terms of cultivation area and production. Therefore, short time detection of sunflower diseases will help producers to take necessary actions on time. Computer-based deep learning techniques have made it possible to predict these diseases with high accuracy. In this study, Google Collaboratory (GC), a free cloud-based Python coding environment, was used to detect 3 different sunflower diseases. A total of 760 images were obtained and examined in the 2022-2023 production seasons in İpsala district of Edirne province. A series of data pre-processing techniques were applied to the developed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model and 3 different sunflower disease prediction systems were created. It has been revealed that the model can classify with an accuracy of 0.90.

Calculation of wheat production costs in Lalapaşa district, Edirne province

<p><strong><em> </em></strong>This study aims to determine the quantities of inputs used in wheat production activities in agricultural enterprises in Lalapaşa district, Edirne province, and calculate the absolute production costs. Lalapaşa is a district that exhibits richness in terms of location, land structure, and productivity. In the villages located on the Balkans side of our country, wheat cultivation shows relatively low productivity (300–350 kg/ha), whereas in the villages close to Edirne city, wheat yield exceeds the country’s average (500 kg/ha). Since the expenses for wheat production do not differ significantly in the villages where wheat is cultivated in Lalapaşa district, an income/cost calculation has been made based on three different yield groups, considering the yield criterion. The average yield of these groups in terms of wheat cultivation is rounded to 350 kg/ha, 400 kg/ha, and 500 kg/ha, respectively. The purpose of this grouping is to calculate the income that can be obtained from 1 hectare of land in the villages by fixing the wheat yield averages in 3 different groups in the most transparent way possible. A survey was conducted in the district’s 28 villages using stratified sampling method. The villages selected for the sample and the grouping of the enterprises in these villages according to yield criteria were used to calculate the wheat cost for 1 hectare of wheat production area for the 2022–2023 production year. According to the results obtained from the research, the average production costs of wheat yield groups were calculated as 1018.92 TL, 1441.42 TL, and 2276.42 TL, respectively.</p>

Delastria, A NEW GENUS OF HYPOGEOUS FUNGI RECORD FOR THE TURKISH MYCOBIOTA

In the present study, fungal samples collected from Enez and Süloğlu districts of Edirne Province, in Türkiye with the help of truffle-detecting dogs were analyzed. The macroscopic features and environmental details of the collection sites were documented in their natural habitats. The samples were investigated with light- and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and were also used in ITS rDNA-based molecular phylogenetic analysis, which revealed that they belong to Delastria rosea Tul. & C. Tul. The identification was further supported by morphological data. This is the first record of D. rosea in Türkiye at the genus and species level. A brief description of the newly reported species is provided. Macro- and microphotographs of the spores taken by both ligth and electron microscop (SEM). With this study, the number of genera and species of Turkish truffles and truffle-like fungi has increased to 36 and 105, respectively.

İpeğin Kök Boya İle Edirne Kırmızısı Rengine Boyanması

Silk is a natural filament obtained from the Bombyx mori species of silkworm, with a fiber length of up to 3000 meters. During the Ottoman era in Edirne, sericulture and silk trade were important activities. To this end, silk factories, trade centers, and silk weaving schools were established, creating an important source of income for the people of Edirne. Edirne Red is a natural dye obtained from the Rubia Tinctorum L. plant and is part of the Ottoman Empire's heritage. This dye is resistant to sunlight and washing. It has been used in Turkish carpets, as well as in silk and cotton fabrics. The aim of this study is to bring together the importance of Edirne Red and silk in Edirne's history. For this purpose, 100% silk fabrics were dyed using madder (Rubia Tinctorum L.) grown within the borders of Edirne province. The effects of dye ratios and auxiliary chemicals used on color and colorfastness were examined during the dyeing process. The color values of the fabrics were measured numerically in the CIEL*a*b* color space, and the washing and light fastness values of the dyed fabrics were also measured. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were performed on both the used madder and the dyed fabric. Based on the obtained data, the closest Edirne Red color was achieved by pre-mordanting fabric before dyeing and using ethanol as the dye solvent. Madder dye, successfully applied to silk fabrics under different conditions, has shown good results in terms of color yield and fastness properties.

A retrospective evaluation of patients with sleep breathing disorders in single center, Edirne province.

Our aim was to investigate the characteristics of patients with preliminary diagnosis of sleep breathing disorder studied in Edirne province, to identify the risk factors and comorbid conditions, to determine the diagnostic distribution of our sleep patients by analyzing the results of polysomnography and PAP titration, and to understand their problems related to treatment compliance and device use. Our study retrospectively evaluated the results of 956 patients who had sleep-related complaints in our region and underwent full nocturnal polysomnography and PAP titration with a preliminary diagnosis of sleep breathing disorder. A total of 956 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 641 (67.1%) were males and 315 (32.9%) were females. Of our patients, 49.7% had severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 18.2% had moderate OSA, 17.9% had mild OSA, 11.4% had REM-dependent OSA, and 8.4% had positionsupine-dependent OSA. Hypertension was the most common comorbid condition in 44% of our patients, and diabetes mellitus in 25%. It was determined that 228 (57.9%) of 394 patients who were recommended to use the PAP device received the device, and 71.5% of these patients could use the device in a compatible manner. Patients with appropriate symptoms can be diagnosed with a high probability of OSA in our region. The fact that a substantial group of patients diagnosed with OSA and recommended to use the PAP device did not receive the device or the proportion of those who could not use the device was high is one of the notable findings of the study.

Edirne Arkeoloji Müzesindeki Harala Kalesi’nden Kilise Aydınlatma Araçları

Harala / Garella Fortress is located in the modern-day village of Altınyazı, 25 km southwest of Uzunköprü in the province of Edirne, Eastern Thrace. The Fortress was in the territory of Plotinopolis / Pamphylon (Uzunköprü) during the Roman and Byzantine periods.
 In 1974, during some work for the construction of a water channel, a group of metal objects are said to have been found in the church ruins of Harala Fortress. The metal objects are all copper alloy (bronze) lighting devices and are now stored in Edirne Archaeological Museum. They were probably part of a larger group of lighting devices associated with the episcopal complex during the MidByzantine period.

The effects of heatwaves on hospital admissions in the Edirne province of Turkey: A cohort study.

Studies show that heat waves (HWs) are among the most important atmospheric phenomena that negatively affect human health. This study aims to determine the effects of HWs on hospital admissions (HA) in the Edirne province of Turkey. Polyclinic admission and atmospheric data, including daily maximum temperatures, were used. HW is defined as temperature at the % 90 threshold of daily maximum temperatures that persists for at least 3 consecutive days or more. With this definition, a 6-day HW was detected, and a lag of 3 days was added to this HW. Logarithmic Z test was used for the analysis. As a result of the study, The Risk Ratio (RR) showing the relationship between 9-day HW and HAs was calculated as 1.19 (95% confident interval [CI]: 1.17-1.21, P < .05), and it was determined that there were 2557 extra HAs in total. When HAs were analyzed according to sex, it was observed that female admissions were higher than male admissions. To analyze admissions by age, the data were divided into 3 groups: children (<15 years), adult (15-64 years), and elderly (≥65 years). As a result of the analysis, the highest increase was observed in patients < 15 years of age, and the RR was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.24-1.42 P < .05). When the patient density in polyclinics was analyzed, the Cardiology polyclinic had the highest number of patient admissions with an RR, 1.36 (95% CI: 1.30-1.43 P < .05). The results of this study will guide measures to be taken against HWs.

Türkiye Edirne ili topraksolucanı (Clitellata, Megadrili) faunasına katkı

This study was conducted between September 2019 - June 2021 to determine the earthworm fauna of Edirne province. For this purpose, 79 samples were collected from 14 localities within the borders of Edirne Province. Identification of the samples collected resulted in recording 9 species belonging to 5 genera as follows; Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny, 1826), Aporrectodea dubiosa dubiosa (Örley, 1881), Aporrectodea jassyensis jassyensis (Michaelsen, 1891), Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826), Aporrectodea trapezoides (Duges, 1828), Eiseniella tetraedra tetraedra (Savigny, 1826), Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, 1843, Octodrilus transpadanus (Rosa, 1884), Octolasion lacteum (Örley, 1881).&#x0D; The species Aporrectodea dubiosa dubiosa (Örley, 1881) and Octolasion lacteum (Örley, 1881) were recorded for the first time from the Thracian part of the Marmara region.

Examination of Soil Analysis Applications and Soil Analysis Subsidies in terms of Producers in Edirne and Tekirdağ Provinces

The aim of this study was to determine the differences and the importance of the differences in terms of some socio-economic factors and agricultural practices of the producers who had soil analysis in Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces and to evaluate the opinions of the producers about soil analysis and soil analysis subsidies. Three laboratories were selected among the laboratories with the highest number of sample acceptances for soil analysis in the provinces determined in the study. For each province, total of 60 producers who applied to the laboratories in 2015 and who utilized from soil analysis subsidies, and consequently, total of 120 producers were interviewed. The analysis of the differences of the producers who had soil analysis in Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces was determined by the regression tree model (CHAID analysis). According to the CHAID analysis, in which the provinces were taken as the dependent variable, it was seen that the first most distinctive feature was the state-supported agricultural insurance. Of the producers who stated that they did not have agricultural insurance, 31% were located in Edirne and 69% were located in Tekirdağ. It was seen that 56% of the producers in Edirne and 44% of the producers in Tekirdağ had agricultural insurance. The most important feature of the second node was the education level of the producers, the third sub-node decision point was whether the producers had training on fertilization, and the fourth decision point was whether the producers faced risks in agriculture in the last three years. The four most important reasons for the producers to have soil analysis in Edirne province were to increase the product yield, to reduce the cost, to increase product quality and protect the environment, respectively. In the province of Tekirdağ, the criteria of increasing the product yield was on the first rank, increasing the product quality in the second rank, reducing the cost in the third rank and protecting the environment in the fourth rank. It is expected that it will be beneficial to introduce soil analysis conditions to the producers at the stage of purchasing fertilizers, and thus to ensure that the producer purchases fertilizer by determining the type and amount of fertilizer to be disposed of according to the analysis results.

Determination of Fat Depression Levels in Cow Milk Obtained from Edirne and Tekirdag Provinces

In this study, it was aimed to determine fat depression levels in cow milk obtained from Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces in May. Research data on this subject were obtained from a private dairy factory in May. Milk fat depression is a condition detected as a result of the milk fat levels of dairy cattle falling below 3.20%. Milk fat depression is an undesirable situation because it causes problems in obtaining dairy products. The data of May were compared with the 3.2% value, which is accepted as the milk fat depression threshold, with the help of a one-sample T-test. In this study, total fat levels were determined as 2.93% for Edirne and 3.32% for Tekirdağ. When the total fat levels were compared with the reference value, depression was observed in the Edirne province. However, depression has not been found in Tekirdağ province. Accordingly, milk obtained from Edirne in May is undesirable in terms of dairy production. In the province of Tekirdağ, such negativity has not been observed. In Edirne province, regulations should be made on animal feeding to increase milk fat levels. Fat depression analysis should be done in milk obtained from different provinces. Thus, it is of great importance for the economy of the country and human health to take urgent measures for feeding and animal breeding for places with depression.

Identification of Paddy Rice Diseases Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

In modern digital agricultural applications, automatic identification and diagnosis of plant diseases using artificial intelligence is becoming popular and widespread. Deep learning is a promising tool in pattern recognition and machine learning and it can be used to identify and classify diseases in paddy rice. In this study, 2 different paddy rice diseases, including rice blast and brown spot, were investigated in the district of İpsala in the province of Edirne between the 2020 and 2021 production seasons by collecting 1569 images. These diseases are very common and important in Edirne province and surrounding rice production areas. Therefore, practical methods are needed to identify and classify these two diseases. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model was created by applying pre-processing techniques such as rescaling, rotation, and data augmentation to the paddy rice disease images. The classification model was created in Google Colab, which is a web-based Python editor using Tensorflow and Keras libraries. The CNN model was able to classify rice blast and brown spot diseases with high accuracy of 91.70%.

Edirne İlinde Buğday Üretiminde Enerji Kullanım Etkinliği ve Sera Gazı Emisyonunun Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

This study aimed to determine the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emission of wheat production in enterprises that had soil analysis or not. A survey was conducted with 60 producers who had soil analysis in three laboratories in Edirne province, which accepted the most sampling for soil analysis and gave fertilizer recommendations in 2015 and 40 producers who did not have soil analysis in the same region. Thus, a total of 100 producers were interviewed. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy were 3.54, 0.20 kg MJ-1, 5.09 MJ kg-1 and 60191.34 MJ in the enterprises that had soil analysis, respectively. On the other hand, these values were 3.19, 0.17 kg MJ-1, 5.74 MJ kg-1, and 54508.49 MJ in the enterprises that did not have soil analysis. Greenhouse gas (GHG) ratios per kg were found as 0.66 and 0.72 for the wheat production in the enterprises that had and did not have soil analysis, respectively. In the enterprises that had soil analysis, the shares of the chemical fertilizers in energy use and total GHG emissions were lower than the other producer group. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that wheat production in the enterprises that had soil analysis was more efficient in terms of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions compared to enterprises that did not have analysis and these results revealed the importance of having soil analysis and applying fertilizer amounts according to soil analysis results.

Türkiye'nin Vergi Yapısı: Edirne Değerlendirmesi

Bireylerin bir arada yaşamaya başlamaları ile birlikte, devlet kavramı önem kazanmış ve gün geçtikçe bireylerin artan ihtiyaçları sonucunda devletlere ekonomik anlamda çeşitli fonksiyonlar yüklenmiştir. Devletlerin bu fonksiyonlarını yerine getirebilmesi, diğer bir ifadeyle, kamu harcamalarının finansmanını sağlayabilmesi için temel kaynak ise şüphesiz vergilerdir.&#x0D; Bir ülkede uygulanan ve devletlerin egemenlik güçlerini kullanarak yürürlüğe koyduğu ve topladığı vergiler ile bunlarla ilgili yasal düzenlemelerin tamamı ise vergi sistemi olarak adlandırılabilir. Vergi sistemleri içerisinde farklı sınıflandırmalara tabi tutulan vergilerden elde edilen gelirler, iller itibariyle farklılık gösterebilmektedir.&#x0D; Çalışmada, Türk vergi sisteminin genel görünümü üzerinden hareketle, Edirne ilinin vergi yapısı değerlendirilecektir. Edirne ilindeki vergi gelirlerinin dağılımı, mükellef sayıları, Edirne’nin seçilmiş (diğer) iller karşısındaki durumu gibi değişkenler yardımıyla, Edirne’nin vergi yapısı değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu anlamda, elde edilen bilgilerin ortaya konulan sonuçları doğruladığını söylemek mümkündür.