Field Edge Research Articles

From marginal croplands to natural habitats: A methodological framework for assessing the restoration potential to enhance wild-bee pollination in agricultural landscapes.

Intensive agriculture increases crop yields, but harms biodiversity and associated ecosystem services such as pollination. To sustain wild-bee pollination in intensive agricultural landscapes, a minimum of (semi-) natural habitat is needed in the vicinity of crop fields. However, restoration of (semi-) natural habitat is a challenge, especially when most land is allocated to commodity production. To evaluate the restoration potential of marginal lands to enhance pollination in intensive agricultural landscapes. We simulated restoration scenarios in marginal agricultural lands (abandoned and degraded fields, and field edges) in La Vallée-du-Richelieu (Quebec, Canada), aimed at enhancing pollination provision and increasing (semi-) natural habitat coverage by at least 20% within 1km from crop fields, the estimated minimum amount required to sustain wild-bee populations. We then evaluated the extent to which restoration targets were reached in our scenarios. More than half of the agricultural region studied remained with less than 20% (semi-) natural area coverage, and wild-bee pollination provision could not be ensured across the whole agricultural region after restoration. However, our results show that there is still an important potential for increasing natural habitat coverage by restoring marginal agricultural lands alone. Restoration of marginal lands has a key role to play in the transition towards multifunctionality of production landscapes but might not be sufficient to achieve goals such as those adopted at the COP15 (e.g., restoring 30% of degraded land). Our framework can assist landscape planners in evaluating the restoration potential of agricultural landscapes, as well as its limitations. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10980-024-01993-y.

Preface

The 2nd International Symposium on Frontiers of Mechanical and Material Engineering (MME2024) is a globally recognized event to be organized by the Hubei Digital Textile Equipment Key Laboratory, China, in collaboration with the Wuhan Textile University, China, Zhongnan University, East-Siberian State University of Technology and Management, Russia, Rongzhi Sciences and Technology Center, China, was held from 21-22 September 2024 in Hangzhou, China. Since its inception in 2014, MME has successfully encompassed a wide spectrum of cuttingedge research domains, developed into a premier international event held in China and which gathered the best scientists and world class experts to share leading edge and multidisciplinary research in various fields related to mechanical engineering, materials science and modern technologies. MME serves as a prestigious international platform, this conference will continue to facilitate the dissemination of cutting-edge advancements across a spectrum of disciplines, converge students, experts, researchers, scholars, and industry professionals from different nations to share and deliberate on their latest work. This volume comprises select proceedings of 18 papers from 56 contributions submitted to MME2024. All the papers underwent a meticulous peer-review process, with each paper being evaluated by at least one expert in the relevant field. It introduces latest advancements in the subjects of mechanical engineering, materials science and advanced manufacturing technology, et al. It will be beneficial for readers from both academia and industry to understand and tackle the challenges in an efficient manner and to adopt appropriate solutions in the mentioned fields above. We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to invited keynote speakers: Dr. Valeriy Buryachenko, Micromechanics & Composites LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Prof. David BASSIR, French University of Technology UTBM, France; Prof. Raul Duarte Salgueiral Gomes Campilho, Department of Mechanical Engineering, ISEP - School of Engineering, Portugal, and Dr. Ghulam Yasin, Oxford Brookes University, UK, for their brilliant speeches. Thanks to all the international reviewers and program committee members for their valuable contributions and dedication. List of Conference Chair, Conference Co-Chair, Honorary Chair, Editors and Technical Program Committees are available in this Pdf.

Landscape factors affect relative abundance of rootworm species and pod injury in Georgia peanuts.

The southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, is native to the US where it is a pest of peanut, Arachis hypogaea. The banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte, is native to the neotropics, but its range has expanded and currently includes most of the US peanut production area. The purpose of this study was to: (i) define seasonal variation in adult rootworm populations in peanut fields, and (ii) determine the effect(s) of proximity to a putative early season host (i.e., corn, Zea mays) and the presence of irrigation on rootworm infestation and pod injury in peanut. Seasonal abundance of adult rootworms in commercial peanut fields in Georgia was monitored in 2021 and 2022 using plant volatile lures attached to yellow sticky traps. Traps were located at 45, 90, and 180 m from the field edge in irrigated and nonirrigated peanut fields with and without a corn border. Two peaks in abundance were observed for both species in each year. Though peak abundance for the two species occurred nearly simultaneously, D. balteata was more abundant than D. u. howardi. Beetle abundance was highest in fields bordered by corn, but presence of irrigation was not as important for D. balteata as it was for D. u. howardi. Pod injury was greater in fields bordered by corn in both years, but there was no difference in pod injury between irrigated and nonirrigated fields. The number of beetles captured and incidence of pod injury within a field did not differ with distance from the field border.

Potential phosphorus mobilization from riparian vegetation following freezing

Phosphorus (P) rich runoff from agricultural landscapes is a major contributor to freshwater eutrophication. Vegetated riparian zones are often employed to retain P from field runoff before it enters streams. In cold regions, vegetation has the potential to release P to runoff following freezing; however, it is unclear if this differs with winter frost severity, riparian zone local topography, vegetation type, and/or exposure to flooding/inundation. To explore the vulnerability of riparian vegetation to winter P losses, this study quantified soil and vegetation P concentrations from 8 riparian zones in Canada at different topographic positions within each riparian site (upper/field edge, lower/water edge) in both the fall and spring seasons and related this to observed surface temperatures and water levels throughout the non-growing season. This was complemented by two laboratory mesocosm experiments in which (1) plant samples were subjected to moderate (−40C) and severe (−250C) simulated winter frost treatments to quantify changes in their water extractable P (WEP) content, and (2) mesocosms were inundated with water to determine if dissolved P concentrations in flood water differed when plants were left intact, clipped but left on the soil surface, or harvested. Greater soil and vegetation P concentrations were observed at upper locations (field edge), and this remained consistent following freezing; however, vegetation WEP concentrations increased with greater simulated frost severity. In the field, temperatures were moderated by snow cover and although differences with riparian zone position were apparent between fall and spring collected samples, changes in P pools did not appear to be related to frost severity or inundation in the field. The mesocosm experiment revealed that harvesting vegetation considerably reduced dissolved P concentrations in flood water. This study shows that vegetated riparian zones can act as a source of P to streams during the winter non-growing season, and highlights the potential for riparian vegetation management in reducing P losses from riparian zones in cold climates.

Influence of the Surrounding Plants by Rapeseed Field on Population Density of Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) and its Biological Enemies

The result revealed that the peak of population density of cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae was 523.20 individuals/plant on 21 March in edges of rapeseed field and was 1141.67 individuals/plant in center of the field. Results revealed that population density of cabbage aphid in rapeseed fields surrounded by cover crops significantly were low compared with that of monoculture rapeseed. The location of rapeseed plants (in edges or in center) significantly affected (p

Comprehensive analysis of peripheral dose in electron beam therapy with a Varian TrueBeam Linac

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of peripheral doses outside electron-beam applicators in Varian TrueBeam linacs. MethodPeripheral doses outside the electron applicator were measured for 6-, 9- and 12-MeV beams at the maximum dose depth (Dmax) for each energy source and at a source-to-surface distance of 100 cm. Measurements were performed using EBT3 films in solid water phantoms. The impact of field size on the penumbra width and peripheral doses was studied using various cutouts, including 3 cm × 3 cm, 6 cm × 6 cm, and 10 cm × 10 cm in a 10 cm × 10 cm applicator with the gantry and collimator at 0°. The influence of the applicator size was investigated using a circular cutout of 5 cm in diameter for various applicator sizes, including 6 cm × 6 cm, 10 cm × 10 cm, 15 cm × 15 cm, 20 × 20 cm, and 25 cm × 25 cm, at Dmax for each energy, while keeping the gantry and collimator angle at 0°. The measured dose profiles were compared with the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) predicted dose profiles. The effect of varying gantry angles (0°, 90°, and 270°) for a 3 cm × 3 cm cutout in a 10 cm × 10 cm applicator for each energy source and varying collimator angles (0°, 90°, and 270°) for a 10 cm × 10 cm field were investigated to determine their effects on the penumbra widths and peripheral doses. ResultsBoth the penumbra width and peripheral dose values increased with energy across different field sizes, gantry angles, collimator angles, and applicator sizes. Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) analysis indicated minimal differences between the measured profiles and TPS data. Peripheral doses remained below 5% of the maximum dose approximately 10–15 mm away from the field edges, suggesting the potential for implementing additional shielding where required. ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of considering peripheral doses in electron radiotherapy. It is important to note the impact on healthy tissues beyond the treatment area to ensure patient safety and prevent the long-term side effects of treatment. These findings emphasize the necessity of implementing appropriate measures to minimize peripheral doses.

Burrowing Owls Require Mutualist Species and Ample Interior Habitat Space

Mitigating habitat loss of western burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) often involves relocation from California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) burrows to offsite nest boxes. Naval Air Station Lemoore (NASL), Kings and Fresno counties, California, initiated this approach to displace a regionally important population from airfield grasslands. We examined monitoring data of burrowing owls and fossorial mammals at NASL to assess mitigation options. Occupied nests increased by 33 (61%), with 47 nest box installations in 1997–2001, peaked at 87 in 1999, then declined by 50 through 2013. Although ≥13 nest boxes were occupied in 2000, none were occupied in 2003–2013. Within a 43.1 ha isolated grassland monitored for 13 years, nest site reuse in ground squirrel burrows averaged only 17% between any 2 consecutive years. Compared to the average density across grassland study areas, ground squirrel burrow systems/ha numbered 43% higher within 60 m of occupied nests and non-breeding-season burrows. Vegetation clearing to restore kangaroo rat (Dipodomys n. nitratoides) habitat preceded a 7.4-fold increase in ground squirrel burrow systems and a 4-fold increase in occupied nests, but drought-induced extirpation of ground squirrels eliminated occupied nests from the 43.1 ha grassland study area. Ground cover near occupied nests averaged 58% of the mean vegetation height and 67% of the mean percentage of bare ground in the field. Both nest sites and non-breeding-season burrows occurred >60 m interior to field edges 1.4 times more than expected. Non-breeding-season burrows averaged 328 m from same-year nest sites, and only 7% of non-breeding-season burrows were also used as nest sites. Mitigating habitat loss should be made more effective by fostering natural burrow construction by fossorial mammals on patches of short-stature vegetation that is sufficiently expansive to support breeding colonies of ≥12 pairs averaging ≥60 m from the field’s edge and a separation between non-breeding-season burrows and nest burrows minimally equal to mean nearest-neighbor distances among nests.

The habitat preferences of invasive raccoon dog imply elevated risks for wetland-associated prey species

Habitat preferences of invasive predators determine where and for which prey species they pose a threat upon. This is crucial information for the conservation of endangered prey species because invasive predators pose additional predation on top of that caused by natural predators. In large parts of Europe, the most common invasive mesopredator is the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). To understand the risk that the raccoon dog poses for wetland-associated species, we collected information about its habitat preferences near these habitats. We used data on 24 GPS-collared raccoon dogs from three landscape types in Finland, to study their spatial and temporal habitat preferences. We first determined their home ranges, within which we then examined habitat use and preferences. Raccoon dogs showed generalist habitat use, which was evident in their wide range of used habitats. However, in spring and summer, during the breeding seasons of waterfowl and amphibians, they preferred wetlands and peatlands. They also preferred shorelines and the edges of forests and agricultural fields. During autumn and winter, raccoon dogs did not prefer wetlands. These findings support the conclusion that the raccoon dog’s habitat preferences pose a particular threat to wetland-associated species, such as nesting waterfowl and amphibians. The species’ habitat preferences coupled with high numbers of this invasive mesopredator pose additional predation for endangered wetland-associated species on top of that of native predators.

New insights about the toxicity of 2,4-D: Gene expression analysis reveals modulation on several subcellular responses in Chironomus riparius

Herbicides are the main class of pesticides applied in crops and are capable of polluting the surrounding freshwater system; thus, understanding their impact on non-target species, whose mechanism of action is not described, helps to elucidate the real risks of these pollutants to the environment. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is frequently detected in water and, due to its persistence, poses a risk to wildlife. In this way, the present work aimed to describe the implication of exposure to concentrations of 2,4-D already reported in aquatic environments in several physiological mechanisms of C. riparius at molecular and biochemical levels. To achieve this, bioassays were conducted with fourth instar larvae exposed to three concentrations of 2,4-D (0.1, 1.0, and 7.5 μg L−1). Larvae were collected after 24 and 96 h of exposure, and the expression of 42 genes, related to six subcellular mechanisms, was assessed by Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR). Besides, the activity of the enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was determined. The main metabolic route altered after exposure to 2,4-D was the endocrine system (mainly related to 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone), confirming its endocrine disruptor potential. Four of the eleven stress response genes studied were down-regulated, and later exposure modulated DNA-repair genes suggesting genotoxic capacity. Moreover, only one gene from each detoxification phase was modulated at short exposure to 1.0 μg L−1. The molecular responses were not dose-dependent, and some early responses were not preserved after 96 h, indicating a transient response to the herbicide. Exposure to 2,4-D did not alter the activity of CAT, GST, and AChE enzymes. The responses described in this study reveal new mechanistic pathways of toxicity for 2,4-D in non-target organisms and highlight potential ecological consequences for chironomids in aquatic systems at the edges of agricultural fields.

Plant species richness in intensively managed temperate wet grasslands: current state and the importance of edge habitats

This study investigates within-site variation in the diversity and composition of aboveground vegetation and seed bank in intensively managed wet grasslands of north-western Germany, comparing field edges, field margins and field interiors. We tested the hypothesis that unfertilized buffer strips at field edges function as refugia of characteristic species even in grasslands that are managed intensively for silage production. In 55 grassland sites on each marsh and moor soils, respectively, we conducted vegetation surveys, seed bank analyses and soil chemical measurements in field edge, margin and interior plots, and searched for the factors causing within-site variation in vegetation composition. The total species pool was small at the 110 sites, i.e. 148 species in the aboveground vegetation and 107 species in the seed bank, demonstrating severe impoverishment. The α-diversity decreased from 23 species (median) per 200 m2 at the edge to 15 species in the interior, with 38 species occurring only at field edges. The number of species with conservation value was very low in aboveground vegetation and seed bank and was only slightly higher at the edge than in the interior. Soil P availability was ca. 30% lower at the unfertilized edges than in the interior. We conclude that unfertilized buffer strips at grassland edges may help reducing nutrient leaching from high-input grassland systems, but they have mostly lost their refugial function for phytodiversity after decades of intensive management. Restoration efforts with seed or green hay transfer from richer source habitats are needed to promote biodiversity in field-edge buffer strips.

Field abundance and spatial patterns of ear-feeding insect pests in relation to levels of defective kernels in processing sweet corn.

In this study, we investigated the within-field distribution of sweet corn insect pests in relation to adjacent habitats and determined the level and specific causes of defective kernels affecting the quality of the final product at the processing cannery. Sap beetles [primarily Carpophilus lugubris (Murray, 1864) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)] and stink bugs [primarily Euschistus servus (Say) ((Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)] infested 27.6% and 73.6% of the fields, respectively. Densities of stink bugs were highest along field edges adjacent to wheat, soybean, vegetable crops, and woodlots. Levels of kernel injury were consistently higher in truckloads of ears harvested first from the outer rows. Earworm damage was confined to the ear tip and had no measurable impact on the quality of the final product. Sap beetles and blemished kernels were the major causes of defective kernels in the cannery, even though stink bugs were more abundant in the fields. Defective kernels were more positively related to physiological blemishes than to other causal factors. For all fields, defective kernel levels averaged less than 1%, resulting in excellent quality of the processed product throughout the entire season. Results provided a better understanding of the quality control issues, resulting in practical implications for improvements in field monitoring and decision-making in the cannery to minimize grading problems.

On relations between cyber security index and iso 27001 standard index in western balkan countries

My aim in this article was to illustrate the relationships between the Western Balkan nations’ ISO 27001 index and the cyber security index, given the growing global interest in cyber security. The primary findings of this study were derived from the research methodology, which involved gathering data and information about the degree of cyber security applications in the Western Balkans, as represented by the cyber security index, as well as data about the degree of ISO 27001 standard application in Western Balkan countries, processing data for ISO 27001 certificates, creating an index of ISO 27001 certificates, and managing a regressive analysis on the relationships between the cyber security index and the ISO 27001 certificates index, while examining the path toward EU integration, they are also working to address concerns related to cyber security. This is because gaining a competitive edge in fields like information technology, artificial intelligence, digitalization, e-commerce, and e-government necessitates robust cyber defenses. The primary suggestion is that Western Balkan nations may better respond to cyberattacks and cyberthreats by implementing ISO standards including the ISO 27000 family of standards, particularly ISO 27001.

Close to the edge: Spatial variation in plant diversity, biomass and floral resources in conventional and agri‐environment cereal fields

Abstract Non‐crop (segetal) plants in arable systems are commonly perceived simply as ‘weeds’, that is, harmful at worst and undesirable at best. The increase in management intensity in European arable systems has vastly reduced the populations of all but the most disturbance‐tolerant plant species, negatively impacting the whole agricultural food web. In recent years, efforts have been made to promote agricultural biodiversity through measures such as flower strips and unsprayed field margins. However, studies of their impacts on the arable flora have rarely considered their spatial variation within the crop field. We investigated the spatial distribution of vascular plant species richness and their contribution to the food web via biomass and flower units in conventional and agri‐environment cereal fields in six regions of Germany. We studied two types of in‐crop measures (extensive cereals without pesticides or fertiliser, and with or without intercropping with flowering species) and one adjacent measure (neighbouring flower strip), recording at 1‐m intervals from the field edge to the interior. These results were then extrapolated to illustrate the effects of these measures on resource provision at the field scale. Species richness and plant biomass dropped off sharply after the first metre in the conventional treatments, regardless of the adjacent habitat. The ‘extensive’ treatments maintained a much higher level of diversity and resource provision in the field interior. At the field level, this can mean more than a 60‐fold difference in the provision of flowering resources between conventional management (1900 flower units/ha) and agri‐environment measures (AEMs) (127,000 units/ha for extensive cereals). Synthesis and applications. The strong edge effects we found in conventional cultivation support the premise that reducing field sizes could play a role in promoting in‐crop biodiversity. However, incorporating extensive field margins as an AEM would be more efficient at maximising the diversity of generalists whilst maintaining high yields.

Study of the out-of-field dose from an accelerator-based neutron source for boron neutron capture therapy

One important issue in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy is the delivered dose to the tissues outside the tumor. An international standard for light ion beam systems sets two recommended limits for out-of-field dose based on distance from the field edge: maximum absorbed dose from all radiation types shall not exceed 0.5 % of the maximum dose at distances 15 cm to 50 cm from the field edge. At distances >50 cm from the field edge, the maximum absorbed dose shall not exceed 0.1 %. This paper is a continuation of our previous works focused on the design of an accelerator-based neutron source for BNCT. We already designed a novel Beam Shape Assembly which meets the IAEA criteria for BNCT treatments. Using this BSA, in the present work, we characterize by Monte Carlo simulations the dose outside the neutron field. The out-of-field dose has been assessed via estimates using the ambient and equivalent dose. Also the boron uptake in healthy tissues has been analyzed for the equivalent dose computation. It is concluded that our design for a future accelerator-based source for BNCT meets reasonably well the criteria defined from other forms of radiotherapy on both equivalent and effective dose outside the field.

AI-Driven Computer Vision Detection of Cotton in Corn Fields Using UAS Remote Sensing Data and Spot-Spray Application

To effectively combat the re-infestation of boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis L.) in cotton fields, it is necessary to address the detection of volunteer cotton (VC) plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in rotation crops such as corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). The current practice involves manual field scouting at the field edges, which often leads to the oversight of VC plants growing in the middle of fields alongside corn and sorghum. As these VC plants reach the pinhead squaring stage (5–6 leaves), they can become hosts for boll weevil pests. Consequently, it becomes crucial to detect, locate, and accurately spot-spray these plants with appropriate chemicals. This paper focuses on the application of YOLOv5m to detect and locate VC plants during the tasseling (VT) growth stage of cornfields. Our results demonstrate that VC plants can be detected with a mean average precision (mAP) of 79% at an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 50% and a classification accuracy of 78% on images sized 1207 × 923 pixels. The average detection inference speed is 47 frames per second (FPS) on the NVIDIA Tesla P100 GPU-16 GB and 0.4 FPS on the NVIDIA Jetson TX2 GPU, which underscores the relevance and impact of detection speed on the feasibility of real-time applications. Additionally, we show the application of a customized unmanned aircraft system (UAS) for spot-spray applications through simulation based on the developed computer vision (CV) algorithm. This UAS-based approach enables the near-real-time detection and mitigation of VC plants in corn fields, with near-real-time defined as approximately 0.02 s per frame on the NVIDIA Tesla P100 GPU and 2.5 s per frame on the NVIDIA Jetson TX2 GPU, thereby offering an efficient management solution for controlling boll weevil pests.

The Essential of Trembesi in Djawatan: Identifikasi Persebaran Pohon Trembesi sebagai Penentu Biodiversitas di Kawasan Hutan Djawatan

Trembesi (Samanea saman) plays an important role in the Djawatan forest area. The presence of Djawatan forest in the city adds vital value to trembesi, such as maintaining ecosystem stability, soil stability, water supply stability, O2 supply, and CO2 absorption. This study aims to determine the density of trembesi trees in the Djawatan forest area. The presence of trembesi in the Djawatan forest is crucial for the numerous flora and fauna sheltered beneath it. Therefore, understanding the distribution pattern of trembesi in the Djawatan forest area is essential to ascertain environmental influences on the growth of trembesi. The research method used in this study was descriptive qualitative through observation and interviews. Trembesi distribution in this study was observed in four different zones: waterfront, rice field edge, central Djawatan forest, and settlement edge. Based on the research results, it is known that trembesi distribution is influenced by the surrounding environmental conditions. This is evidenced by data showing that the highest average density of trembesi is found in the central Djawatan forest area, which is 0.50%.

Behavior and damage potential of the newly emerged pest Myochrous armatus (Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae) on soybean plants in Brazil

AbstractMyochrous armatus Baly, 1865 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has expanded its occurrence significantly into soybean‐growing areas of Brazilian Cerrado and became an important early‐season soil pest. Experiments were performed under field conditions from 2020 to 2023 to assess several aspects: (1) population behaviour over crop season and offseason; (2) day/night behaviour during the early stages of soybean plants and (3) injury to plants and potential damage to soybean yield to establish the Economic Injury Level (EIL). Adults of the M. armatus population presented a season‐long abundance during the specific period from late October to January, with major captures in November and December (end of Spring), either inside or on the edge of soybean fields. Weeds and volunteer plants of corn and cotton hosts adults and eggs. These findings suggest an univoltine life cycle. Behavioural assessments revealed that M. armatus does not exhibit a specific day, night or crepuscular behaviour, performing deeds at any time. The majority of insects (40% to 70%) were found in the soil throughout the day and night. Adults feed on soybean plants by scraping or cutting the stem, cotyledon, petiole and apical sprouting. Their preference is initially for the stem and cotyledon (up to 14 days after emergence), and later for the petiole (after 21 days of emergence). After 7 days of coexistence at V1‐V3 soybean stages, we observed a potential yield reduction of 35% for each insect per plant. Dynamic EIL estimations are between 0.4 and 1.9 adults per row metre, depending on the grower productivity expectation, control costs and soybean market value. Our results are fundamental for establishing Integrated Pest Management for M. armatus in soybean and other crop systems.

Soil‐vegetation interplay in a Holocene toposequence at Torres del Paine National Park, southern Andes, Chile

AbstractChile's Torres del Paine National Park (TPNP) is one of the most impressive landscapes in southern Patagonia, with unique natural elements on the edge of the southern ice field, where knowledge of soils and ecological relationships is nonexistent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the chemical, physical, mineralogical, and micromorphological characteristics of Holocene soils along a local toposequence representing the main vegetation types of the TPNP. The morphological, chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties of 12 soil profiles were studied and classified according to Soil Taxonomy. Coevolution of vegetation and soil taxa is clearly evident since glaciation, with podsolization under austral Nothofagus pumilio forests leading to the development of spodosols, while paludization in local depressions with Nothofagus forests allowed the formation of histosols. Slopes covered with loess and tephra led to the formation of Andisols with shrub vegetation. Predominant parent materials include till from Late Quaternary advances of southern Andean ice, Pleistocene loess, and volcanic ash from surrounding Chilean volcanoes. The parent materials were strongly influenced by Late Quaternary climatic and landscape changes following the retreat of the Last Glacial Maximum in southern Patagonia, resulting in erosional and depositional conditions (windblown loess, fluvial glacial deposits, and moraines). Stable landforms show the influence of allochthonous volcanic ash shaping Andean features, combined with the accumulation of organic matter in hydromorphic soils. Three main groups of soils have been identified: loess‐rich soils, organic‐rich soils, and poorly developed soils. The latter show low fertility related to recent landforms on different substrates ranging from till, rocky slopes, talus, or glacial deposits. In high mountain regions under periglacial conditions, cryoturbation features indicate seasonal frost–thaw cycles without current permafrost. The diversity of soil orders in the mountains of southern Patagonia is comparable to similar environmental conditions and latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the andic properties due to volcanic ejecta inputs, as well as organic‐rich soils at low altitudes of bottom valleys, are typical features of the soils at TNTP.

Multi-constraint improved RS path planning method for unmanned rice direct seeding machine

Path planning is one of the key technologies that determines the efficiency and quality of field operations using autonomous agricultural machinery. To date, there has been extensive research on global coverage path planning for unmanned agricultural machinery within the working area; however, the issue of “encircling and edging” left by the machinery during headland turns is often overlooked. This study focuses on the operational conditions of unmanned agricultural machinery in the rice fields of southern China. The path planning problem is abstracted under physical constraints, such as the space at the field headland, the agricultural environment (e.g., types of field ridges), the turning characteristics of the machinery, turning radius, working width, and minimum safety distance, into mathematical constraints. This yields an optimized path planning model and sequence combination. Based on the improved Reeds–Shepp curve, an en-circling and edging path planning algorithm is designed. The planned path for the unmanned agricultural machinery from start to finish consists only of arcs and straight lines, suitable for the right-angle turning, reversing, and 180° U-turn operations required for rice field machinery, thus significantly improving the coverage of field edges and missed areas at the headland. A rice direct-seeding machine was used as a test subject for encircling and edging field trials, with tests conducted in rectangular, trapezoidal, and irregular quadrilateral rice fields. The results show that, for rectangular plots, the full-field coverage rate of rice direct-seeding operations can reach 96.44%; for trapezoidal plots, the coverage rate is 95.47%; and for irregular quadrilateral fields, the coverage rate is 95.69%. These results are promising, indicating that the encircling and edging path planning based on the improved Reeds–Shepp curve can effectively increase the full-field coverage rate of unmanned agricultural machinery, improving work quality and meeting the needs of modernized, intelligent agricultural machinery operations.

Assessment of peripheral dose as a function of distance and depth from cobalt-60 beam in water phantom using TLD-100

BackgroundInnovations in cancer treatment have contributed to the improved survival rate of cancer patients. The cancer survival rates have been growing and nearly two third of those survivors have been exposed to clinical radiation during their treatment. The study of long-term radiation effects, especially secondary cancer induction, has become increasingly important. An accurate assessment of out-of-field/peripheral dose (PDs) is necessary to estimate the risk of second cancer after radiotherapy and the damage to the organs at risk surrounding the planning target volume. This study was designed to measure the PDs as a function of dose, distances, and depths from Telecobalt-60 (Co-60) beam in water phantom using thermoluminescent dosimeter-100 (TLD-100).MethodsThe PDs were measured for Co-60 beam at specified depths of 0 cm (surface), 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm outside the radiation beam at distances of 5, 10, and 13 cm away from the radiation field edge using TLD-100 (G1 cards) as detectors. These calibrated cards were placed on the acrylic disc in circular tracks. The radiation dose of 2000 mGy of Co-60 beam was applied inside 10 × 10 cm2 field size at constant source to surface distance (SSD) of 80 cm.ResultsThe results showed maximum and minimum PDs at surface and 5 cm depth respectively at all distances from the radiation field edge. Dose distributions out of the field edge with respect to distance were isotropic. The decrease in PDs at 5 cm depth was due to dominant forward scattering of Co-60 gamma rays. The increase in PDs beyond 5 cm depth was due to increase in the irradiated volume, increase in penumbra, increase in source to axis distance (SAD), and increase in field size due to inverse square factor.ConclusionIt is concluded that the PDs depends upon depth and distance from the radiation field edge. All the measurements show PDs in the homogenous medium (water); therefore, it estimates absorbed dose to the organ at risk (OAR) adjacent to cancer tissues/planning target volume (PTV). It is suggested that PDs can be minimized by using the SAD technique, as this technique controls sources of scattered radiation like inverse square factor and effect of penumbra up-to some extent.