Edible Tree Research Articles

Edible woody plants growing wild in the Tbilisi environs (Georgia, South Caucasus)

In the environs of Tbilisi (Georgia, South Caucasus), 57 species of wildly grown trees and shrubs used for food by the local population have been identified. Five species of them are naturalized plants for Tbilisi area. The usage of edible trees and shrubs for food is diverse. Their different parts are used for food purposes - fruits, flowers, leaves, shoots. Moreover, the same species is used in different ways. It should be noted that the use of wildly grown trees and shrubs for food has decreased a lot in the last period. The main reasons for this are: (1) the population of Tbilisi and its surroundings mostly buys products in agricultural markets and supermarkets, (2) the rural population also grows various fruits in their homesteads, (3) a large part of the city population does not know about the use of various edible trees and shrubs.

Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Underutilized Edible Tree Species of the Philippines

Recently, neglected and underutilized species (NUS) have deservedly come to the forefront of scientific interest because they can contribute to the human nutrition, due to the content of bioactive substances such as antioxidants. Despite the great diversity and rich tradition in the use of Philippine NUS, the nutritional properties of many edible plants remain unexplored. The main objective of this study was to evaluate various parts of eleven NUS fruits and vegetables traditionally consumed in the Philippines, namely Allaeanthus luzonicus, Canarium ovatum, Dillenia philippinensis, Ficus pseudopalma, Flacourtia indica, Flacourtia inermis, Garcinia intermedia, Heliotropium arboreum, Posoqueria latifolia, Stelechocarpus burahol, and Sterculia quadrifida for their total phenolic content (TPC) and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and ORAC assays). Inflorescence of A. luzonicus (DPPH IC50 = 91.0 μg/mL, ORAC IC50 = 37.9 μg/mL) and fruit of S. burahol (DPPH IC50 = 253.7 μg/mL, ORAC IC50 = 32.2 μg/mL) showed the strongest antioxidant activity in both assays. These two species also had the highest TPC (202.1 and 133.0 µg GAE/mg extract, respectively). For all samples tested, a strong correlation was found between TPC and antioxidant activity. Based on our results, A. luzonicus and S. burahol have promising potential as novel antioxidant rich food.

Evaluation of fruit detachment forces and related characteristics reveals differential fruit detachments at developmental stages and cultivar differences in cashew

Cashew is an edible tree nut with great nutritional and industrial importance. Cashew fruit is unique because the true fruit (nut) grows attached to a swollen flower pedicel known as a hypocarp or cashew apple. The fruit detachment force (FDF), a quantitative measurement of the detachment of fruits from the stalk, is considered as an important parameter for the evaluation of the harvesting efficiency of machines, and the cultivar's potential for machine harvesting, and tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses. There have been no studies on the evaluation of FDFs in cashew to date. In the current study, we investigated the detachment forces of fruits at ten different stages of development according to the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale, a uniform coding system for different growth or phenological stages (701, 703, 705, 707, 709, 811, 813, 815, 817, 819) in ten cashew cultivars. Fruit weight (FW), FDF/FW ratio, and fruit firmness (FF) for different fruit development stages and fruit stalk scar area (SSA) of matured (819 stage) fruits were also studied. FDF, FW, FDW/FW and FF varied significantly at the different stages of fruit development among the studied cultivars. The FDF increased from 701 to 709 stages and then decreased from 709 to 819 stages in all the studied cultivars. The FDW/FW ratio reduced with the development and maturity of the fruit. In matured fruits (811–819 stages), FW and FF showed significant negative (p value = 0.028) and positive (p value = 0.015.) correlations, respectively, with the FDF. In contrast, the SSA had no significant influence on the FDFs. As the FDF has direct implications on the fruit removal efficiency, the results of this study will be useful for designing harvesting machines, screening genotypes for stress tolerance, and identifying the optimal harvesting stage in cashew.

Assessment of Wild Edible Plant Diversity in Fringe Forest Areas of Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh, India

Wild edible plant diversity in fringe forest areas in Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh, India, was assessed using stratified random sampling by the quadrat method. A total of 115 plant species comprised 19 trees, 31 shrubs and 65 herb species were found growing in the habitat. Of the total species recorded, the people in the district use 91 plant species (79.1% of the total species) for various edible purposes. Among the edible plants recorded, 16 were trees, 23 shrubs, and the remaining 52 were herbs. Wild edible trees had a higher density (70 trees/ ha) than non-edible tree species (11.25 trees/ ha). Among trees, Prunus persica was recorded with the highest density of 13.75 trees/ha, with a basal area of 1.27 m2/ha and an IVI value of 51.56. Wild edible shrub species had a very high contribution of 75.53% (0.71 bushes/9m2) to the total shrub species density (0.94 bushes 9/m2). The density of all edible shrub species was <1 bush/ m2, and the highest density was of Berberis aristata (0.18 bush/ 9m2). The density of wild edible herbs was (12.07 individuals/ m2) lower than the density of non-edible herb species (17.25 individuals/ m2). Thymus serphyllum a rarely used herb, had the highest density of 5.49 individuals/ m2, frequency (17.28 %) and IVI (26.00) among herbs. Most of the other edible herb species had density <1 individual/ m2. It was observed that the indigenous people in the region frequently visit fringe forest areas for various purposes, which affect the population of wild edible plant species. Further, wild edible plant species knowledge is getting eroded, especially among the younger generation. Hence, public awareness and community based management need to be encouraged at all levels. In addition, forest department and various other government agencies should include important wild edibles in their plantation program.

In Vitro Evaluation of Potentially Edible Brazilian Trees and Shrubs in Ruminant Nutrition

The present study aims to evaluate the nutritional value of different tree and shrub leaves in Brazilian ruminant production systems. Eight potentially edible trees and shrubs were identified from interviews with 30 ruminant producers: Aroeira (ARO; Lithraea molleoides), Black Mulberry (BMU; Morus nigra), Candeia (CAN; Eremanthus erythropappus), Jatobá (JAT; Hymenaea courbaril), Gliricídia (GLI; Gliricidia sepium), Santa Bárbara tree (SBT; Mélia azedarach), Tithonia (TIT; Tithonia diversifolia), and White Mulberry (WMU; Morus alba). Four leaf samples of each edible tree were sampled, and chemical analyses and in vitro assays were performed. Edible trees (except CAN and JAT) had lower neutral detergent fiber content than Mombasa grass. In addition, SBT, BMU, WMU, and TIT had lower fiber content than the other evaluated edible trees. Consequently, SBT, TIT, BMU, and WMU had improved dry matter degradation. Among the edible trees and shrubs, SMW and WMU increased the potential for gas production (a parameter). On the other hand, CAN decreased the estimated gas production 48 h after incubation. Furthermore, TIT decreased methane production up to 24 h after in vitro fermentation. Thus, except ARO, CAN, and JAT, the edible trees evaluated in the present study are potential feeds in moderate- to high-producing animals. Additionally, TIT fermentation reduces in vitro methane production.

Oral acute toxicity study of nano herbal Sikkam leaves (Bischofia javanica)

Challenges of the medicinal plant agribusiness is free trade. Free trade demands the availability of quality and sustainable products. Improving medicinal plant preparations into nano-extracted forms is a promising method. Furthermore, the use of medicinal plants has a significant impact on plant biodiversity and the sustainability of the environment. Bischofia javanica (Sikkam), an edible tree with potentially beneficial medicinal properties, contains important medicinal ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute toxicity (LD50 and LC50) of nano herbal sikkam leaves and their effect on the weight and histopathology of organ. Nano herbal sikkam leaves were created using planetary ball milling (PBM). The Thomson-Weil formula was used to calculate the LD50 over 14 days. The brine shrimp lethality test method was used to determine the LC50 at various concentrations. The LD50 value was 12.6 g/KgBW ± 0.17, the LC50 value was 3179.926 ppm (classified mildly toxic). Only the weight of the heart and lung were significantly affected by nano herbal sikkam leaves (p< 0.05). In addition, there were pathological changes in the liver, lungs, brain, kidney, and heart. This study provides the safe use of nano herbal sikkam leaves and improves the function of the organs.

Genome-wide survey and characterization of microsatellites in cashew and design of a web-based microsatellite database: CMDB.

The cashew is an edible tree nut crop having a wide range of food and industrial applications. Despite great economic importance, the genome-wide characterization of microsatellites [simple sequence repeats (SSRs)] in cashew is lacking. In this study, we carried out the first comprehensive genome-wide microsatellites/SSRs characterization in cashew and developed polymorphic markers and a web-based microsatellite database. A total of 54526 SSRs were discovered in the cashew genome, with a mean frequency of 153 SSRs/Mb. Among the mined genome-wide SSRs (2-6 bp size motifs), the dinucleotide repeat motifs were dominant (68.98%) followed by the trinucleotides (24.56%). The Class I type of SSRs (≥20 bp) were 45.10%, while Class II repeat motifs (≥12-<20 bp) were 54.89% of the total genomic SSRs discovered here. Further, the AT-rich SSRs occurred more frequently in the cashew genome (84%) compared to the GC-rich SSRs. The validation of the in silico-mined genome-wide SSRs by PCR screening in cashew genotypes resulted in the development of 59 polymorphic SSR markers, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) of the polymorphic SSR markers ranged from 0.19 to 0.84. Further, a web-based database, "Cashew Microsatellite Database (CMDB)," was constructed to provide access to the genome-wide SSRs mined in this study as well as transcriptome-based SSRs from our previous study to the research community through a user-friendly searchable interface. Besides, CMDB provides information on experimentally validated SSRs. CMDB permits the retrieval of SSR markers information with the customized search options. Altogether, the genome-wide SSRs characterization, the polymorphic markers and CMDB database developed in this study would serve as valuable marker resources for DNA fingerprinting, germplasm characterization, genetic studies, and molecular breeding in cashew and related Anacardium species.

Discovery of genome-wide genetic variations and development of first set of InDel markers for genetics research in cashew

Cashew nut is an edible tree nut having great industrial applications. Cashew and its products (nut shell liquid and kernel oil) are used in various food preparations, medicines, green energy feedstocks and polymer synthesis making it an industrially important tree. In spite of great economic importance, genetics and molecular studies in cashew are lagging due to a largely unexplored genome and scarcity of robust genome-wide molecular markers. Here, we resequenced the whole genome of Nethra Vaman, a commercial clone of cashew, and identified and characterized their genome-wide variants (GVs): 420,560 SNPs and 26,987 InDels by aligning with the reported draft genome of cashew cv. Bhaskara. The mean density of SNPs was 2,867.78 per Mb of the genome while the mean density of InDels was 184.02 per Mb. KEGG pathway analysis of the genes with GVs revealed that apart from the primary metabolic pathways, plant hormone signal transduction and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were enriched. Besides, the first set of InDel markers (88) possessing advantages of both SSR and SNP markers was developed, and 87.5% of them were highly informative (PIC value ≥0.50). The PIC value of InDel markers ranged from 0.11 (AoINDL-16) to 0.85 (AoINDL-1) with a mean of 0.66. Cross-species amplification of InDel markers showed 84.68%, 79.84%, 74.19%, and 58.06% successful amplification in A. othonianum, A. microcarpum, A. pumilum and S. anacardium, respectively. Genetic diversity analysis using 14 informative InDel markers by UPGMA method clustered the 64 accessions into three main clusters and a total of 200 alleles were identified with a mean of 14.29. AMOVA analysis showed that 6% of genetic variations were attributable to among populations while 94% was attributable to individuals within and among populations. Further, InDel markers were assayed for hybridity ascertaining in A. occidentale × A. microcarpum progeny and the hybrid purity index of markers varied from 45.45 % (AoINDL-40) to 94.5% (AoINDL-77). Thus, the genomic resources, identification and annotation of GVs, and the new class of markers designed here will be valuable for molecular biology, genetics, and molecular breeding in cashew and related Anacardium species.

Lipophilic profile of mature seeds of unconventional edible tree legumes

Lipophilic profile of mature seeds of unconventional edible tree legumes

Comprehensive Evaluation of Quality Traits of Hovenia acerba Germplasm Resources in Fujian Province

Hovenia acerba is a precious medicinal and edible tree. We assessed the genetic variation of H. acerba quality traits and conducted a comprehensive germplasm resource evaluation to provide a theoretical basis for breeding edible, medicinal, and edible/medicine combination varieties. We evaluated 31 H. acerba germplasm resources, including 12 infructescence and 8 fruit quality traits using correlation, principal component, and cluster analyses. The results showed that there were significant differences in all quality traits, with an average coefficient of variation greater than 0.20, an average genetic diversity greater than 1.80, and an average repeatability greater than 0.90. The average genetic variation and repeatability of quality traits in infructescence were higher than fruit. Infructescence K, Ca, Mn, Mg, and reducing sugar contents are important indicators in evaluating infructescence and fruit quality traits, and infructescence K, Mg, and reducing sugar contents are also quality innovation indices of H. acerba germplasms. Tannin, protein, and soluble sugar were the most suitable quality components for screening, followed by reducing sugar, starch, fat, total saponins, and total flavones. According to principal component factor scores and cluster analysis results, specific genotypes were selected as breeding materials for infructescence protein, tannin, flavone, reductive sugar, fruit tannin, fat, flavonoid, saponin, protein, and starch. The correlation analysis with environmental factors showed that the total amount of applied water could influence H. acerba infructescence and fruit quality. In conclusion, the variability of H. acerba germplasm resources was rich, and selection potential is large, which is beneficial to germplasm quality innovation and breeding.

Bio-guided isolation of alpha-glucosidase inhibitory compounds from Vietnamese Garcinia schomburgkiana fruits: in vitro and in silico studies.

Garcinia schomburgkiana is an edible tree widely distributed in the southern region of Vietnam. Little is known about the alpha-glucosidase inhibition of the Vietnamese Garcinia schomburgkiana. The aim of the current study was to explore the anti-diabetic potential of G. schomburgkiana fruits. All the fractions of G. schomburgkiana were evaluated for alpha-glucosidase inhibition, followed by bioassay-guided isolation. A new compound, epi-guttiferone Q (1), together with ten known compounds, guttiferones I-K (2-3), hypersampsone I (4), sampsonione D (5), sampsonione H (6), β-mangostin (7), α-mangostin (8), 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone (9), and fuscaxanthone (10), were isolated and structurally elucidated. The structure of the new metabolite 1 was confirmed through 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and MS analysis. To the best of our knowledge, the metabolites (except 3) have not been isolated from this plant previously. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Compounds 1-6 showed potent activity with IC50 values ranging from 16.2 to 130.6 μM. Compound 2 was further selected for a kinetic study. The result indicated that it was a competitive type. Additionally, in silico docking was employed to predict the binding mechanism of 1-2 and 4-6 in the active site of alpha-glucosidase, suggesting their potential as promising anti-diabetic compounds. Molecular dynamic simulation was also applied to 1 to better understand its inhibitory mechanism.

Food tree species selection for nutrition‐sensitive forest landscape restoration in Burkina Faso

Societal Impact StatementModern food systems push agriculture to focus on a small number of commercial crops, while there is a very large diversity of untapped edible plants that could be used to address food security and nutrition. Poor and monotonous diets are closely linked to the complex burden of multiple forms of malnutrition and dietary risk. In some contexts, such as West Africa, micronutrient deficiency risks are particularly pronounced. Hence, there is an urgent need to provide people with healthy diets supported by sustainable food systems. Within this context, using nutrition‐sensitive forest landscape restoration to combat environmental degradation could contribute towards ensuring the year‐round availability of nutritious tree‐based food.Summary Diverse diets are important to deliver adequate amounts of the nutrients essential to human health. The consumption of a diversity of food groups is challenging in sub‐Saharan Africa. Trees play an important role in the direct provision of nutritious food items. Forest landscape restoration presents an opportunity to reverse the loss of useful trees, due to degradation, and increase representation of food tree species in the landscape. Here we focused on characterizing the contributions that different food products from trees can make to improving diet diversity in Burkina Faso. A scoring system was developed, based on seasonal availability of edible products and food groups covered, and was integrated into a freely available decision‐making tool that enables carrying out context‐specific, optimal choices of tree species to be considered in forest landscape restoration. Our inventory included 56 food tree species, largely Fabaceae (18 species), providing 81 edible products, mainly fruits (supplied by 79% of tree species), followed by seeds (52%) and leaves (41%). The main food groups represented are ‘Other fruits’ (other than vitamin A‐rich fruits) (covering 52% of the edible products) and dark‐green leafy vegetables (29%). About two thirds of the species listed produce more than a single edible product, a few up to four. A total of 11 species supplied edible products throughout the year. Our results clearly show that seasonal scarcity of food and nutrients in Burkina Faso can be partly mitigated by consuming edible tree products. The methodology can be easily scaled to other geographies.

Antioxidant activity of edible sprouts and phytosterol contents by HPLC/UV analysis

This study evaluated the in vitro radical scavenging activities of edible tree sprouts, particularly those of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxide radical, to assess their antioxidant activities. Additionally, stigmasterol (ST) and β-sitosterol (BS) were analyzed using HPLC/UV. The edible sprouts of Eleutherococcus senticosus (ESC) and Morus alba (MAB) exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity among other edible sprouts. A reverse-phase column was used in an isocratic elution system, after which UV detection was performed at 210 nm. ST and BS analyses indicated that ESC sprouts contained the highest amounts of ST (9.99 mg·g− 1 extract), whereas MAB sprouts contained the highest concentrations of BS (14.69 mg·g− 1 extract). In conclusion, the highest antioxidant activity was observed in the edible sprouts with the highest phytosterol content. Therefore, our findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of plant-based functional foods or supplements with antioxidant properties.

Species Richness, Stem Density, and Canopy in Food Forests: Contributions to Ecosystem Services in an Urban Environment

Food forests expand the traditional concepts of urban forestry and agriculture, providing a broad diversity of tree-related ecosystem services and goods. Even though food forest systems bridge an obvious gap between agriculture and forestry, their potential value in the urban landscape is often undervalued. The inclusion of edible species in urban forest stands can enhance nutrition and well-being in the urban landscape, where food deserts are common. The potential for ecosystem services is especially pronounced in subtropical and tropical regions, where there is a heightened need for shade due to climate change-related heat waves. For this study, we investigated the tree species richness, stem density, and canopy cover provided by food forest gardens in 10 Miami-Dade County, Florida public schools located in the urban landscape. We compared results with neighboring properties around the schools and discovered that the food forest canopy was comparable with neighborhood urban tree cover. Additionally, we established that arborescent species richness (including an increase in edible taxa) and stem density was higher in food forests than in adjacent neighborhood plots. We posit that local food production could be enhanced by planting edible species in small spaces (e.g., empty lots or residential yards), as opposed to focusing on just ornamental taxa or recommended street trees. Our study highlights the importance of using mixed edible tree species plantings (especially with consideration to provisioning, regulating, and supporting services), potentially meeting urban forestry and agricultural goals proposed by urban planners and managers.

The slow invasion of England by the non-native Edible Dormouse (Glis glis): where and how many after 120 years?

Since the Edible Dormouse (Glis glis) was introduced to England in 1902, it very slowly invaded a wider area west of London. A recent and more rapid increase in both numbers and distribution is reported. Regular population monitoring for 23 years by volunteers at a woodland study site using nestboxes, and microchipping individuals, confirmed consistently increasing numbers. Independent reports of culling in buildings (under Licence) also indicates an increasing level of conflict. As part of a formal assessment of all British mammals published in 2018, the Glis population size was unfortunately based on estimated density data from two decades ago, indicating &amp;lt;1/ha. This was in a non-breeding year, when evidence indicates many marked adult Glis are not available to be counted, but re-appear the next year. We compare more recent information using a variety of different methods of density estimation which each indicate the total population to be at least an order of magnitude greater at 10-20 adults/ha. Our interpretation of these analyses discounts the suggestion that nestbox presence alone has directly caused the population increase, as happens with some bird species. Additionally, evidence from culls in woodland match our live capture population estimates. The principal aim of the national Invasive Species Strategy is to minimise the risk and negative impacts of invasive non-native species in Great Britain. Edible Dormice damage trees, predate nests of woodland birds and cause problems in the built environment. Our updated estimates affect the seriousness with which this slowly invading species should be regarded.

EFFECT OF PRE-TREATMENTS AND DRYING METHODS ON NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM, WEST HIMALAYA

Rhododendron arboreum belong to the family Ericaceae is a medicinally and economically important wild edible tree species from the Himalayan region. The fresh flowers of R. arboreum after harvesting were treated at different temperatures separately. The study revealed that a quick- drying process was found for the maximum harnessing of phenolics, flavonoids, flavanols, antioxidant activity (FRAP assay and DPPH assay) and protein content. Likewise, shade drying; a common method for drying was obtained best for nutritional attributes. Correlation analyzed that total phenolic content shows a positive relationship with ABTS and FRAP. However, phenolic content showed non-significant relationship with carbohydrates and protein. The biochemical parameters showed significant variation among drying processing techniques. The report suggested that the quality of a dried product is strongly dependent on the conditions used in the drying process.

Development of an Analytical Approach for the Utilization of Edible Tree Sprouts

Development of an Analytical Approach for the Utilization of Edible Tree Sprouts

Extended BBCH scale of Moringa oleifera Lam. and its implications for growing in Urban Food Forests

The phenological studies of tree species is a potential tool to develop a keen observation for monitoring the gradual impact of climate change on biology of trees, manifested through variation in timing and duration of different phenological events in their life cycle. The documentation of these phenological growth stages reflect upon the implications for their responsiveness to seasonal variation in climate and potential utilization for the benefit of mankind. Pertaining to the immense significance of phenology, a study was conducted to document different growth and developmental stages in Moringa oleifera Lam. referencing to the BBCH scale (Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie), supplementing with significant Landmark stages (developed by the authors) under the subtropical conditions of Punjab state, India. The observation and the analysis of the growth stages in M. oleifera depicted asynchronous growth patterns exhibiting juvenile, vegetative and reproductive developmental stages within an individual tree canopy. These phenophases appeared simultaneously and were designated numerical values corresponding to principle growth stages (0–9) and secondary sub-stages (0–9) reflecting their relative intensity of occurrence. The novel landmark scale proposed for M. oleifera, defines the optimum stage(s) for its utilization such as tender leaves for culinary purpose; mature leaves for processing for manufacturing of fortified food products and herbal medicines; and immature pods for utilization in culinary preparations. The landmark stages proposed in M. oleifera reflect its immense significance for introducing as an edible tree species in Urban Food Forests as a source of nutrition besides offering other multi-functionalities of ecological, landscaping, esthetic and spiritual aspects.

Media frames on urban greening in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Urban greening policies have been established and implemented to improve the living conditions for urban dwellers in the process of urbanization. This research examines urban greening policies in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Media content analysis is applied to identify and interpret frames on urban greening. Articles about urban green spaces published from the DPRK newspaper Rodong Shinmun from 1959 to 2018 were analyzed with an ecosystem service approach. The articles presented three frames on urban greening policies; diagnostic, prognostic and motivational. The diagnostic frame of the media identified the values and functions of urban green spaces with an ecosystem service approach. Our findings reveal that edible trees in urban areas were highlighted as provisioning services; disaster control and environmental protection, as regulating and supporting services; and recreation and landscape, as cultural services. The prognostic frame proposed a strategic planning system for urban greening through integration between the forest and urban sectors. The motivational frame of the media encouraged people's participation in a nation-wide mass movement for urban greening that links responsibility and patriotism. Therefore, in the DPRK, media frames provide us with insights of urban greening policies; (1) emerging new concepts of urban forests as spaces for creating sustainable conditions in metropolitan areas, (2) integrating the forest and urban sectors, and (3) diversifying stakeholders including urban communities as policy target group.

Regeneration Problem of Wild Edible Fruits and Impact on Himalayan Langur (Presbytis entellus)

This paper concept was to observe the knowledge about some wild edible fruit species which are consumed by Himalayan langur (Presbytis entellus) and its regeneration in the Nainital district of Kumaun Himalaya. The wild edible fruit species are not only as a source of supplemental food, had nutrionally balanced diet, medicines, fodder for cattle and fuel, but also for income generating potential of rural people in this region.. The diet of the Himalayan langur (Presbytis entellus) was studied for duration of one year. Wild edible fruits were harvested from their natural habitats by local people and sold into the local market for livelihood generation. The regeneration of maximum wild edible tree species is affected and the fruits become insufficient for the langurs diet. Due to this reason, the troupes of Himalayan langurs move towards villages of forest margins and destroy agricultural crops. A total 15 wild edible fruit species were recorded, out of which Quercus spp. Aesculus indica, Careya arborea, Myrica esculenta, Rubus ellipticus etc. were consumed by Himalayan langurs are under threats to regenerate.