Edge Design Research Articles

Effects of intraocular lens anterior edge design on anterior capsule morphology changes following femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy

PurposeTo compare morphological changes in the anterior capsule of two intraocular lenses (IOLs) with different anterior edge designs 6 months after femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy surgery (FLACs).MethodsThis study included 168 eyes from168 patients undergoing FLACs. Group A included 74 eyes from 74 patients who had an Acrysof IQ Restor SN6AD3 IOL implantation with a flat anterior edge and Group B included 94 eyes of 94 patients with a TECNIS Multifocal ZMB00 IOL implantation and a "peak-like" anterior edge. All patients were followed up for 6 months. We assessed anterior capsule morphological changes including variation of anterior opening diameters and lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation in four directions, variation of anterior opening area, and the level of anterior capsule opacification (ACO).ResultsVariation of anterior opening diameters in 4 directions were significantly lower in Group B (P < 0.05). Obvious shrinkage ratio of anterior opening diameters and contraction of anterior opening area (P < 0.05) appeared in Group A. LEC proliferation was along the "peak" in Group B, while it spread to the edge of anterior capsule in Group A. ACO grades 6 months after operation in Groups A and B were as follows: grade I in 28.38% and 82.98% of eyes, grade II in 51.35% and 17.02% of eyes, and grade III in 20.27% and 0% of eyes, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that a "peak-like" IOL anterior edge design played an important role in maintaining the morphology of anterior capsule in the early postoperative stage.

Impact of Trailing Edge Overhang Length on the Loss Characteristics of Fully Cooled Transonic Nozzle Guide Vanes

Abstract The trailing edge (TE) design of a cooled high-pressure (HP) nozzle guide vane (NGV) requires consideration of both cooling and aerodynamic performances. Two designs are in common use: the centered-ejection design, in which coolant is ejected through a slot in the TE with roughly symmetrical suction-side (SS) and pressure-side (PS) TE tips; and the SS-overhang design, in which the SS and PS TE tips are staggered. This second design has been favored in recent years because it has been presumed to be aerodynamically advantageous. In this article, we re-examine this assumption by studying a parametric design set between these two design extremes. We do this using extensive high-fidelity experimental measurements performed at engine-scaled conditions (matched Mach number, Reynolds number, and coolant-to-mainstream pressure ratio) on a full-annular cascade of real engine parts. To provide insight into the mechanisms affecting loss, we use complementary unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. We analyze the changes in the flow structure, local loss coefficient distribution, wake mixing rate, average profile loss coefficient, and base pressures.

Planning and Design Method of Multiangle Ecological Building Edge Space under the Background of Rural Revitalization

Under the background of rural revitalization, in order to realize the planning and design of ecological building edge space, a multi-perspective ecological building edge space planning and design method based on remote sensing image edge segmentation is proposed. The remote sensing visual detection of ecological buildings is realized by fusing multiscale features and multisource scene remote sensing images, and the extracted remote sensing image feature points are calibrated to extract the location information, texture features, super-resolution edge information features, and different levels of change features of the spatial distribution of the edge of ecological buildings. The background difference detection model of an ecological building remote sensing image is established, and the distance of the centroid of the corresponding level is calculated through frame dynamic planning and differential image clustering. Combined with the edge contour detection method of ecological building remote sensing image, the edge space planning and design are realized. The simulation results show that this method has higher accuracy in planning and better accuracy in detecting the contour of ecological building edge space and improves the dynamic planning and positioning ability of multi-perspective ecological building edge space distribution.

Effect of anatomical differences and intraocular lens design on negative dysphotopsia.

To assess the effect of ocular anatomy and intraocular lens (IOL) design on negative dysphotopsia (ND). Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Ray-tracing study based on clinical data. Ray-tracing simulations were performed to assess the effect of anatomical differences and differences in IOL design on the peripheral retinal illumination. To that end, eye models that incorporate clinically measured anatomical differences between eyes of patients with ND and eyes of pseudophakic controls were created. The anatomical differences included pupil size, pupil centration, and iris tilt. The simulations were performed with different IOL designs, including a simple biconvex IOL design and a more complex clinical IOL design with a convex-concave anterior surface. Both IOL designs were analyzed using a clear edge and a frosted edge. As ND is generally considered to be caused by a discontinuity in peripheral retinal illumination, this illumination profile was determined for each eye model and the severity of the discontinuity was compared between eye models. The peripheral retinal illumination consistently showed a more severe discontinuity in illumination with ND-specific anatomy. This difference was the least pronounced, 8%, with the frosted edge clinical IOL and the most pronounced, 18%, with the clear edge biconvex IOL. These results show that small differences in the ocular anatomy or IOL design affect the peripheral retinal illumination. Therewith, they can increase the severity of ND by up to 18%.

Study on DC Surface Flashover at the Clear Edge of Metallized Polypropylene Films

The surface flashover may occur at the clear edge of metallized films, affecting the insulation performance of metallized film capacitors (MFCs). In this article, an experimental setup was established to investigate the dc surface flashover characteristics of the metallized polypropylene film for MFCs. The effects of voltage setting, parallel capacitance, interlayer pressure, experiment temperature, and clear edge width on the flashover characteristics of metallized films were studied experimentally. The results reveal that, different voltage setting methods affect the surface flashover voltage, with a relatively stable disparity of 14.03%; parallel capacitance has little effect on the flashover characteristics in the range of 0–60 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{F}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ; the surface flashover voltage and field strength are positively correlated with the interlayer pressure in the range of 50–800 kPa, and negatively correlated with the experiment temperature in the range of 30 °C–90 °C; as the clear edge width of the metallized film increases from 0.5 to 2.5 mm, the flashover field strength substantially decreases by 49.39% and gradually slows down to saturation. In terms of clear edge design, the width should be determined by the surface flashover voltage under the second voltage setting method; the effect of parallel capacitance on surface flashover can be ignored; measures should be taken to increase the interlayer pressure of outer films, such as increasing the turns of wrapped film outside; the clear edge width should be increased for MFCs operating at high temperature and can be selected according to the experimental data in this article.

Blockchain-Based Incentive Energy-Knowledge Trading in IoT: Joint Power Transfer and AI Design

Recently, edge artificial intelligence techniques (e.g., federated edge learning) are emerged to unleash the potential of big data from Internet of Things (IoT). By learning knowledge on local devices, data privacy preserving and Quality of Service (QoS) are guaranteed. Nevertheless, the dilemma between the limited on-device battery capacities and the high energy demands in learning is not resolved. When the on-device battery is exhausted, the edge learning process will have to be interrupted. In this article, we propose a novel wirelessly powered edge intelligence (WPEG) framework, which aims to achieve a stable, robust, and sustainable edge intelligence by energy harvesting (EH) methods. First, we build a permissioned edge blockchain to secure the peer-to-peer (P2P) energy and knowledge sharing in our framework. To maximize edge intelligence efficiency, we then investigate the wirelessly powered multiagent edge learning model and design the optimal edge learning strategy. Moreover, by constructing a two-stage Stackelberg game, the underlying energy-knowledge trading incentive mechanisms are also proposed with the optimal economic incentives and power transmission strategies. Finally, simulation results show that our incentive strategies could optimize the utilities of both parties compared with classic schemes, and our optimal learning design could realize the optimal learning efficiency.

Aspects regarding the behaviour of the work equipment of a loader during the work process

This paper deals with the study of the work equipment consisting of the bucket and its supporting frame for a front loader. For the two components of the equipment, 3D models were generated in the Solid Edge design software and then they were introduced for analysis in the Algor software, specialized in finite element analysis. The goal of the finite element analysis was to observe the state of stresses and deformations that occur in the work equipment of the loader during the working process, when on the bucket and on its supporting frame appear stresses which can become dangerous. The results obtained provide specialists in the construction equipments domain with information that can be used to improve the working performance of such equipments.

Intensity simulation of photic effects after cataract surgery for off-axis light sources.

Photopsia is a photic phenomenon that can be associated with intraocular lenses after cataract surgery. To calculate the relative light intensity of photic effects observed after cataract surgery at the foveal region as the most sensitive region of the retina, photopsia was simulated using the ZEMAX optical design software. The simulations are based on the Liou-Brennan eye model with a pupil diameter of 4.5 mm and incorporating implanted IOLs. The hydrophilic IOLs implanted in the eye model have a power of 21 diopter (D) with an optic diameter of 6 mm and 7 mm. Four different intensity detectors are located in specific regions of the eye in this simulation. The ray-tracing analysis was carried out for variations of incident ray angle of 0° to 90° (temporally) in steps of 1°. Depending on the range of incident ray angle, the light intensity was detected at detectors located on the fovea, nasal side of the retina, or the edge surface of the IOLs. Some portion of the input light was detected at specific incident angles in the foveal region. By altering the IOLs edge design to a fully reflective or anti-reflective surface, the range over which the light intensity is detected on the fovea can be shifted. Additionally, with the absorbing edge design, no intensity was detected at the foveal region for incident ray angles larger than 5°. Therefore an absorbing edge design can make photic effects less disturbing for patients.

Comparative Investigation on Improved Aerodynamic and Acoustic Performance of Abnormal Rotors by Bionic Edge Design and Rational Material Selection.

Rotor plays a vital role in the dynamical system of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Prominent aerodynamic and acoustic performance are a long-term pursuit for the rotor. Inspired by excellent quiet flight characteristics of owls, this work adopted bionic edge design and rational material selection strategy to improve aerodynamic and acoustic performance of the rotor. A reference model of rotor prototype with streamlined edges was firstly generated by reverse engineering method. With inspiration from owl wings and feathers, bionic rotors with rational design on leading and trailing edges were obtained. Original and bionic rotors were fabricated with polyamide PA 12 and Resin 9400 by 3D printing technique. Aerodynamic and acoustic performance of the as-fabricated rotors were experimentally measured and analyzed in detail using a self-established test system. Comparative experimental results indicated that the aerodynamic and acoustic performance of the rotors was closely related to the bionic structures, material properties, and rotational speeds. At the same rotational speed, bionic rotor fabricated with Resin 9400 can produce a higher thrust than the prototype one and its power consumption was also reduced. The resulting noise of different bionic rotors and their directivities were comparatively investigated. The results verified the bionic edge design strategy can effectively control the turbulent flow field and smoothly decompose the airflow near the tailing edge, which resulting in enhancing the thrust and reducing the noise. This work could provide beneficial inspiration and strong clues for mechanical engineers and material scientists to design new abnormal rotors with promising aerodynamic and acoustic performance.

Influence Analysis of Simulation Parameters on Numerical Prediction of Compressible External Flow Field Based on NACA0012 Airfoil under Hypersonic Speed

Currently, the influence of numerical parameters on the prediction accuracy of the compressible external flow field characterized by a NACA0012 airfoil under hypersonic speed, especially the influence analyses of the trailing edge shape, the modeling methods, and the adopted data points on it are relatively sparse. In this paper, using three modeling approaches and two data point sources, six NACA0012 airfoils are designed including two types of trailing edge shapes. Unlike under the incompressible external flow field, the comparative analysis shows that though the optimal accuracy is obtained by the sharp trailing edge, the improper sharp trailing edge design could result in a greater error ratio than that of the blunt trailing edge. Similarly, the definition formula could provide the best performance, while in other cases, NACA4 is preferred and the selection between them depends on the adopted data point source. Furthermore, the increase in the number of the adopted two types of data points would lead to a decrease in prediction accuracy. According to the comparison among all the optimal total error ratios, the suggested configuration is the sharp trailing edge based on the definition formula adopting 200 points sourced from NACA4 + 16 m far-field distance + SA turbulence model + ROE flux type and the best result is 2.05%.

A novel approach to cutting tool edge design based on initial wear stage

Cutting tool geometries play an important role in tool performance, material flow, cutting force, and cutting temperature distribution. The most common edge geometries of commercial tools are hone, chamfer, and chamfer with a hone. A novel method for designing tool edge geometry that combines experimental and simulation results is investigated in this paper. An uncoated carbide tool was used to orthogonally cut AISI 1045 and AISI 4140 steel. By observing how the tool geometry changed during the machining process with white light interferometry, a new tool wear geometry model could be proposed. Furthermore, temperature and stress distribution modeling were carried out with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based on the newly designed tool geometry under various cutting parameters. A comparison of the machining results of the new and conventional tool geometries has confirmed that the newly designed tool is capable of achieving a lower wear rate, thereby extending the tool life.

Visual outcome of single piece yellow tinted hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens: A hospital based prospective observational study

To evaluate the visual outcome of single piece yellow tinted hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) following phacoemulsification.A single center, hospital based, prospective, observational study. Eligible patients with significant cataract, underwent phacoemulsification with implantation of single piece yellow tinted hydrophobic acrylic IOL. Patients followed up for 6 months. Pre and post-operative assessment of UDVA, CDVA was done and documented in LogMAR values. Contrast sensitivity by Pelli-Robson chart, refraction by Auto refractometer was evaluated pre and post operatively. Post-operative evaluation of glistening and PCO done by slit lamp examination. Glare evaluated by pen-torch contrast sensitivity method. Adverse events documented on regular follow-up.132 patients were enrolled in the study. Majority of the subjects (97.7%) achieved expected visual outcome of LogMAR 0.0-0.2 on final follow-up day. Statistically significant improvement in contrast sensitivity noted in 99.2% of our patients. The mean refractive spherical equivalent at 180 days was 0.10±0.81. The incidence of glistening was 3.8% at 180 days follow up. Glare was present in 4.6% subjects on first operative day, 3% on 3rd and decreased to 0.8% on 7th postoperative day. None of our patients complained of glare after 1 month. The incidence of PCO and adverse events was 0.8% and 15.2% respectively, on last postoperative follow-up.Implantation of single piece yellow tinted hydrophobic acrylic IOL provides expected visual outcome, refractive stability, enhances contrast sensitivity with minimal glistening, glare and adverse events. The square edge design of the hydrophobic lens reduces incidence of posterior capsular opacification.

Modified Trailing Edge Impact on the Aerodynamic Performance of Wind Turbine Airfoil

One of the most important factors affecting wind turbine performance is the airfoil. The impact of the NACA 0012 trailing edge design on airfoil performance is investigated numerically in this paper. Computational fluid dynamics calculations are used to design and simulate the airfoils. The thick trailing edge is inclined to various angles to achieve further improvement in the lift/drag ratio and lift coefficient. The results reveal that, when compared with baseline airfoil, all the designed airfoils demonstrated higher lift coefficients. The lift coefficient increases with the angle of the inclined trailing edge. The maximum lift coefficient improvement inclined airfoil is 74%. In addition, the lift/drag ratio increases with the increase of the inclined angle, and the maximum improvement ratio reaches 39.495% for the inclined airfoil with Ꝋ=15º. Any further increase in the inclined angle decreases the lift/drag ratio as a result of drag increase. This study contributes toward the design of efficient wind turbine airfoils.

Edge design and Contact Lens Care Solutions influence in contact lenses wear

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of edge design and contact lens care solutions (CLCS) in comfort, vision, fitting and ocular health on contact lenses (CLs) wear.

Characterization of material flow mechanism for chamfered tools utilizing coupled slip-line-slab method

Sintered carbide tools with their edge chamfered have superior resistance against brittle fracture of the main edge. Such advantage is mainly attributed to the formed built-up edge (BUE) anterior to the chamfer face. However, as the cutting process, certain materials including cracked BUE in that vicinity will inevitably flow aside along the chamfer face, which eventually causes severe notch wear and lateral burr formation. Given this deficiency, both theoretical and experimental works were carried out for the cutting process with chamfered tools in the current study. In the theoretical part, the material flow mechanism was analyzed and modeled by classifying the process into three typical modes concerning specific chip-tool contact patterns, for which three sets of modified slip-line solutions were developed accordingly. Furthermore, a unique solution to the three-dimensional (3-D) material flow status was achieved by combining slip-line theory with the slab method. On this basis, the effects of tool preparation factors, i.e. chamfer width, chamfer angle, tool-workpiece friction coefficient and rake angle, on the BUE extrusion were discussed in detail. The results indicate that with proper chamfered edge design, accumulative BUE will be flowing in an optimal condition. In this case, the lateral burrs were found effectively restrained as had been evidenced by conducting extensive orthogonal cutting experiments with chamfered tools. By comparing with released models and experimental measurements, the present model yields more accurate predictions of material flow states. These findings of present study can contribute to the optimal design of cutting tools with chamfered edge.

Simulation of photic effects after cataract surgery for off-axis light sources.

Photopsia is a phenomenon that sometimes disturbs patients after cataract surgery. To evaluate the impact of the edge design of intraocular lenses (IOL) on the location, shape and relative intensity of photic effects at the retina caused by photopsia in pseudophakic eyes, photopsia was simulated using ZEMAX software. The structural parameters of the pseudophakic eye model are based on the Liou-Brennan eye model parameters with a pupil diameter of 4.5 mm. The IOLs implanted in the eye model have a power of 21 diopter (D) with optical diameter of 6 mm and 7 mm. From the ray-tracing analysis, covering variations of incident ray angle of 50° to 90° from temporally, a photic image is detected at the fovea at specific ray angles of 77.5° (6 mm IOL) and 78.2° (7 mm IOL). This photic image disappears when a thin IOL with an edge thickness of 0 mm or a thick IOL with absorbing edges is replaced in the eye model. With an anti-reflective edge, this photic image remains, but with a fully reflecting edge it disappears at the critical angles and appears with different shapes at other angles. The intensity of this photic image can be reduced by changing the edge design to a frosted surface. Most of the photic patterns in IOLs are not observed with absorbing and thin edge designs. IOLs with anti-reflecting and fully reflecting edges generate disturbing photic effects at different angles on the fovea. IOLs with frosted edges reduce the contrast of the photic effects and make them less disturbing for patients.

A comprehensive investigation on the damage induced by the shearing process in DP780 steel

Sheared edge cracking phenomenon is a key problem limiting the application of high-strength steels. Therefore, it is very necessary to explore the cracking causes to promote the solution of this problem. In this paper, the damage in the sheared edge of DP780 steel is investigated by microstructure characterization, micro/macro mechanical property evaluation, and numerical simulation. Microvoids, microcracks, and work hardening behavior are identified as damage factors affecting the sheared edge cracking. Two types of microvoids are found based on the position of microvoids. Microvoids formed at phase interfaces have the characteristics of small size (≤ 5 μm) and large number (276–340), while microvoids generated from inclusions hold large size (> 5 μm) and small number (6–18). The damage degree of microvoids is evaluated by number, size, and distribution. The result shows the damage of microvoids becomes more serious with the increasing shearing clearance. During shearing, microvoids are split to form microcracks. These microcracks become the cracking source in the subsequent process. Therefore, microcracks are the most crucial to the formability. Reducing microcracks is an effective method to avoid sheared edge cracking. Furthermore, the shearing process is simulated in ABAQUS. A VUSDFLD subroutine is developed for implementing the constitutive model of DP780 steel. The simulated results match the experiment results very well, which indicates the damage of DP780 steel during shearing can be predicted by simulations. The research of this paper is beneficial to understand the cause of sheared edge cracking and design an optimal shearing process.

Optimal thickness selection for corrugated free edge design

This paper investigates the effects of sheet thicknesses in a typical riveted metallic lap joint on the corrugated free edges. Three variations of rivet lengths were used to cover the optimum thickness range. A simplified representation of the riveted joint was analysed using the solver Optistruct, a Finite Element (FE) software. At the beginning of this study, the stresses in the free edges were calculated to determine the optimal thickness range. Four rivets in a row of a metallic lap joint are considered as a typical case for the whole study. The free edge distance of 2D on both plates is analysed with other unchanged joint parameters for different plate thicknesses. The maximum possible weight savings per joint by using Corrugated Free Edge Design (CFED) over a range of thicknesses has also been given. The main objective of this study is to determine the influence of optimum plate thicknesses on CFED.

Die Bedeutung des Randprofiles bei der Anpassung weicher Kontaktlinsen: ein Update

Purpose. The edge design of soft contact lenses is often overseen during contact lens fitting or during follow­up visits. Material and Methods. By means of illustrations of different edge profiles and a review of the literature on this topic, the attention of contact lens practitioner should be drawn to edge design of contact lenses. Results. Contact lenses have different edge profiles, which can have an influence on comfort and fitting. If necessary,the edge profile can be observed by the contact lens fitter using various methods. Conclusion. Consideration of the edge design can be par­ ticularly helpful for contact lens fittings that do not lead to the desired success. Keywords soft contact lenses, contact lens edge design, contact lens discomfort, conjunctiva

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