Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale Research Articles

Effectiveness of 1st Edition, Kindle Direct Publishing; ISBN: 9798567351123.AIMS, a Four‐Week Recovery‐Oriented Suicide Prevention Pathway

ABSTRACTStriking a balance between risk and recovery while supporting people in suicidal distress is a challenging proposition. To address this challenge, a 4‐week AIMS (Assessment, Intervention, Monitoring, Step up/down) pathway was created to support people in suicidal crisis. Each of the four functions was customised into semi‐structured conversations about pain relief. The pathway operationalised tools for relational safety from the PROTECT framework for suicide prevention. To deliver this pathway, a new team was established that included both clinicians and lived experience staff. Scores for the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS) for 300 patients were collected before and after time on the pathway. Paired T tests were performed individually for each item as well as for the total. All 7 items and the total score had statistically significant improvement (p < 0.01). The mean pre‐ and post‐total scores increased from 14.8 to 22.5, strongly indicating clinically meaningful improvement at an individual and group level. The improvement on baseline in each of the seven items ranged from 38% to 73.5%. The top two were in the person's ability to deal with problems and in them feeling relaxed. The study provides a blueprint for collaborative and empowering suicide prevention pathways that strike a balance between positive risk taking and safe care through a relational approach. Professional and lived experience both played a part in capturing hope through evidence‐based person‐centred interventions, helping a person in suicidal crisis improve their mental wellbeing.

A Multi-Year Study of First-Year Engineering Student Well-being at a Large Canadian University

A five-year study into student well-being at a large Canadian university is presented. Through weekly surveys tracking student well-being with the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEBMWS), a gradual but persistent drop in student well-being over the academic year is consistently observed. Average well-being on WEBMWS over the five years corresponds to students feeling optimistic, useful, relaxed, etc. “some of the time,” and is consistent from year to year. Student rankings of key stressors each week reveal academics (high grades, workload, competitive program entry, and passing) dominate concerns, while stressors related to transitioning to first-year university are an order of magnitude less prevalent. Clear and statistically significant differences are noted between different student groups, with men tending to report better well-being than both women and non-binary students, with international students reporting slightly better well-being than Canadian students, and students with a mental disability reporting lower well-being than those without.

Oncology Camp Participation and Psychosocial Health in Children Who Have Lived with Cancer-A Pilot Study.

Children with lived cancer experience encounter adversity, therefore experiences promoting psychosocial health are necessary. This pilot study determined the impact of recreational oncology camps (ROC) on resilience, hope, social support, and mental well-being in youth who have lived with cancer. Youth (6-18 years) with cancer experience enrolled in an 11-day session of ROC (Muskoka, Ontario, Canada) were invited to participate. Participants completed a survey [Children's Hope Scale (CHS), Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-R), Social Provisions Scale (SPS-5), and Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS)] on the first (T1) and last day (T2) of camp, and 3 months post-camp (T3). Repeated-measures ANOVAs evaluated differences in survey scores among time points. Ten participants (14.1 ± 2.5 years) were included in the analysis. CHS scores at T3 were lower than T1 and T2 (F = 9.388, p = 0.008). CYRM-R, SPS-5, and SWEMWBS scores were high but did not differ between time points. Hope decreased 3 months post-camp, suggesting a need for continued psychosocial support. Overall, the ROC environment is associated with positive psychosocial health.

Treating Yourself in a Fairway: Examining the Contribution of Self-Compassion and Well-Being on Performance in a Putting Task.

Researchers have advocated for greater insight regarding the contributions of psychological resources to sports performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the contributions of self-compassion and well-being to sports performance using a golf putting task. Male golfers (N = 87, Mage = 54.94; SDage = 15.37 years) completed the Self-Compassion Scale-Athlete Version and the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale immediately prior to the golf putting task which consisted of 15 consecutive putts from 7 feet on an outdoor practice green. Performance was assessed immediately following the putting task. Simple linear regression analyses showed that self-compassion did not predict 'perceived' (β = -0.20, p = 0.06; ƒ2 = 0.04) or 'actual' (β = -0.17, p = 0.11; ƒ2 = 0.03) performance. Similarly, well-being did not predict 'perceived' (β = -0.16, p = 0.15; ƒ2 = 0.03) or 'actual' performance (β = -0.01, p = 0.91; ƒ2 = 0.00). Overall, the conclusions from this study offer converging evidence that self-compassion and well-being may not impact putting performance in adult male golfers. Greater insight into whether, and if so under what conditions, self-compassion and well-being matter to sports performance warrants additional scrutiny.

The Multifaceted Relationship Between Humor Styles and Psychological Well-being: Exploring Correlations with Symptom Dimensions and Mental Health Outcomes

Introduction: Humor styles have been linked to psychological well-being and various psychological symptom dimensions, such as depression, anxiety, negative self-concept, somatization, and hostility. Understanding the complex relationship between humor styles and psychological status is essential for developing effective interventions and promoting mental health. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between humor styles and psychological well-being, as well as the association of humor styles with depression, anxiety, negative self-concept, somatization, and hostility. Methodology: Participants were recruited through online social platforms (Instagram, Telegram, WhatsApp, Facebook, and TikTok) using snowball sampling. Individuals who agreed to participate and were aged between 18-65 were asked to complete all scales in their entirety. A total of 248 participants were recruited. Data were collected using the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ), Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS), and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Correlations and regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between humor styles, psychological well-being, and symptom dimensions. Results: Depression showed a positive correlation only with the self-defeating style (r=0.287, p

Autism Transition to Adulthood Groups (ATAG): protocol for a feasibility RCT of a new peer-group intervention to promote successful transition to adulthood for autistic young people

IntroductionAutism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition diagnosed on the basis of differences in social communication, interaction and repetitive behaviours, including sensory sensitivities. Autistic individuals without intellectual disabilities often face barriers...

The effects of a short-term Mediterranean diet intervention on mood and mental wellbeing in adults

Emerging evidence suggests protective properties of a Mediterranean diet (MD) in relation to prevention and management of mood disorders(1). However, there is paucity of dietary interventions investigating adherence to MD and effects on mood and wellbeing in individuals without a clinical diagnosis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of adherence to a short-term MD on mood and wellbeing in healthy adults.A controlled crossover design randomly assigned 18 adults (Age(yrs) 53.74 ( ± 7.10), BMI(kg.m2)26.62 ( ± 5.45)) to follow a MD or their habitual diet (control) for 7-days, before switching to the alternate condition (following a 7-day washout). At baseline, an Educational Group Session familiarised participants with MD principles through informal presentation and interactive explanation of participant resource booklets to use at home throughout the MD condition only. Anthropometric characteristics, self-reported mood (Profile of Mood States (POMS), Lader Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)) and wellbeing (Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) were assessed at baseline and upon completion of each diet condition. The MD Adherence Screener (MEDAS) assessed adherence to the interventions.A significant difference was found in MD adherence scores between MD (M = 11.3, SD = 1.8) and Control Diet (CD) (M = 2.5, SD = 1.5); t(17) = 16.1, p<0.001). Main effects analysis using a general linear model controlling changes in body mass index showed significant effects of MD intervention versus the CD on the change in total mood disturbance (M(MD) = −15, SD = 12), M(CD) = −3, SD = 9), F(1,31) = 4.9, p = 0.034); feelings of calm (VAS) (M(MD) = 9, SD = 14), M (CD) = −2, SD = 6), F(1,31) = 8.5, p = 0.006); wellbeing (M(MD) = 6, SD = 5), M(CD) = −2, SD = 6), (F(1,31) = 6.6, p = 0.015).These findings suggest that a short-term dietary change towards a MD can improve mood, feelings of calm and overall wellbeing in middle aged adults.

Patient referral pathways to leisure providers: impacts on physical activity and falls risk

Abstract Background Physical activity aids prevention and management of noncommunicable diseases. Yet many UK adults, particularly those with long-term health conditions, do not meet recommended activity levels. In 2021, West Suffolk Foundation Trust commissioned local leisure provider Abbeycroft to offer 24 week tailored physical activity programs as part of respiratory and frailty patient pathways. Objectives Evaluation of activity and outcome data for all 1670 individuals referred between January - December 2023 to determine future commissioning decisions. Results 256 participants had completed a 24 week pathway by the time of analysis. Compared to baseline, they demonstrated statistically significant (p < 0.05) self-reported improvements on the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (median 25 to 27) amongst 68.9% of participants; and on the self-reported International Physical Activity Questionnaire 62.1% reduced time spent sitting (average 436 to 300 minutes/ week), 75% increased metabolically active minutes (average 955 to 2632 minutes/week) and the proportion of participants with a low (inactive) score decreased by 61%. Of 40 frailty patients, 87.5% lowered their self-reported Short Falls Efficacy Scale Score (14.6 to 10.4) and observed Timed Get up and Go (13.55 to 9.53 seconds), indicative of moving from a higher risk to lower falls risk (p < 0.05). 24 week retention exceeded 80% for all ages except 16-20 years. 17.8% of participants were >75 years. Lessons Both pathways have been recommissioned and new tailored pathways for Parkinson’s disease, COPD and cancer are planned. This partnership working is a sustainable, integrated way to embed prevention in the community but needs time to build relationships and streamline data sharing. Key messages • Hospital and community referral pathways to leisure providers significantly improve patient well-being, physical activity and falls risk. • These pathways are affordable, adaptable across conditions and show high retention.

Effect of Harassment at Work on Mental Wellbeing and Self-Esteem Among Working Women

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of workplace harassment on mental selfesteem among working women. Employing a quantitative design, the research involved a purposive sample of 50 women across various professions aged 25 to 60. Written consent was obtained from all participants. Tools used included the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Work Harassment Scale (WHS) to measure harassment's impact on mental well-being and self-esteem. Permissions were granted for the use of these scales.

Associations between loot box purchasing and gambling behaviours, financial problems, and low mental wellbeing in a household sample from a British island, a cross-sectional study

Abstract Aim This study estimated the prevalence of loot box purchasing and associated sociodemographic factors in a general population of a British island, and explored relationships between loot box purchasing and gambling behaviours, financial problems, and mental wellbeing. Subject and methods A cross-sectional survey was undertaken using representative household and supplementary convenience samples with (n = 1,234) residents of a British island aged 16 + years. The Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) was used to assess gambling harm. Financial problems in the past year were defined as having been behind with payments for expenses. The Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale was used to measure mental wellbeing. Purchasing loot boxes in the past year was measured via self-report as: ‘In the last 12 months, have you purchased in-game loot boxes (e.g. weapons, armour, players for a virtual sports team)?’. Analyses were performed using χ2 and binary logistic regressions. Results 5.9% of participants purchased loot boxes in the past year. There was no significant association between purchasing loot boxes and PGSI score. After controlling for sociodemographics and PGSI score, those who purchased loot boxes in the past year were 3.39 (1.42–8.11; p < 0.01) times more likely to experience financial problems, and 2.99 times (1.46–6.13; p < 0.01) more likely to have low mental wellbeing, compared to those who didn’t purchase loot boxes. Conclusion Findings in the current study suggest that purchasing loot boxes is associated with increased odds of experiencing financial problems and low mental wellbeing, independently of gambling behaviours.

Development and preliminary validation of the South Wales Social Well-being Scale (SWSWBS)

BackgroundPhysical, mental and social components of well-being are known to be important to health. However, research on well-being often focuses on physical and mental well-being with little attention paid to social well-being. This research aims to develop and preliminarily validate the South Wales Social Well-being Scale (SWSWBS) to measure social well-being.MethodsA non-experimental and cross-sectional design was applied with two phases: scale development and preliminary validation. Initially, 24 items were drawn from a Group Concept Mapping study exploring the concept of social well-being. These items were reviewed and reduced to 14 for preliminary validation among 103 university students and staff in health and social care disciplines. Construct validity (exploratory factor analysis and convergent validity) were tested. Reliability was demonstrated by internal consistency. Floor and ceiling effects were also evaluated.ResultsA 3-factor structure was identified and explored, which highlight the most important features of the social world a person inhabits: “Safe and inclusive interaction with others” (6 items), “Learning, helping, and feeling useful” (4 items), and “Security, worthwhile activities, family and friends” (4 items). The SWSWBS was correlated to the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale and the Four measures of Personal Well-being Scale to some extent. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.85 for the sum score and 0.83–0.86 for individual items. The item-total correlation coefficients ranged between 0.08 and 0.65. The split half reliability coefficient was 0.78. There is absence of a floor effect, but most items had a ceiling effect.ConclusionsPreliminary validation of the SWSWBS shows the scale has satisfactory psychometric properties with good validity, reliability, and reasonable variability. This study needs to be replicated with larger and representative populations to explore how the scale can be used alongside the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale to capture a holistic/multi-dimensional understanding of well-being.

Suicide risk in the context of relationship breakup among young adults: emotional pain and mental health indicators

ABSTRACT Objective This study examined the relationship between the experience of emotional pain and psychological distress, suicidal behaviours, and mental wellbeing following romantic relationships and interrelationship breakups among young adults from Ghana. Method This study adopted a quantitative approach. Three hundred and thirty-three (330) university students, comprising of 86 males and 239 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 24 were conveniently sampled. The sample responded to items on the Psychache Scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale – K10, Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire – Revised and Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Results Analysis revealed that there were no gender and age differences in the experience of psychological distress following relationship breakup; however, differences existed in relation to the type of relationship breakup. Further, majority of the respondents experienced various suicidal behaviours following relationship breakup. Also, some of the respondents were at risk of suicide death. There was a significant positive relationship between the experience of unbearable emotional pain and suicidal behaviours and suicide risk. There was a strong positive association between unbearable emotional pain and psychological distress. Both unbearable emotional pain and psychological distress were significantly and negatively related to one’s mental wellbeing. Discussion In the midst of other socio-demographic variable and psychological distress, unbearable emotional pain only was the strongest significant predictor of suicide risk. This study highlights the importance of providing students with periodic education/information on relationships and emotional pain in formal educational setting to ensure students are well equipped to handle these experiences so it does not impact their psychosocial and academic life.

Evaluating the Effect of Participation in Bereavement Support Groups on Perceived Mental Well-Being and Grief Reactions.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of participating in bereavement support groups on mental well-being and levels of grief and to gather information about participants´ experiences of participation. The programme consisted of six sessions over six weeks. Data were collected with the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) and the Adult Attitude to Grief scale (AAG) as well as demographic and open-ended questions. 64 bereaved spouses returned at least parts of the study´s questionnaires before participating in the programme while 39 returned the complete WEMWBS and 36 the complete AAG both before and after participation. Most participants were women >60 years old. Participation in the programme resulted in a significant increase in perceived mental well-being and significantly lower levels of vulnerability in grief. Responses to open-ended questions revealed both positive and negative experiences. A lowered WEMWBS score and a relatively high AAG underscore the importance of providing services to the recently bereaved. Routine screening for complicated grief before participating in the bereavement support group sessions is recommended.

Development and Rasch evaluation of the Focusing Skills Inventory (FSI): if you adopt an attitude of Body Listening, Trusting precedes Felt Sensing

ABSTRACT The Focusing Manner Scale cross-culturally faced challenges regarding factor and item discrimination. To address them, we revised and contrasted the Focusing attitudes we now call Trusting, Felt Sensing and Distancing. Consequently, we developed the 30-item questionnaire Focusing Skills Inventory (FSI) and evaluated it using Rasch analysis in a German student sample (N = 747; N3-month retest = 117). Rasch validity was proven, reliability indices were at least acceptable (all ≥ .76, except Distancing r 3-month retest = .65). Concurrent evidence was established with the ‘Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale’. Dimensionality analysis and correlations with the ‘Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness’ indicated that Distancing was successfully contrasted from Trusting and Felt Sensing. Trusting and Felt Sensing however still highly converged. Rasch analysis additionally indicated that Trusting precedes Felt Sensing when combined into a Body Listening scale. Overall, the FSI can be regarded as reliable, valid, and true to the established theory. Our Body Listening model further suggests that teaching Trusting before Felt Sensing may be beneficial.

The role of intermediaries in connecting individuals to local physical activity – protocol for a pilot feasibility trial

BackgroundIntermediaries are health-related workers who facilitate connections to local physical activities. Intermediaries deliver interventions by receiving referrals, conducting assessments, connecting referred individuals to activities and/or services in the community, and following up with them over time. However, it is unclear whether individuals who are referred to physical activities by an intermediary improve their physical activity levels, and what their perspectives and experiences are of participating in this intervention. To date there has been a lack of studies investigating the effect of this intervention on physical activity using appropriate outcome measures. MethodsThis will be a mixed methods pilot feasibility study. Participants will be individuals referred or self-referred to an intermediary and connected to local physical activities. Participants will be recruited through two types of intermediary services in Ireland; social prescribing and local sports partnerships. A total of 30 participants will be recruited (15 per service). Baseline demographic information will be taken upon enrolment to the study and three questionnaires will be completed: the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form, Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale and Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. The questionnaires will be repeated after 12 weeks and in addition semi-structured interviews will be carried out to explore intervention content and delivery, as well as acceptability of the intervention and evaluation design. DiscussionThis overall aim of this proposed study is to investigate the feasibility of an intervention delivered by an intermediary to improve physical activity and health-related outcomes of community-dwelling individuals. RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06260995).

Measuring mental well-being: validation of the Polish version of the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS)

Aim. The purpose of the conducted research was to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the SWEMWBS.Method. To assess the structure of the tool and its internal consistency, data were used from 557 individuals between the ages of 25 and 63 years. To assess the validity of the SWEMWBS, 277 individuals between aged 20 to 46 years took participation.Results. Validation studies conducted on the Polish version of the SWEMWBS show that the scale is a reliable and accurate tool for measuring mental well-being. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the scale’s one-factor structure. The reliability of the scale calculated using Cronbach’s alpha α = 0.84, McDonald’s omega ω = 0.83, and Gutmann’s lambda λ = 0.83 was good. The study also confirmed the validity of the scale. The SWEMWBS was moderately positively correlated with resilience and health behaviours. We observed moderate negative correlations between well-being and depressiveness.Conclusions. The study showed that the SWEMWBS is a brief tool for measuring mental well-being with good psychometric properties.

Demographics and job satisfaction as predictors of mental well-being of Filipino teachers

Teachers worldwide have had to change how they work because of the COVID-19 health crisis. These work changes and pandemic challenges have affected teachers in one way or another. There is a need to investigate teachers' welfare and how contented they are with their jobs two years after the onset of the pandemic and nationwide lockdown. This study examined the factors predicting the subjective mental well-being of teachers in the Philippines. Using a cross-sectional study design, the survey responses of 218 Filipino teachers were analyzed. Data were gathered electronically using the demographic profile form, a short version of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, and the Short Index of Job Satisfaction. Results indicated that the majority of teachers had average to high job satisfaction and average subjective mental well-being. Regression analysis revealed that the type of school employed, residence, and job satisfaction were significant predictors of the mental well-being of teachers. This study affirms that certain demographic variables and satisfaction at work exert a positive influence on the mental health of teachers. Continuously making improvements in the working conditions of teachers and devising ways to enhance their well-being are vital.

The dynamics of emotion expression on Twitter and mental health in a UK longitudinal study

Introduction & BackgroundAn estimated 4.95 billion people used social media in 2023, with the average user active on around seven platforms for over two hours per day. This widespread use leads to abundant digital footprint data around interactions with social media. These data can be collected continuously and reflect real behaviour of users in naturalistic settings. These strengths have led researchers to propose the use of social media data in digital phenotyping, where digital footprints can be used to quantify and predict health conditions. Mental health assessment in particular could benefit, as existing approaches, such as self-report questionnaires and inpatient assessment, are unable to perform the real-time monitoring that digital phenotyping could potentially achieve. Digital phenotyping models for mental health require careful consideration of what aspects of social media data to include. Including all data users generate could result in models that are overfitted and difficult to explain. Studies are required that explore the relationship between specific aspects of social media data, such as the time course of expressed emotion, and gold-standard measures of mental health. Objectives & ApproachWith participants’ consent, we linked Twitter data to self-reported measures of mental health from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We performed sentiment analysis using three different approaches—LIWC, VADER and RoBERTa—to estimate the amount, variability and instability of positive and negative emotional content in each participant’s Tweets over a one-year period. We explored the association between these measures of emotion expression and self-reported scores of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and wellbeing. These mental health measures are the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, the Generalized Anxiety 7 and the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. Relevance to Digital FootprintsOur research is highly relevant to digital footprint research, as it involves the use of digital footprint data (i.e. Twitter data) to predict mental health outcomes. Conclusions & ImplicationsThe results of our analysis will inform the development of digital footprint based phenotyping for mental health that could one day provide information to supplement clinical assessments.

German adult population norm values of the short Warwick Edinburgh mental well-being scale (SWEMWBS)

PurposeThe Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale represents an internationally established inventory to assess population mental well-being. Particularly the short form (SWEMWBS) is recommended for use in Mental Health Surveillance. In the present study, we present normative data of the SWEMWBS for the German adult population.MethodsData from the telephone survey German Health Update (GEDA) in 2022 representative of the German adult population (48.9% women, 18–98 years) was processed to estimate SWEMWBS percentile norm values, T-values, z-values and internationally comparable logit-transformed raw scores for the total sample (N = 5,606) as well as stratified by sex, age group and sex with age group combinations.ResultsThe average mental well-being was comparable to that of other European countries at M = 27.3 (SD = 4.0; logit-transformed: M = 24.79, SD = 3.73). To provide a benchmark, the cut off for low well-being was set at the 15th percentile (raw score: 23; logit-transformed: 20.73), for high well-being at the 85th percentile (raw score: 32; logit-transformed: 29.31).ConclusionThe present study provides SWEMWBS norm values for the German adult population. The normative data can be used for national and international comparisons on a population level to initiate, plan and evaluate mental well-being promotion and prevention measures.

Teachers’ mental health status in new normal among public secondary schools in Jolo, Sulu

This study analyzed the mental health status of the public secondary teachers in Jolo, Sulu, Philippines. This study was a descriptive research that described the emotional well-being, support perception, stress level, anxiety level, depression, as well as resilience and coping mechanisms of the public teachers. Three public secondary schools were selected in this study. There were one hundred twenty (n=120) public school teachers who participated in the study—forty in each institution. This study adapted Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), Teachers Mental Health Check-in Survey, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), and Carver Brief COPE Inventory as the research questionnaire. The teachers demonstrated positive emotional state, low levels of anxiety, stress, and depression, and high resilience, all indicative of their effective management of mental health challenges in the new normal. Specifically, they reported having the feeling of optimism, love, being supported, relaxed, and mental fortitude. They were also able to respond to the challenges they face by getting advice, seeking emotional support, self-reflection, and find comfort from their religion or spiritual beliefs. However, this study did not evidently describe the interactions between support systems and anxiety, stress, and depression levels. Hence, it is essential for further research to explore the specific types of support and coping strategies that most effectively promote these positive emotional states and resilience among teachers.