Eddy-damped Quasi-normal Markovian Research Articles

Realizable Eddy Damped Markovian Anisotropic Closure for Turbulence and Rossby Wave Interactions

A realizable Eddy Damped Markovian Anisotropic Closure (EDMAC) is presented for the interaction of two-dimensional turbulence and transient waves such as Rossby waves. The structure of the EDMAC ensures that it is as computationally efficient as the eddy damped quasi normal Markovian (EDQNM) closure but, unlike the EDQNM, is guaranteed to be realizable in the presence of transient waves. Jack Herring’s important contributions to laying the foundations of statistical dynamical closure theories of fluid turbulence are briefly reviewed. The topics covered include equilibrium statistical mechanics, Eulerian and quasi-Lagrangian statistical dynamical closure theories, and the statistical dynamics of interactions of turbulence with topography. The impact of Herring’s work is described and placed in the context of related developments. Some of the further works that have built upon Herring’s foundations are discussed. The relationships between theoretical approaches employed in statistical classical and quantum field theories, and their overlap, are outlined. The seminal advances made by the pioneers in strong interaction fluid turbulence theory are put in perspective by comparing related developments in strong interaction quantum field theory.

An EDQNM study of the dissipation rate in isotropic non-equilibrium turbulence

The energy cascade from large to small scales is a robust feature of three-dimensional turbulence. In statistically steady turbulence, the average dissipation is in equilibrium with the energy injected in the system. A global quantity measuring the deviations from such a flux equilibrium is the normalised dissipation rate , corresponding to the viscous dissipation, normalised by quantities associated with the largest scales of the system. Recent investigations have pointed out how this normalised dissipation rate varies in unsteady flows. We focus on two test-cases to assess non-equilibrium in isotropic turbulence. These cases are, respectively, turbulence in the presence of a large-scale periodic forcing and turbulence with reversed initial conditions. We show, using the Eddy-Damped Quasi-Normal Markovian closure, that for turbulence in the presence of periodic forcing, a scaling is reproduced ( indicating the Taylor-scale Reynolds number) when the forcing-frequency is adjusted to be of the order of the inverse of the integral time-scale. It is shown that the spectrum can be decomposed into an equilibrium spectrum, governed by Kolmogorov scaling in the inertial range, and a perturbation spectrum, proportional to , k being the wavenumber. For reversed turbulence, a novel procedure is introduced to prescribe initial conditions for the nonlinear transfer. Subsequently a clear transient with a scaling is observed in the dynamics.

Modeling compressed turbulent plasma with rapid viscosity variations

We propose two-equation models in order to capture the dynamics of a turbulent plasma undergoing compression and experiencing large viscosity variations. The models account for possible relaminarization phases and rapid viscosity changes through closures dependent on the turbulent Reynolds and on the viscosity Froude numbers. These closures are determined from a data-driven approach using eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian simulations. The best model is able to mimic the various self-similar regimes identified in Viciconte et al. [Phys. Rev. E 97, 023201 (1998)] and to recover the rapid transition limits identified by G. N. Coleman and N. N. Mansour [Phys. Fluids A 3, 2255 (1991)].

Analysis of Lundgren's matched asymptotic expansion approach to the Kármán-Howarth equation using the eddy damped quasinormal Markovian turbulence closure

Using the eddy damped quasinormal Markovian (EDQNM) model we obtain numerical predictions which comply remarkably well with the results of Lundgren's matched asymptotic expansion approach to the K\`arm\`an-Howarth equation. Both predict that a Kolmogorov inertial range equilibrium is not obtained. Equilibrium is only achieved in the vicinity of the Taylor length in the limit where the Reynolds number tends to infinity and the Taylor length is not in the inertial range given its explicit dependence on viscosity.

Staircase scaling of short-time energy transfer in turbulence

It is illustrated that a sharply truncated initial kinetic energy spectrum evolves to a staircase-shaped spectrum at short times. This effect is directly associated with the triadic nature of the energy transfer. A rigorous analysis leads to predictions on the time-dependence of this effect, and these predictions are verified by both direct numerical simulations and eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian closure integrations.

Nonlinear spectral model for rotating sheared turbulence

We propose a statistical model for homogeneous turbulence undergoing distortions, which improves and extends the MCS model by Mons, Cambon & Sagaut (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 788, 2016, 147–182). The spectral tensor of two-point second-order velocity correlations is predicted in the presence of arbitrary mean-velocity gradients and in a rotating frame. For this, we numerically solve coupled equations for the angle-dependent energy spectrum${\mathcal{E}}(\boldsymbol{k},t)$that includes directional anisotropy, and for the deviatoric pseudo-scalar $Z(\boldsymbol{k},t)$, that underlies polarization anisotropy ($\boldsymbol{k}$ is the wavevector,$t$the time). These equations include two parts: (i) exact linear terms representing the viscous spectral linear theory (SLT) when considered alone; (ii) generalized transfer terms mediated by two-point third-order correlations. In contrast with MCS, our model retains the complete angular dependence of the linear terms, whereas the nonlinear transfer terms are closed by a reduced anisotropic eddy damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) technique similar to MCS, based on truncated angular harmonics expansions. And in contrast with most spectral approaches based on characteristic methods to represent mean-velocity gradient terms, we use high-order finite-difference schemes (FDSs). The resulting model is applied to homogeneous rotating turbulent shear flow with several Coriolis parameters and constant mean shear rate. First, we assess the validity of the model in the linear limit. We observe satisfactory agreement with existing numerical SLT results and with theoretical results for flows without rotation. Second, fully nonlinear results are obtained, which compare well to existing direct numerical simulation (DNS) results. In both regimes, the new model improves significantly the MCS model predictions. However, in the non-rotating shear case, the expected exponential growth of turbulent kinetic energy is found only with a hybrid model for nonlinear terms combining the anisotropic EDQNM closure and Weinstock’s return-to-isotropy model.

Reynolds number effect on the velocity derivative flatness factor

This paper investigates the effect of a finite Reynolds number (FRN) on the flatness factor ($F$) of the velocity derivative in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence by applying the eddy damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) method to calculate all terms in an analytic expression for $F$ (Djenidi et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 29 (5), 2017b, 051702). These terms and hence $F$ become constant when the Taylor microscale Reynolds number, $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ exceeds approximately $10^{4}$. For smaller values of $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$, $F$, like the skewness $-S$, increases with $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$; this behaviour is in quantitative agreement with experimental and direct numerical simulation data. These results indicate that one must first ensure that $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ is large enough for the FRN effect to be negligibly small before the hypotheses of Kolmogorov (Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 30, 1941a, pp. 301–305; Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 32, 1941b, pp. 16–18; J. Fluid Mech., vol. 13, 1962, pp. 82–85) can be assessed unambiguously. An obvious implication is that results from experiments and direct numerical simulations for which $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ is well below $10^{4}$ may not be immune from the FRN effect. Another implication is that a power-law increase of $F$ with respect to $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$, as suggested by the Kolmogorov 1962 theory, is not tenable when $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ is large enough.

Investigation of anomalous very fast decay regimes in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

ABSTRACTThe emergence of anomalous fast decay regimes in homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) decay is investigated via both theoretical analysis and eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian simulations. The work provides new insight about a fundamental issue playing a role in HIT decay, namely the influence of non-standard shapes of the energy spectrum, in particular in the large energetic scale region. A detailed analysis of the kinetic energy spectrum E(k) and the non-linear energy transfer T(k) shows that anomalous decay regimes are associated with the relaxation of initial energy spectra which exhibit a bump at energetic scales. This feature induces an increase in the energy cascade rate, toward solutions with a smooth shape at the spectrum peak. Present results match observations reported in wind-tunnel experiments dealing with turbulence decay in the wake of grids and bluff bodies, including scaling laws for the dissipation parameter Cϵ. They also indicate that the ratio between the initial eddy turnover time and the advection time determines of how fast anomalous regimes relax toward classical turbulence free-decay. This parameter should be used for consistent data comparison and it opens perspectives for the control of multiscale effects in industrial applications.

Self-similar regimes of turbulence in weakly coupled plasmas under compression.

Turbulence in weakly coupled plasmas under compression can experience a sudden dissipation of kinetic energy due to the abrupt growth of the viscosity coefficient governed by the temperature increase. We investigate in detail this phenomenon by considering a turbulent velocity field obeying the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with a source term resulting from the mean velocity. The system can be simplified by a nonlinear change of variable, and then solved using both highly resolved direct numerical simulations and a spectral model based on the eddy-damped quasinormal Markovian closure. The model allows us to explore a wide range of initial Reynolds and compression numbers, beyond the reach of simulations, and thus permits us to evidence the presence of a nonlinear cascade phase. We find self-similarity of intermediate regimes as well as of the final decay of turbulence, and we demonstrate the importance of initial distribution of energy at large scales. This effect can explain the global sensitivity of the flow dynamics to initial conditions, which we also illustrate with simulations of compressed homogeneous isotropic turbulence and of imploding spherical turbulent layers relevant to inertial confinement fusion.

The decay of isotropic magnetohydrodynamics turbulence and the effects of cross-helicity

Decaying homogeneous and isotropic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) turbulence is investigated numerically at large Reynolds numbers thanks to the eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) approximation. Without any background mean magnetic field, the total energy spectrum $E$ scales as $k^{-3/2}$ in the inertial range as a consequence of the modelling. Moreover, the total energy is shown, both analytically and numerically, to decay at the same rate as kinetic energy in hydrodynamic isotropic turbulence: this differs from a previous prediction, and thus physical arguments are proposed to reconcile both results. Afterwards, the MHD turbulence is made imbalanced by an initial non-zero cross-helicity. A spectral modelling is developed for the velocity–magnetic correlation in a general homogeneous framework, which reveals that cross-helicity can contain subtle anisotropic effects. In the inertial range, as the Reynolds number increases, the slope of the cross-helical spectrum becomes closer to $k^{-5/3}$ than $k^{-2}$. Furthermore, the Elsässer spectra deviate from $k^{-3/2}$ with cross-helicity at large Reynolds numbers. Regarding the pressure spectrum $E_{P}$, its kinetic and magnetic parts are found to scale with $k^{-2}$ in the inertial range, whereas the part due to cross-helicity rather scales in $k^{-7/3}$. Finally, the two $4/3$rd laws for the total energy and cross-helicity are assessed numerically at large Reynolds numbers.

Dynamics of helicity in homogeneous skew-isotropic turbulence

The dynamics of helicity in homogeneous skew-isotropic freely decaying turbulence is investigated, at very high Reynolds numbers, thanks to a classical eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) closure. In agreement with previous direct numerical simulations, a $k^{-5/3}$ inertial range is obtained for both the kinetic energy and helical spectra. In the early stage of the decay, when kinetic energy, initially only present at large scales cascades towards small scales, it is found that helicity slightly slows down the nonlinear transfers. Then, when the turbulence is fully developed, theoretical decay exponents are derived and assessed numerically for helicity. Furthermore, it is found that the presence of helicity does not modify the decay rate of the kinetic energy with respect to purely isotropic turbulence, except in Batchelor turbulence where the kinetic energy decays slightly more rapidly. In this case, non-local expansions are used to show analytically that the permanence of the large eddies hypothesis is verified for the helical spectrum, unlike the kinetic energy one. Moreover, the $4/3$ law for the two-point helical structure function is assessed numerically at very large Reynolds numbers. Afterwards, the evolution equation of the helicity dissipation rate is investigated analytically, which provides significant simplifications and leads notably to the definition of a helical derivative skewness and of a helical Taylor scale, which is numerically very close to the classical Taylor longitudinal scale at large Reynolds numbers. Finally, when both a mean scalar gradient and helicity are combined, the quadrature spectrum, linked to the antisymmetric part of the scalar flux, appears and scales like $k^{-7/3}$ and then like $k^{-5/3}$ in the inertial range.

Scaling of energy spectra in weakly compressible turbulence

We find an asymptotic expression for the characteristic timescales of decorrelation processes in weakly compressible and isothermal turbulence. This result is used in the Eddy-Damped Quasi-Normal Markovian equation to derive the scalings of compressible energy spectra: (1) if the acoustic waves are dominant, the compressible energy spectra exhibit $$-7/3$$ scaling; (2) if local eddy straining is dominant, the compressible energy spectra are scaled as $$-3$$ . Meanwhile, the energy spectra of incompressible components display the same scaling of $$-5/3$$ as those in incompressible turbulence. The direct numerical simulations of weakly compressible turbulence are used to examine the scaling.

Turbulence in a box: quantification of large-scale resolution effects in isotropic turbulence free decay

The effects of the finiteness of the physical domain over the free decay of homogeneous isotropic turbulence are explored in the present article. Saturation at the large scales is investigated by the use of theoretical analysis and eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian calculations. Both analyses indicate a strong sensitivity of the large-scale features of the flow to saturation and finite Reynolds number effects. This aspect plays an important role in the general lack of agreement between grid turbulence experiments and numerical simulations. On the other hand, the statistical quantities associated with the behaviour of the spectrum in the inertial region are only marginally affected by saturation. These results suggest new guidelines for the interpretation of experimental and direct numerical simulation studies.

Mixed-derivative skewness for high Prandtl and Reynolds numbers in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

The mixed-derivative skewness Suθ of a passive scalar field in high Reynolds and Prandtl numbers decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence is studied numerically using eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian closure, for Reλ ≥ 103 up to Pr = 105. A convergence of Suθ for Pr ≥ 103 is observed for any high enough Reynolds number. This asymptotic high Pr regime can be interpreted as a saturation of the mixing properties of the flow at small scales. The decay of the derivative skewnesses from high to low Reynolds numbers and the influence of large scales initial conditions are investigated as well.

Spectral modelling for passive scalar dynamics in homogeneous anisotropic turbulence

The present work aims at developing a spectral model for a passive scalar field and its associated scalar flux in homogeneous anisotropic turbulence. This is achieved using the paradigm of eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) closure extended to anisotropic flows. In order to assess the validity of this approach, the model is compared to several detailed direct numerical simulations (DNS) and experiments of shear-driven flows and isotropic turbulence with a mean scalar gradient at moderate Reynolds numbers. This anisotropic modelling is then used to investigate the passive scalar dynamics at very high Reynolds numbers. In the framework of homogeneous isotropic turbulence submitted to a mean scalar gradient, decay and growth exponents for the cospectrum and scalar energies are obtained analytically and assessed numerically thanks to EDQNM closure. With the additional presence of a mean shear, the scaling of the scalar flux and passive scalar spectra in the inertial range are investigated and confirm recent theoretical predictions. Finally, it is found that, in shear-driven flows, the small scales of the scalar second-order moments progressively return to isotropy when the Reynolds number increases.

Decay and growth laws in homogeneous shear turbulence

ABSTRACTHomogeneous anisotropic turbulence has been widely studied in the past decades, both numerically and experimentally. Shear flows have received a particular attention because of the numerous physical phenomena they exhibit. In the present paper, both the decay and growth of anisotropy in homogeneous shear flows at high Reynolds numbers are revisited thanks to a recent eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian closure adapted to homogeneous anisotropic turbulence. The emphasis is put on several aspects: an asymptotic model for the slow part of the pressure–strain tensor is derived for the return to isotropy process when mean velocity gradients are released. Then, a general decay law for purely anisotropic quantities in Batchelor turbulence is proposed. At last, a discussion is proposed to explain the scattering of global quantities obtained in DNS and experiments in sustained shear flows: the emphasis is put on the exponential growth rate of the kinetic energy and on the shear parameter.

Challenging Mix Models on Transients to Self-Similarity of Unstably Stratified Homogeneous Turbulence

The present work aims at expanding the set of buoyancy-driven unstable reference flows—a critical ingredient in the development of turbulence models—by considering the recently introduced “Unstably Stratified Homogeneous Turbulence” (USHT) in both its self-similar and transient regimes. The previously established accuracy of an anisotropic Eddy-Damped Quasi-Normal Markovian Model (EDQNM) on the USHT has allowed us to: (i) build a data set of well defined transient flows from Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence (HIT) to late-time self-similar USHT and (ii) on this basis, calibrate, validate, and compare three common Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) mixing models (two-equation, Reynolds stress, and two-fluid). The model calibrations were performed on the self-similar flows constrained by predefined long range correlations (Saffman or Batchelor type). Then, with fixed constants, validations were carried out over the various transients defined by the initial Froude number and mixing intensity. Significant differences between the models are observed, but none of them can accurately capture all of the transient regimes at once. Closer inspection of the various model responses hints at possible routes for their improvement.

The signature of initial production mechanisms in isotropic turbulence decay

In the present work the quantification of the time-lasting effects of production mechanisms in homogeneous isotropic turbulence decay is addressed. The analysis is developed through the use of theoretical tools as well as numerical calculations based on the eddy damped quasinormal Markovian (EDQNM) model. In both cases a modified Lin equation is used, which accounts for production mechanisms as proposed by Meldi, Lejemble, and Sagaut [“On the emergence of non-classical decay regimes in multiscale/fractal generated isotropic turbulence,” J. Fluid Mech. 756, 816–843 (2014)]. The approaches used show that an exponential decay law can be observed if the intensity of the forcing is strong enough to drive the turbulence dynamics, before a power-law decay is eventually attained. The EDQNM numerical results indicate that the exponential regime can persist for long evolution times, longer than the observation time in grid turbulence experiments. A rigorous investigation of the self-similar behavior of the pressure spectrum has been performed by a comprehensive comparison of EDQNM data with direct numerical simulation (DNS)/experiments in the literature. While DNS and free decay EDQNM simulations suggest the need of a very high Reλ threshold in order to observe a clear −7/3 slope of the pressure inertial range, experimental data and forced EDQNM calculations indicate a significantly lower value. This observation suggests that the time-lasting effects of production mechanisms, which cannot be excluded in experiments, play a role in the lack of general agreement with classical numerical approaches. These results reinforce the urge to evolve the numerical simulation state of the art towards the prediction of realistic physical states.

A spectral model for homogeneous shear-driven anisotropic turbulence in terms of spherically averaged descriptors

A nonlinear spectral model in terms of spherically averaged descriptors is derived for the prediction of homogeneous turbulence dynamics in the presence of arbitrary mean-velocity gradients. The governing equations for the tensor $\hat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D619}}_{ij}(\boldsymbol{k},t)$, the Fourier transform of the two-point second-order correlation tensor, are first closed by an anisotropic eddy-damped quasinormal Markovian procedure. This closure is restricted to turbulent flows where linear effects induced by mean-flow gradients have no essential qualitative effects on the dynamics of triple correlations compared with the induced production effects in the equations for second-order correlations. Truncation at the first relevant order of spectral angular dependence allows us to derive from these equations in vector $\boldsymbol{k}$ our final model equations in terms of the wavenumber modulus $k$ only. Analytical spherical integration results in a significant decrease in computational cost. Besides, the model remains consistent with the decomposition in terms of directional anisotropy and polarization anisotropy, with a spherically averaged anisotropic spectral tensor for each contribution. Restriction of anisotropy to spherically averaged descriptors, however, entails a loss of information, and realizability conditions are considered to quantify the upper boundary of anisotropy that can be investigated with the proposed model. Several flow configurations are considered to assess the validity of the present model. Satisfactory agreement with experiments on grid-generated turbulence subjected to successive plane strains is observed, which confirms the capability of the model to account for production of anisotropy by mean-flow gradients. The nonlinear transfer terms of the model are further tested by considering the return to isotropy (RTI) of different turbulent flows. Different RTI rates for directional anisotropy and polarization anisotropy allow us to correctly predict the apparent delayed RTI shown after axisymmetric expansion. The last test case deals with homogeneous turbulence subjected to a constant pure plane shear. The interplay between linear and nonlinear effects is reproduced, yielding the eventual exponential growth of the turbulent kinetic energy.

Passive scalar decay laws in isotropic turbulence: Prandtl number effects

The passive scalar dynamics in a freely decaying turbulent flow is studied. The classical framework of homogeneous isotropic turbulence without forcing is considered. Both low and high Reynolds number regimes are investigated for very small and very large Prandtl numbers. The long time behaviours of integrated quantities such as the scalar variance or the scalar dissipation rate are analysed by considering that the decay follows power laws. This study addresses three major topics. First, the Comte-Bellot and Corrsin (CBC) dimensional analysis for the temporal decay exponents is extended to the case of a passive scalar when the permanence of large eddies is broken. Secondly, using numerical simulations based on an eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) model, the time evolution of integrated quantities is accurately determined for a wide range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. These simulations show that, whatever the values of the Reynolds and the Prandtl numbers are, the decay follows an algebraic law with an exponent very close to the value predicted by the CBC theory. Finally, the initial position of the scalar integral scale$L_{T}$has no influence on the asymptotic values of the decay exponents, and an analytical law predicting the relative positions of the kinetic and scalar spectra peaks is derived.