EDXRF Analysis Research Articles

An improved PD-AsLS method for baseline estimation in EDXRF analysis.

Baseline correction is an important step in energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. The asymmetric least squares method (AsLS), adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares method (airPLS), and asymmetrically reweighted penalized least squares method (arPLS) are widely used to automatically select the data points for the baseline. Considering the parametric sensitivity of the aforementioned methods and the statistical characteristics of the X-ray energy spectrum, this paper proposes an asymmetrically reweighted penalized least squares method based on the Poisson distribution (PD-AsLS) to automatically correct the baseline of X-ray spectra. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is used to obtain the background spectrum, and PD-AsLS is used to estimate the baseline of the background. The relative error and the absolute error between the simulated background and PD-AsLS estimated background are used to determine the accuracy of PD-AsLS. The correlation coefficient (COR) and the root mean square error (RMSE) between the estmated baseline and the real baseline are calculated, and results of PD-AsLS are compared with results of three other classical methods (arPLS, airPLS and AsLS) to evaluate the reliability of PD-AsLS. The results of PD-AsLS show that the COR is above 0.95 and RMSE is less than 6. The stability and the practicability of PD-AsLS are also evaluated in experiments. A sample is measured five time to get its X-ray energy spectra, and the coefficient of variation (CV) of the estimated baseline is smaller than that of measured spectra. Experiments show that PD-AsLS can estimate baselines better than arPLS without any overestimation. Those results indicate that PD-AsLS can reliably estimate the baselines of X-ray spectra and effectively suppress the statistical fluctuation.

Determination of the Content of Impurity Elements in Aluminum Alloy by XRF Analysis

Aluminum alloy is one of the most widely used metal materials in today’s society. Measurement and analysis of its impurity elements can effectively improve the performance of aluminum alloy. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) was used to analyze the types and contents of impurity elements in aluminum alloys, and the best working conditions for the EDXRF analyzer to measure impurity elements in aluminum alloys were determined. The absorption and enhancement effect of Al, Zn, Cu on impurity elements in Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn in aluminum alloy was discussed, and the empirical coefficient method was used to correct it. The analytical precision of EDXRF was evaluated. The data show that the average relative errors of the impurity elements in the aluminum alloy are Ti: 7.50%, Cr: 2.48%, Mn: 0.99%, Fe: 3.49%, Cu: 0.44%, Zn: 0.14%, respectively. It shows that the XRF measurement method is feasible and the accuracy meets the requirements of engineering design.

Evaluation of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for vegetal mass-limited sample analysis: Application to soybean root and shoots

Proper supply of nutrients to plants is mandatory for adequate crop production. Many strategies, such as soil fertilization, nutrient foliar spraying, and seed treatment have been proposed to this goal. Currently, plenty of studies in plant nutrition afford only a low mass of sample for analyses, which is not sufficient for most spectroscopic techniques, including conventional energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). In this context, we developed a new EDXRF method for the determination of nutrients in mass-limited soybean plant tissues.Soybean seeds were treated with different types of Zn suppliers (ZnSO4 and ZnO nanoparticle sources), sowed, and soybean roots and shoots were sampled two weeks after germination. For EDXRF analysis, 20 mg of samples were suspended in 1 mL of deionized water, and 20 μL of the suspension were dried on a 6 μm polypropylene film in an X-ray cup. External calibration using a set of synthetic aqueous cellulose multielemental standards suspended in 1% Triton X-100 proved to be a good strategy for quantification purposes. The trueness of the proposed method was verified analyzing several plant tissue certified reference materials. Additionally, soybean samples were also analyzed by using a validated total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) method, and good agreement was found between both analytical approaches.To sum up, the proposed EDXRF thin film method is straightforward and reliable for mass limited vegetal sample multielemental analysis and, additionally, follows the green analytical chemistry postulates.

EDXRF analysis and risks assessment of potentially toxic elements in sand fraction (tailing) of Nigerian oil sands

Elemental composition of sand fraction of Nigerian oil sand was determined with a view to assessing the human and ecological risks to the sand fractions. Soxhlet extraction of bitumen from the oil sand was done using toluene as the extracting solvent. Elemental analysis was done using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry and risks calculated using elemental concentrations as variables. Fe had the highest mean concentration (9453 ± 1477.72 µg/g), while As had the least mean concentration (81.75 ± 17.91 µg/g) in the sand fractions. It was observed that the elemental concentrations in this study were comparatively higher than those of Nigerian oil sands and bitumen, indicating that the larger percentages of the elements were extracted into the sand fraction which is part of the tailings (including water) that will be discarded as wastes during the recovery of bitumen from the oil sands. Close inter-element clustering existed between the elements (Fe and V) and (Cu, As, Nb, Sc, Ga, Rb, Ca, Se, V, Mn, Zn, K, Ti, Ni, Sr and Zr), indicating chemical affinity and/or similar sources. Contamination factor results indicated varying degrees of contamination by the elements, while modified degree of contamination (mCd > 32) indicated an ultra-high degree of contamination of the sand fractions by the elements. Pollution load index (PLI > 1) indicated deterioration of site quality, while potential ecological risk index and modified ecological risk index results indicated very high ecological risks by the elements. Study concluded that the elemental levels were high enough to degrade the environment and cause ill-heath to humans upon long exposure if the sand fraction (tailing) is disposed indiscriminately. Therefore, regular environmental monitoring assessment should be carried out to screen uncritical disposal of tailings during the development of the natural resource.

Harnessing the Untapped Catalytic Potential of a CoFe2O4/Mn-BDC Hybrid MOF Composite for Obtaining a Multitude of 1,4-Disubstituted 1,2,3-Triazole Scaffolds.

Metal-organic frameworks derived nanostructures with extraordinary variability, and many unprecedented properties have recently emerged as promising catalytic materials to address the challenges in the field of modern organic synthesis. In this contribution, the present work reports the fabrication of an intricately designed magnetic MOF composite based on Mn-BDC (manganese benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate/manganese terephthalate) microflakes via a facile and benign in situ solvothermal approach. Structural information about the as-synthesized hybrid composite has been obtained with characterization techniques such as TEM, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, AAS, EDX, ED-XRF, and VSM analysis. Upon investigation of catalytic performance, the resulting material unveils remarkable efficacy toward facile access of a diverse array of pharmaceutically active 1,2,3-triazoles from a multicomponent coupling reaction of terminal alkynes, sodium azide, and alkyl or aryl halides as coupling partners. In addition to a wide substrate scope, the catalyst with highly accessible active sites also possesses a stable catalytic metal center along with superb magnetic properties that facilitate rapid and efficient separation. The prominent feature that makes this protocol highly desirable is the ambient and greener reaction conditions in comparison to literature precedents reported to date. Further, a plausible mechanistic pathway is also proposed to rationalize the impressive potential of the developed catalytic system in the concerned reaction. We envision that findings from our study would not only provide new insights into the judicious design of advanced MOF based architectures but also pave the way toward greening of industrial manufacturing processes to tackle critical environmental and economic issues.

Investigations of byzantine wall paintings in the abbey of Santa Maria di Cerrate (Italy) in view of their restoration.

In this paper, diagnostic analyses on 12th-13th century byzantine wall paintings in the abbey of Santa Maria di Cerrate (Southern Italy) were carried out preparatory to restoration work promoted by FAI (Fondo Ambiente Italiano). Both the pigments and the areas with a bleaching alteration in the frescoes were analysed using the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, the Raman spectroscopy and the scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. In particular, ED-XRF analyses were performed in situ on wall paintings, while Raman spectroscopy and SEM-EDX were accomplished on frescoes fragments. The results obtained allowed to determine the chemical composition of the pigments, helping to identify the original parts of the frescoes from the retouched ones. The work also provided important information about the historical-artistic context of the abbey. Archaeometric investigations have indeed revealed the pictorial technique used for the wall paintings of the abbey, as well as the presence of some very valuable pigments, such as lapis lazuli blue.

Soil Development from Volcanic Ash Based on Different Pyroclastic Composition

Potential volcano in several provinces in Indonesia played a significant role in the formation and quality of soil development. Soils that developed from the volcanic ashes often thought to contribute greatly to improve soil fertility, without regard to the nature and composition of the volcanic ash produced. Volcanic ash generated from the results in volcanic activity has a different composition, there are basaltic, andesitic and granitic, thereby affecting the process of formation and characteristics of the soil. The Objective of this study is to determine the soil development from different types of pyroclastic generated from Lokon volcano in North Sulawesi. The coordinates of research was in 1o 21' 18.0" N and 124o 49' 20.2"E. this research used ARL Quant X (EDXRF Analyzer) for X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Shimadzu XRD-7000 for X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), geology map (scale 1:250,000), topographic map (scale 1:50,000), XRD software, GIS 10.3 software. Soil analysis for texture, pH, C-Organic, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). There are two types of pyroclastic as the source of soil development from volcanic ash, there are; 1) basaltic pyroclastic with 43.26% Si02 that are resulted from the first magmatic eruption and 2) andesitic pyroclastic with 5.09% Si02 that are resulted from the late magmatic eruption. Basaltic pyroclastic contains Fe 37.63%, Al 11.35%, Ca 13.17% and Mg 5.69%, while andesitic pyroclastic contains Fe 38.35%, Al 6.87%, and Ca 8.61%. Rainfall ranges from 2000-3500 mm/yr helped the soil formation and influenced the character of the soil, such as sandy loam of soil texture, 3.08% of soil C-organic content, 23.24 cmol+/kg of CEC and 148.93 cmol+/kg of clay CEC. Clay minerals content of the soil is vermiculite, kaolinite and, halloysite. Cation supply from basaltic pyroclastic influenced the formation of vermiculite mineral, whereas andesitic pyroclastic more influences the formation of the kaolinite mineral. Formation of soil texture with a predominance of the sand fraction is more influenced by the type of andesitic pyroclastic that more resistant to weathering processes.Keywords: Soil; volcanic ash; pyroclastic; vermiculite; kaolinite

Provenance analysis of obsidian artifacts from the Indigirka River basin (Northeast Siberia) and the long-distance exchange of raw material in prehistoric Siberian Arctic

For the first time, an obsidian provenance study is performed for artifacts from the Indigirka River basin (Northeast Siberia). The non-destructive ED–XRF analysis of seven obsidian items from the Buolumuna-Taasa site, dated to the Neolithic (ca. 5000–1000 cal BC), shows that all of them originated from the Lake Krasnoe source, situated ca. 1300 km away. This is a remarkable example of super-long-distance transport / exchange of obsidian in prehistory of Siberian Arctic, and it testifies in favor of extensive contacts of ancient population in Northeast Siberia since the Mesolithic, ca. 6900 cal BC, or even earlier.

Analytical study of Delftware's reproductions

The famous Dutch Delftware was often reproduced in an expert manner, so that based on only connoisseurship it is difficult to come to definitive conclusions about the provenance of tin-glaze objects even for museums with major collections. Amongst others, the French faïencerie Géo Martel was known as one of the largest manufactories of “à la façon de” Delft faience during the early 20th century. In parallel to the analytical research of the white tin-glaze and blue on-glaze decoration of historic Delftware executed at the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, a chemical investigation of Géo Martel's reproductions was set up at the KIK-IRPA glass lab. The study aims to reveal significant chemical markers to authenticate Dutch Delftware. Non-destructive EDXRF analysis was performed at around 40 artefacts, a part belonging to the “Musée de la Céramique”, Desvres, France and another part selected from the collected items after the closing down of Géo Martel's Manufactory. The results obtained for the Martel's reproductions illustrate that compared to original 17th and 18th century Delft, for almost all objects the Coperta layer was missing, the tin-glaze contains no trace of copper but instead zinc was always present and can sometimes be in a high amount, the use of purified or synthetic soda and purified sand has been revealed and in the blue glaze arsenic and bismuth as trace elements of the cobalt colour are always absent and the contribution of iron and nickel was different.

Study on Pulp Grade of Iron Ore Concentrate by Monte Carlo

When energy distribution X-ray fluorescence analysis method (EDXRF) is used to measure the pulp grade of iron concentrate, the parameters such as the location of radioactive source, detector, the particle size of the iron concentrate, and the concentration of the iron concentrate slurry, etc. have a greater influence on the measurement results. In order to more accurately measure the grade of iron ore pulp, the Monte Carlo method was used to study the different pulp grades of samples of the iron ore concentrate under different conditions such as the location of radioactive source, detector, the particle size of the iron concentrate, and the concentration of the iron concentrate slurry. By studying the relationship between different influencing factors and counting rate, the error of the actual measurement time and the pulp grade of iron concentrate can be reduced. The pulp grade of iron concentrate is improved, and the in-situ EDXRF analysis of iron concentrate slurry is more in line with the actual grade.

Optimal X-ray filters for EDXRF analysis

This work presents a semi-analytical approach to answer the question of optimal beam filtering in the case of EDXRF measurements with an X-ray tube. A collection of programs, called xfilter, is presented that is capable to find the optimal filter material and the optimal scattering angle for all possible combinations of trace elements and target materials. The tube voltage can be either set fixed or be another parameter to optimize. The concepts of the calculations are introduced in a general manner and demonstrated with a specific example, the detection of gold Kα 1 XRF within human tissue. The comparison between the calculation results and an EDXRF measurement shows excellent agreement.

A comprehensive study of biofilms growing on the built heritage of a Caribbean industrial city in correlation with construction materials

Biodeteriogens growing on constructions belonging to the built heritage is one of the leading natural pathologies that cause aesthetical and in some cases, physical-geochemical problems in the materials. In this study, for the first time, the chemical composition of construction materials of the built heritage from an industrialized city (Barranquilla) of Colombia have been evaluated in correlation with the algal, cyanobacterial and fungal biodeteriogens present in biofilms by applying a multianalytical methodology. To achieve this objective, samples of biofilms and construction material were taken from different historical and modern constructions. For the mineralogical characterization of the construction materials, X-ray diffraction, Raman microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) were used. In addition, microscopic observations and cultures were employed for the microbiological characterization. Most of the construction materials analyzed belong to calcareous mortars, and others to different types of cement (portlandite, ettringite and larnite identification). The EDXRF analysis through single point and imaging strategies allowed to identify differences in the elemental composition of the external and internal parts of the materials. The role of certain elements in the mortars, which will assist the growth of specific microorganisms, is also discussed in this work. The main biodeteriogens identified in the biofilms were cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp., Lyngbya sp., Leptolyngbya sp. and Ascomycota Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp fungi. These microorganisms promote biodeterioration processes causing aesthetic, physical and chemical damage to the façades of the studied buildings. The mineralogical composition of the construction material together with environmental conditions contributes to the development of biofilms on the constructions and monuments of Barranquilla city. The results obtained in this study will be used in the future to design and implement conservation protocols and strategies useful to preserve the built heritage of Caribbean cities with similar climate conditions, geographical position and kind of construction materials.

Portable EDXRF and Principal Component Analysis for inorganic element determination and provenance of eye shadows

Nos dias de hoje, produtos cosméticos desempenham um importante papel na vida de quase todas as pessoas. Homens e mulheres dedicam muito tempo, recursos e esforços para cultivar a higiene pessoal e a melhor aparência possível ao longo de suas vidas. Um dos tipos de cosméticos mais utilizados é a sombra para os olhos. A fluorescência de raios X (XRF) é uma técnica bem estabelecida, conhecida por sua capacidade de identificar e quantificar espécies inorgânicas de maneira simples, rápida e não-destrutiva, no entanto, não é amplamente utilizada em análises de produtos cosméticos. A fim de se mostrar a potencialidade da técnica, fluorescência de raios X por dispersão em energia portátil foi empregada na quantificação de elementos inorgânicos em 40 sombras para os olhos brasileiras. Foi possível identificar e quantificar os elementos Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn e Bi. Utilizando a análise de componentes principais, foi possível distinguir os diferentes fabricantes. A metodologia de fluorescência de raios X associada à análise de componentes principais provou ser uma ferramenta valiosa para a discriminação e caracterização de produtos cosméticos.

Fingerprinting of quartzitic outcrops at Oldupai Gorge, Tanzania

The African Early Stone Age record, including that of Oldupai Gorge, reveals widespread evidence for hominin exploitation of quartzose lithic raw materials such as quartzite. However, few studies have sought to characterize these rock types grounded on the assumption that they are not amenable for provenance studies. Through the use of macroscopic, petrographic, and EDXRF analysis, we characterize source material from five quartzitic outcrops belonging to the Mozambique Belt adjacent to Oldupai Gorge. Our results show that certain macroscopic varieties strictly occur at some outcrops while petrographic analyses – which will be strengthened by a greater sample size – reveal that accessory minerals may be outcrop-specific. Statistical analyses of the geochemical data through linear correlations, Kruskal-Wallis tests, PCA, and DFA show that there are inter- and intra-outcrop differences, and elemental concentrations specific of certain outcrops. This multi-scalar approach provides a reproducible classificatory framework for additional characterization studies and archaeological testing at Oldupai to shed light on hominin palaeoenvironmental exploitation and palaeoecological behavior.

The Influence of Slag Tapping Method on the Efficiency of Stabilization Treatment of Electric Arc Furnace Carbon Steel Slag (EAF-C)

Studies conducted over the past 10 years have demonstrated the technical suitability of the electric arc furnace slag as an alternative to natural stone in several applications. Steel slag can be profitably used as a road surface layer, for foundations and embankments, or for concrete aggregates. However, a strong limitation to their use is due to the presence of toxic metals (Ba, Cr, V, Mo, etc.) that can be released into the environment in particular conditions, especially for unbound products in which the slag can come into contact with water. Recent studies have investigated the role of chemical composition and microstructure of slag on toxic metal leaching, allowing for the design of suitable stabilization treatments for hindering such leaching. In this work, four batches of electric arc furnace carbon steel slag underwent a stabilization treatment and the obtained results were compared. In two batches, the stabilizer was added directly in the slag pot and the slag was cooled down in the same pot. The other two batches were stabilized during the downfall from slag door to slag pit. Several slag samples were collected before and after the stabilization treatment and were characterized by means of ED-XRF, XRD, and SEM analysis. Leaching tests were carried out in agreement with EN 12457-2 standard on 4 mm granulated slag, and the leachate concentration was compared with the current Italian limits listed in D.M. 3 August 2005 N. 201 and D.M. 5 April 2006 N. 186. The results clearly indicated that the cooling in the slag pot improved the efficiency of the stabilization treatment, leading to a complete transformation of the microstructure by a full development of homogeneous gehlenite matrix and a coarsening of Cr-spinels, assuring better toxic metal retention behavior. On the contrary, stabilization in the slag-pit was rapid and reduced the interaction between slag and stabilizer, leading only to partial transformation of larnite into gehlenite, and also reducing the coarsening of Cr-spinel. In addition, a layering effect was observed, resulting in an inhomogeneous product from top to bottom in terms of chemical composition, microstructure, and leaching behavior.

Proximate and Elemental Analysis of Local Spices Used in Nigeria

Comparative study of the proximate and mineral components of five local spices (Denniettia tripetala, Monodora myristica, Piper guineense, Syzygium aromaticum, Xylopia aethiopica and) were investigated. The proximate composition revealed that the spices had considerable carbohydrate ranging from 26.2 – 53.4%, crude fibre 13.6 – 23.7%, crude protein 5.67 – 10.9%, but low ash 2.41 – 5.56%, moisture 8.61 – 17.7% and fat 2.34 – 24.3%; except D.tripetala and M. myristica with high moisture content of 17.7% and crude fat content of 24.3%, respectively. The EDXRF analysis shows the presence of mineral elements in the order of K ˃ Ca ˃ Fe ˃ Zn ˃ Sr > Se ˃ Mo ˃ Cu ˃ Mn ˃ Br > Rb. Statistical analysis indicates that there is no significant difference (α = 0.01, 0.05) in the mean contribution of the various sample. However, there is a relationship between the constituents of P.guineense and S. aromaticum, X. aethopica, D. tripetala and the elements (Mn, Br) and (Se, Zn). Generally, the findings indicate that the five spices are good sources of nutrients and mineral elements which could be exploited as great potentials for drugs and/or nutritional supplements.

Preparation, Characterization and Optical Property of LaFeO3 Nanoparticles via Sol-Gel Combustion Method

Perovskite LaFeO3 is one of the most useful materials for the application in a catalyst, gas sensors, and fuel cells, etc. LaFeO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by the citrate sol-gel method. According to the TG-DTA analysis on LaFeO3 xerogel powder, the proper crystallization temperature was found to be at 450 °C. The TEM images also show clear crystal formation was started at 450 °C. The LaFeO3 nanocrystalline particles were obtained by sintering the calcined powders at different temperatures (800 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C) for 4 hours. The resulting particles were characterized by XRD, EDXRF, FT IR, and SEM analysis. At 900 °C, the XRD pattern of LaFeO3 shows an orthorhombic crystal structure. The average crystallite sizes vary between 30-60 nm and the increase in crystallite size with increasing sintering temperatures and it may be due to the increase in grain growth. FT IR analysis shows strong La-O and Fe-O vibrations. Based on the XRD and FT IR data, the optimum sintering temperature was chosen at 900 °C. The SEM micrographs show that the morphology of LaFeO3 has small-sized grains with round shape. The optical properties were determined by UV-visible spectroscopy in the wavelength range of 300 nm-700 nm. The optical band gap energy values of LaFeO3 using Tauc’s plot were found to be about 2.45 eV. These results indicate that the LaFeO3 prepared by the sol-gel method has a relatively lower band gap value and so it can have the potential for photocatalytic applications.

Probing the surface composition effect of silver-gold alloy in SERS efficiency

Ag-Au alloy microflower substrates with tunable surface compositions are prepared through simple thermolysis of metal-alkyl ammonium halide precursors for probing the role of surface composition in SERS. The bulk and surface composition of the microflowers are characterized using ED-XRF and XPS analyses, respectively. For alloys, the ED-XRF studies show that the bulk compositions are in tune with the feed ratio, while the surface compositions are found to be rich in silver, as revealed by XPS studies. Efficiency studies on these substrates using the analyte molecule Rhodamine 6 G (R6 G) evidence 30 fold enhancements in SERS spectra with 90:10 Ag-Au alloy microflowers as opposed to the pure Ag ones. Raman mapping studies performed on individual microflowers clearly show increase in the density of hot spots, in addition to the enhancement, with increase in concentration of gold in the alloys. It is critically observed that, the surface needs to be rich in Ag in the alloy substrates for obtaining maximum SERS enhancement. The optimized Ag-Au alloy substrate also finds applicability for mercury sensing in water via quantitative loss of SERS enhancement of R6 G.

Thermal decomposition of Nephelium lappaceum L. peel

Influence of chemical pretreatment in thermal behavior of Nephelium lappaceum L. peels was studied through thermogravimetric analysis, SEM, X-ray diffraction, FTIR and EDXRF. Results of derivate thermogravimetry were deconvoluted with Fraser–Suzuki function, demonstrating that the distribution of pseudo-components is affected by chemical pretreatment, where sulfuric acid pretreated sample (Ras) has not indicated the cellulose pseudo-component peak and the phosphoric acid pretreated sample (Rap) also did not demonstrate the lignin peak, indicating itself to be an effective tool in the prediction of pseudo-components of lignocellulosic samples. This result corroborates with FTIR spectra and XRD. The sample Rna (sodium hydroxide treated) has indicated modifications in cellulose crystalline structure, conversion of cellulose I/II, revealed by XRD. An EDXRF analysis demonstrated that the chemical pretreatment also influenced the distribution of minerals, constituted essentially of Na, Mg, Fe, K, Al and Cl. This change is evidenced when carrying out statistical analysis of the samples, and principal component analysis applied in EDXRF data revealed statistical differences between samples, separating in distinct quadrants.

FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDS, EDXRF and chemometric analyses of archaeological artifacts recently excavated from Chandravalli in Karnataka State, South India

In the present study, eight samples were selected for the spectroscopy, microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Chemometric analyses. All these samples were collected from the Chandravalli site located in Karnataka, South India. The firing technology (firing temperature and conditions) involved in the artifacts during manufacturing due to its mineralogical composition determined by FT-IR and XRD. Through vitrification factors and the high firing limit of the artifacts are correlated with the above results obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The nature of the clay and refractory behavior are explained in detail through EDS and EDXRF analyses. The cluster and factor analysis are used to grouping/provenance study of the artifacts. In addition to that, the elemental oxide ratio is performed to the confirmation of grouping of artifacts.