Edible Plant Oils Research Articles

Effect of Light and Storage Time on Vitamin E in Pharmaceutical Products

Vitamin E is an important oxidant for both plant and animal and a lipid soluble vitamin which occurs naturally in edible plant oils and able to be synthesized by oxygenic bacteria. Besides, cooking oils and edible oil containing seeds, human can intake vitamin E via pharmaceutical products. With simply spectral method, vitamin E contents in tablets were quantified easily during storage. Vitamin E levels in medical products sold on Vietnamese market varied among producers ranging from 15 mg up to about 360 mg/tablet. Vitamin E in eight selected products was degraded gradually with prolonged storage time but much more rapidly in scatter light exposure condition than in the dark. The more vitamin E in the tablets, the quicker degradation occurred. Tablets exposed to natural sun light or UV source depleted vitamin E significantly within 5 h, approximately 50% for both lighted conditions. There was a relatively high tight correlation $(R^2 = 0.8266)$ between tablet price and its vitamin E content. Customer should buy the higher price products rather than the cheaper ones to get sufficient amount of vitamin E. Pharmaceutical vitamin E products should be used up soon after being bought or kept away any light sources.

Removal of aflatoxin B1 in edible plant oils by oscillating treatment with alkaline electrolysed water

Alkaline electrolysed water (AlEW) with different pHs was produced by an electrolysed water generator through adjusting the electric current and voltage. The produced AlEW had a pH above 10, and a low oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) of less than −560mV. In the current study, the effectiveness of AlEW on decontamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in various edible plant oils was investigated. The character of AlEW, oil type and the volume of AlEW were major factors which could influence the AFB1 elimination effectiveness. AlEW with pH 12.2 had the greater potential to remove AFB1. When 10ml AlEW with pH 12.2 were added to 5g peanut oil or olive oil (fortified level at 40μgkg−1), followed by oscillation for 5min at 20°C, the removal rate of AFB1 could reach nearly 100%. The volume of AlEW needed to completely remove the AFB1 varied with the pH of AlEW and with the oil type. The degradation products of AFB1 were also investigated.

Tocopherol Content in Vegetable Oils Using a Rapid HPLC Fluorescence Detection Method

A quick and direct method based on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector for measuring tocopherols (α , β + γ and δ) has been developed. Oils are diluted in methanol: hexane: tetrahydrofuran (neither previous extraction of tocopherols nor saponification procedure are required) and after being vortexed and centrifuged, an aliquot of the overlay was injected directly into an Alltima C 18 column. Acetonitrile and methanol (50: 50) mixture was used as a mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. Quantification of tocopherols was performed by fluorescence detector at 290 nm excitation wavelength and 325 nm emission wavelength. Tocopherols were separated at 25°C in less than 10 min after injection. The method has good limit of detection (9 ng g-1 for α-tocopherol and 8 ng g-1 for β-, γ- and δ- tocopherols) and reproducibility (CV< 2.9 %). This method can be used to assess the influence of genetic modification of oil seeds on the distribution of tocopherols or the effect of tocopherols on the oxidative stability of edible plant oils.

The Effect of Packing Material on Storage Stability of Sunflower Oil

Edible plant oils, including sunflower oil, with high content of unsaturated fatty acids, are subject to hydrolytic and oxidative deterioration during storage. This study investigates the impact of packing material, clear uncoloured glass bottles and clear uncoloured polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, in which the refined sunflower oil was packaged, and impact of storage conditions, on the speed of oil deterioration. Oil was filled in the bottles, hermetically sealed and kept in a dry place, at room temperature, and illuminated by artificial light. Results of the oxidative stability of sunflower oil assessment during six month storing in controlled conditions, showed that photo-oxidation adversely has an affect on product quality characteristics and coses forming of primary oxidation products. Peroxide number in oil, immediately after bottling was 0,230 mmol O2/kg oil, while after 6 months of storage value reached 7,800 mmol O2/kg oil (in glass bottle), and 8,600 mmol O2/kg oil (in PET bottle). Anisidine number in oil immediately after bottling was 5,5 and after 6 months of storage in a glass bottle it was 39,6 and 57,40 when oil was packaged in PET bottle. Averages of total oxidation values in sunflower oil packed in glass and PET packaging increased from 5,5 (immediately after bottling) to 55,20 in oil packaged in glass bottle, and 57,40 in oil packaged in PET packaging. The other results obtained in the paper confirmed the need for protecting sunflower oil against oxidative spoilage during storage, providing packaging in colored packages and storing on dark, dry place.

Process optimization design for jatropha-based biodiesel production using response surface methodology

Biodiesel of non food vegetal oil origin is gaining attention as a replacement for current fossil fuels as its non-food chain interfering manufacturing processes shall prevent food source competition which is expected to happen with current biodiesel production processes. As a result, non edible Jatropha curcas plant oil is claimed to be a highly potential feedstock for non-food origin biodiesel. CaO–MgO mixed oxide catalyst was employed in transesterification of non-edible J. curcas plant oil in biodiesel production. Response surface methodology (RSM) in conjunction with the central composite design (CCD) was employed to statistically evaluate and optimize the biodiesel production process. It was found that the production of biodiesel achieved an optimum level of 93.55% biodiesel yield at the following reaction conditions: 1) Methanol/oil molar ratio: 38.67, 2) Reaction time: 3.44 h, 3) Catalyst amount: 3.70 wt.%, and 4) Reaction temperature: 115.87 °C. In economic point of view, transesterification of J. curcas plant oil using CaO–MgO mixed oxide catalyst requires less energy which contributed to high production cost in biodiesel production. The incredibly high biodiesel yield of 93.55% was proved to be the synergetic effect of basicity between the active components of CaO–MgO shown in the physicochemical analysis.

Jatropha curcasas a Source of Biodiesel: its limitations and Need for New Plant Resources

The dwindling fossil fuels have impressed upon the need of finding alternative energy sources. The biofuels derived from renewable resources are an interesting option which is being extensively researched. Biodiesel from non edible plant oils has emerged on the scene which can meet future energy demand. Jatropha curcas, a plant well adapted to semi arid condition is being seen as the source for biodiesel production. Many aspects of this plant have been studied right from its adaptation to genetic improvement. There are many reports where studies have been made on the variability at molecular level. This review deals with the biodiesel production from Jatropha at large and finally on the need of finding other plant sources that can serve the purpose of biodiesel production in the coming times.

QTL Mapping of Isoflavone, Oil and Protein Contents in Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.)

Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) is the world's foremost source of edible plant oil and proteins, meantime, the biologically active secondary metabolites such as saponins and isoflavones are benefit to human health. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and epistatic interactions associated with isoflavone, protein, and oil contents in soybean seeds. An F 13 recombinant inbred line (RIL) comprising 474 lines was derived from a cross between Jindou 23 and Huibuzhi cultivars. SSR technique was employed for mapping of the QTLs. The QTLs for isoflavone, protein, and oil contents were analyzed and 23 QTLs were detected based on the constructed linkage map. Six QTLs for isoflavone content were localized in linkage groups J, N, D2, and G, eleven QTLs for oil content were localized in the linkage groups A1, A2, B2, C2, and D2, and six QTLs for protein content were localized in linkage groups B2, C2, G, and H1. The correlative analysis demonstrated that the isoflavone content had significant correlation with protein content, while significantly negative correlations was existed between oil and protein content, and significantly positive correlations was existed between protein and oil content. All these findings have laid an important basis for the marker assisted breeding in soybean. The phenotypic correlations of quantitative traits may be resulted from the correlation of the QTL controlling those traits.

Identification of Fatty Acids in Edible Wild Plants by Gas Chromatography

Human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in the omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and was high in antioxidants. Edible wild plants provide alpha-linolenic acid and PUFA. Today, we know that omega-3 fatty acids are essential for normal growth and development and may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Comparison of obtained results from analysis of fatty acids of edible plant oils showed that Solanum oil has the highest nutritional value because it contains high contents of linoleic acid (62.29%) and oleic acid (8.6%) and Asparagus oil has high nutritional value because it contains 66.12% oleic acid and 9.6% linoleic acid. Comparison of results of this study with reported results by Artemis (2004) showed that palmetic acid (34.48%) and estearic acid (21.71%) contents of portulaca in this study were greater than the results reported by Artemis. Therefore, we can conclude that Solanum and Asparagus oil are edible and have good nutritive values.

Exploitation of the Chloroplast trnL (UAA) Intron Polymorphisms for the Authentication of Plant Oils by Means of a Lab-on-a-Chip Capillary Electrophoresis System

Methods to discriminate plant oils facilitate the detection of either deliberate or accidental adulteration. To this direction, the variability in length among plant species of the chloroplast trnL intron was exploited for the authentication of edible and cosmetic plant oils, with an extra emphasis on olive oil. The methodology was based on the combinatorial use of a PCR assay with a capillary electrophoresis system such as the lab-on-a-chip technology. Application of the assay on DNA extracted from different oil producing plant species, including olive oil and sesame oil, indicated the ability of the trnL intron to be used as an analytical target. Furthermore, this assay could be used for the detection of adulteration of olive oil with various other plant oils, with the exception of avocado and sesame oil.

Reduction in cholesterol absorption is enhanced by stearate-enriched plant sterol esters in hamsters.

Consumption of plant sterol esters reduces plasma LDL cholesterol concentration by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption. Commercially available plant sterol esters are prepared by esterifying free sterols to fatty acids from edible plant oils such as canola, soybean, and sunflower. To determine the influence of the fatty acid moiety on cholesterol metabolism, plant sterol esters were made with fatty acids from soybean oil (SO), beef tallow (BT), or purified stearic acid (SA) and fed to male hamsters for 4 wk. A control group fed no plant sterol esters was also included. Hamsters fed BT and SA had significantly lower cholesterol absorption and decreased concentrations of plasma non-HDL cholesterol and liver esterified cholesterol, and significantly greater fecal sterol excretion than SO and control hamsters. Cholesterol absorption was lowest in hamsters fed SA (7.5%), whereas it was 72.9% in control hamsters. Cholesterol absorption was correlated with fecal sterol excretion (r = -0.72, P < 0.001), liver cholesterol concentration (r = 0.88, P < 0.001), and plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration (r = 0.85, P < 0.001). A multiple regression model that included each sterol ester type vs. cholesterol absorption indicated that intake of steryl stearate was the only dietary component that contributed significantly to the model (R2 = -0.75, P < 0.001). Therefore, our results demonstrate that BT and SA are more effective than SO in reducing cholesterol absorption, liver cholesterol, and plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentration, suggesting that cardioprotective benefits can be achieved by consuming stearate-enriched plant sterol esters.

WORLD BIODIESEL UTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN CHINA

The stocks of fossil fuels, currently the major energy source driving the global socioeconomy, is being heavily depleted due to increasing anthropogeni cactivities worldwide, and its burning contributes to global climate warming and air pollution. In contrast, biodiesel is an alternative non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable alternative energy source. This paper discusses the essence, properties and the development of biodiesel fuels, mainly in European countries; discusses the international supply and demand of soybean and rapeseed, the main biodiesel feedstock; and analyzes the production and consumption of edible plant oils in China and its balance as it is affected by international biodiesel development. Considering that domestic foodstuffs and plant oil production currently are insufficient to feed the 1.3 billion people in China due to limited agricultural lands, ultimately ways are needed to grow biodiesel feedstock on unproductive agricultural lands, such as saline-alkaline lands, poor soil, desertified soils, and plough-withdrawn land.

Biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation.

Omega6- and omega3-polyunsaturated C20 fatty acids represent important components of the human diet. A more regular consumption and an accordingly sustainable source of these compounds are highly desirable. In contrast with the very high levels to which industrial fatty acids have to be enriched in plant oils for competitive use as chemical feedstocks, much lower percentages of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFA) in edible plant oils would satisfy nutritional requirements. Seed-specific expression in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) of cDNAs encoding fatty acyl-desaturases and elongases, absent from all agronomically important plants, resulted in the very high accumulation of Delta6-desaturated C18 fatty acids and up to 5% of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid. Detailed lipid analyses of developing seeds from transgenic plants were interpretated as indicating that, after desaturation on phosphatidylcholine, Delta6-desaturated products are immediately channeled to the triacylglycerols and effectively bypass the acyl-CoA pool. Thus, the lack of available Delta6-desaturated acyl-CoA substrates in the acyl-CoA pool limits the synthesis of elongated C20 fatty acids and disrupts the alternating sequence of lipid-linked desaturations and acyl-CoA dependent elongations. As well as the successful production of VLCPUFA in transgenic oilseeds and the identification of constraints on their accumulation, our results indicate alternative strategies to circumvent this bottleneck.

Simple reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for determination of tocopherols in edible plant oils

A simple and rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of α-, (β + γ), and δ-tocopherols in edible plant oils has been developed. Oils are diluted in 2-propanol and injected directly onto Symmetry C18 column. Methanol and acetonitrile (1:1) are used as a mobile phase. Tocopherols are detected using fluorescence detector set at excitation and emission wavelength 295 nm and 325 nm, respectively. The method is precise (R.S.D. not higher than 2.24%) and sensitive–detection limits (DL) are 8 ng/ml for γ- and δ-tocopherols and 28 ng/ml for α-tocopherol; quantification limits (QL) were calculated as three times higher than DL.

Simple reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for determination of tocopherols in edible plant oils

A simple and rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of α-, (β + γ), and δ-tocopherols in edible plant oils has been developed. Oils are diluted in 2-propanol and injected directly onto Symmetry C 18 column. Methanol and acetonitrile (1:1) are used as a mobile phase. Tocopherols are detected using fluorescence detector set at excitation and emission wavelength 295 nm and 325 nm, respectively. The method is precise (R.S.D. not higher than 2.24%) and sensitive–detection limits (DL) are 8 ng/ml for γ- and δ-tocopherols and 28 ng/ml for α-tocopherol; quantification limits (QL) were calculated as three times higher than DL.

Why Is So Little Edible Plant-oil Used in Lao Cooking?

Why Is So Little Edible Plant-oil Used in Lao Cooking?

112 Effects of Edible Plant Oil Emulsions on Storage Disorders in `Elegant Lady' Peaches

Effects of different plant oils (soybean, corn, peanut, cottonseed, conola, sunflower, safflower, rape seed, and linseed) on mealiness, leatheriness, and flesh browning (FB) in `Elegant Lady' peaches (Prunus persica Batsch) were studied. Fruit were harvested at three dates (10 days apart) with the second harvest concomitant to commercial harvest, dipped in a 5% or 10% oil emulsion for 3 min, and stored at 0 or 5 °C, respectively. After 6 weeks at 0 °C, fruit developed more leatheriness and FB but less mealiness in early harvested compared to late-harvested fruit. When stored at 5 °C, fruit did not develop any leatheriness regardless of harvest dates, but fruit from the last harvest developed high levels of mealiness and FB compare with fruit from the other two harvests. FB was found only, but not in all, leathery or mealy fruit. None of the oils affected leatheriness, but all reduced mealiness to the same extent at the same concentration. Oil treatments controlled FB completely in both leathery and mealy fruit. Oil at 10 % was more effective in controlling mealiness and FB than at 5%. Oil-treated fruit had higher flesh firmness and titratable acidity and developed less decay than the controls at removal from storage.

011 Emulsions of Edible Plant Oils Reduce Fruit Decay in `Delicious' Apples and `Ya Li' Pears

Effects of 10% plant oils (corn, soybean, peanut, canola, sunflower, safflower, rape seed, linseed, and cottonseed), 100 mg·L-1 chlorine, or 100 mg·L-1 chlorine plus 10% oil combinations on pathogen (B. cinerea, P. expansum, or G. cingulata) infection and fruit decay in `Delicious' apples and `Ya Li' pears were studied. None of the oils showed inhibition on spore germination of the three pathogens by in vitro test. In inoculated fruit, oil treatments did not affect incidence but reduced severity of decay after 6 months storage at 0 °C plus 7 days at 20 °C, but no difference was found among the oils at the same concentration. In non-inoculated fruit, oils reduced fruit decay to low levels (4%) even in the most severe season. Oils also maintained fruit quality attributes, reduced water loses, and controlled scald in apples and internal browning in pears. Chlorine reduced incidence but did not reduce severity in decayed fruit. Fruit first drenched with chlorine then dipped in oil emulsions without pathogen inoculation remained decay free, while control fruit developed 10% to 15% or 13% to 23% decay after 6 months at 0 °C plus 7 days at 20 °C in both apples and pears, respectively.

Influence of palm oil (Elaesis guineensis) on health.

In recent times there has been a growing research interest in palm oil, one of the major edible plant oils in the tropical countries, because of the link between dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Obtained from a tropical plant, Elaesis guineensis, it has a polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio close to unity and a high amount of antioxidant vitamin A precursors and vitamin E. Palm oil is consumed in the fresh state and/or at various levels of oxidation. Feeding experiments in various animal species and humans have highlighted the beneficial role of fresh palm oil to health. These benefits include reduction in the risk of arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis, inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and platelet aggregation, and reduction in blood pressure. However, a considerable amount of the commonly used palm oil is in the oxidized state which possesses potential dangers to the physiological and biochemical functions of the body. Oxidation is as a result of processing the oil for various culinary purposes. Studies have revealed that relative to fresh palm oil, oxidized palm oil induces an adverse plasma lipid profile, free fatty acids, phospholipids and cerebrosides. Additionally, oxidized palm oil induces reproductive toxicity and organotoxicity particularly of the kidneys, lungs, liver and heart. Available evidence suggests that at least part of the oxidized oil impact on health reflects generation of toxicants due to oxidation. The reduction of the dietary level of oxidized oil and/or the level of oxidation may reduce the health risk associated with consumption of oxidized fats.

Role of dietary lipids and butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA) administration on albino rats. Part I. Serum unsaturated fatty acids.

Adult male albino rats were supplemented with edible plant oils, corn maize and cotton seed oils and their semihydrogenated forms (Heliopolis and Sultan cooking fats) for a period of 3 months. In general, the supplementation of tested oils produced increasing effect on the serum levels of total C18:1, C18:2 and C20:4 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). The increases were significant in case of feeding corn maize oil and Sultan cooking fat for total and C18:1 and C18:2 UFA. However, the degree of significance was intensified by the feeding of cotton seed oil and Heliopolis cooking fat. Supplementation of Sultan cooking fat showed a significant increase in serum level of C20:4, while the other tested oils and Heliopolis cooking fat produced very highly significant increase. Butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA) produced no effect on the level of UFA when administered with dietary tested edible lipid but its role revealed by maintaining the higher level of UFA due to administration of oils and its semihydrogenated analogous.

Role of dietary lipids and butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA) administration on albino rats. Part II. Liver and heart unsaturated fatty acids.

Adult male albino rats were supplemented with edible plant oils, corn maize and cotton seed oils and their semihydrogenated forms (Heliopolis and Sultan cooking fat). In general, the supplementation of tested oils produced increasing effect on the levels of total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), C18:1, C18:2 and C20:4 UFA of liver and heart of rats. Liver content of UFA showed very highly significant increases in the levels of C18:1 and C18:2 in all groups of rats fed with tested oils accompanied with non significant changes in total UFA and C20:4 levels. Heart content of UFA showed increases in the levels of C18:1 and C18:2 and insignificant changes observed in total UFA and C20:4, except, in rats fed with sultan cooking fat, showed a significant increase in the level of total UFA. The level of increase in C18:1 and C18:2 was very highly significant in case of rats fed corn maize oil and Sultan cooking fat, and significant in case of rats fed cotton seed oil and Heliopolis cooking fat. Also, liver and heart UFA contents were significantly increased after antioxidant (Butylated hydroxy anisol, BHA) administration. Addition of BHA to tested diets abolished or minimized fatty infiltration produced by dietary fatty diet in the liver cells.