Ecthyma Research Articles

Identification and characterization of Orf viruses isolated from sheep and goats in Southern Italy.

Orf virus (ORFV; Family: Poxviridae) is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, or Orf disease in sheep, goats and other domestic or wild ruminants with a worldwide distribution. The disease is endemic in Italy, but few data are available about its distribution and epidemiology. In the present study we analysed 32 clinical samples, obtained from crusted scab lesions of 5 goats and 27 sheep, from 19 suspected outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in Apulia and Basilicata regions between 2012 and 2014. Negative staining electron microscopy (EM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the late transcription factor gene (VLTF-1) were used to identify the virus. Isolation was also attempted on BHK-21 cell line. PCR was proved to be more sensitive than EM, as it detected the virus in 28 out of 32 samples, whereas the EM detected it only in 26 out of the 32 samples. The majority of isolated strains forms a monophyletic group; these isolates, according to the VLTF-1 sequencing, are high related to ORFV strains previously shown to circulate in Southern Italy.

Contagious ecthyma of sheep and goats: A comprehensive review on epidemiology, immunity, diagnostics and control measures

Contagious ecthyma of sheep and goats: A comprehensive review on epidemiology, immunity, diagnostics and control measures

Infection related severe skin damage

Infection plays an important role in the pediatric intensive care unit.Severe skin damage caused by bacterial infection often causes acute onset and high mortality, which should be paid attention to by clinicians.In this paper, the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus scalding syndrome and ecthyma gangrenosum caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection were reviewed. Key words: Infection; Severe skin injury; Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome; Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

Characterization of the immune cells response and ultrastructural study of dendritic cell Golgi Apparatus role in ORF virus infection

Contagious Ecthyma is an acute skin anthropozoonosis caused by orf virus (ORFV), which affects sheep and goat. The infectious agent is an epitheliotropic, double- stranded DNA poxvirus. Infection happens via the hurt skin, and causes a localized virus production in the epidermal cells and keratinocytes. This paper characterize the cellular immune response by cytochemistry in ORFV infection and studies the role of Golgi Apparatus (GA) of keratinocytes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 3D models. Twenty cutaneous biopsies in sheep from ORFV infected lesions were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin for light microscopy. Paraffin sections were immunocytochemically stained (DAKO LSAB+/HRP) to identify major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, CD1, CD79a, CD3, TCRγδ, and CD21. Furthermore, a portion from the biopsies was fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde/0.1M Na-cacodylate buffer, post-fixed in cacodylate buffer/1% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Durcupan for TEM. Ultrathin sections were observed and marked for MHC II with 10 nm gold particles. Three-dimensional computer-generated GA models were reconstructed from serial ultrathin sections. Light microscopy images showed keratinocites positive for MHC II and negative for CD1, supporting the idea that Langerhans cells start the skin immune response. Positive cells for TCRγδ/CD3, CD21 and CD79a suggested the prevailing attraction for dendritic cells instead of T and B cells. Transmission electron micrographs revealed poxvirus-like particles. The images of GA showed the presence of large structures with bud profiles in the process of fusing with a Golgi stack and appeared emptying its ORFV content into it. ORFV induced swelling of Golgi vesicles, and perforation and fragmentation of GA, leading to a disorganized structure. Lateral vesicles close the Golgi stack were positive for MHC II, but in heavy infected cells the Golgi structures positive for MHC II were dispersed into the cytoplasm. An increased distance between GA and cell nucleus in infected cells was detected. Computer 3D reconstructions clarify the dynamics of GA in ORFV infected cell. Overall, these results suggest that ORFV targets the vesicular export machinery and the structure and function of the GA might aid to escape cellular immune recognition.

The significance of ecthyma gangrenosum in early diagnosis of pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in chidren

Objective To summarize the characteristics of ecthyma gangrenosum and explore its significance in early diagnosis of pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in children.Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 11 children with ecthyma gangrenosum who were hospitalized at Guangzhou women and children's medical center between May 2008 and Apr 2011.Results Eight cases were male and 7 were less than twelve months,the oldest was 2 years old,all of them were diagnosed as Pseudomonas aeruginosa spesis.Two patients had a single lesion,and the others had multiple lesions.Ecthyma gangrenosum located on the trunks in 7 cases,on anogenital areas in 5 cases,on extremities in 5 cases and on faces in 3.The lesions appeared on day 2 to day 10.On average,they developed on day 5.Seven patients developed ecthyma gangrenosum before admission,the course of the illness before admission was 6 days.Fever and multiple organ dysfunction occurred in all the patients and their cultures grew pseudomonas aeruginosa,blood cultures were positive in 8 cases,the others were isolated psudomonas aeruginosa from tissue of the lesion,discharge,ascites,pleural effusion,respectively.The time of ecthyma gangrenosum appeared was earlier than the time of the culture results reported.All of the patients were started empiric antibiotics therapy on admission,the initial antibiotic regimen was appropriate in 9 patients,8 needed surgical intervention,4 were treated with continuous blood purification.Ten patients survived and 2 died,the hospital stay was from 1 to 63 days,the average was 30.Conclusion Ecthyma gangrenosum is a known cutaneous manifestation of pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis,which is helpful for early diagnosis and treatment,and then the outcome will be improved. Key words: Ecthyma gangrenosum ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sepsis; Children

Participatory surveillance of livestock and poultry diseases in Agidi development area of Nasarawa state Nigeria

A participatory surveillance of livestock and poultry diseases was carried out in Agidi Development Area of Nasarawa State among 123 farmers, 29 of the respondent were female, while 94 were male. Open-ended interviews were utilized where necessary to clarify information that needed clarifications by the respondents; physical examination of the some affected animals and it surroundings were carried out during the surveillance. The following diseases were established in the study area: Peste des peptits ruminants, Foot rot, helminthosis, mite/lice/flea infestation, tick infestation, bloat, Orf (Contagious ecthyma), poison, mange, Newcastle disease, fowl pox, coccidiosis, infectious bursal disease (Gumboro), chronic respiratory disease, African Swine Fever (ASF), abortion, Dystocia, sudden death, foot and mouth disease, Fascioliasis, trypanosomosis, black quarter disease, babesiosis, and wounds. Some of these diseases have specific period (season) of outbreak, while some occurs at all season. Analysis of data indicated that Newcastle disease was the most important disease of poultry, Peste des peptits ruminants was the disease that lead to high mortality in small ruminants, while African Swine Fever (ASF) is the most devastating disease of pigs, and Lice/flea infestation is the most common disease to poultry, small ruminants and pigs, in the study area.

Ecthyma gangrenosum in Pseudomonas sepsis in a previously healthy infant

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia is rare in healthy infants and children. Ecthyma gangrenosum is a known cutaneous manifestation of Pseudomonas septicemia. Delay in recognition and treatment can lead to an unfavourable outcome. We report a case of Pseudomonas sepsis in a previously healthy four month infant with Ecthyma gangrenosum emphasizing the clinical and therapeutic aspects of this condition. No underlying predisposing cause was found in our patient.

Skin infections caused by Stenotrophomnas maltophilia

Stenotrophonmas maltophilia is a nonfermentative, aerobic gram-negative bacillus that is widely distributed in natural and human-made environment. Now it is recognized as an important opportunistic pathogen which primarily infects immunosuppressive population. Multiple organs can be involved in this infection. Cutaneous mucosa infection with S.maltophilia usually results from blood dissemination and direct contact. Clinical manifestations of S, maltophilia infection are various, include primary cellulites, metastatic nodules or cellulites, ecthyma gangrenosum, cutaneous ulceration, etc. General attention has been attracted to the pathogenicity of this microorganism. Key words: Stenotrophomnas maltophilia; Skin; Infection

A case of cutaneous Busse-Buschke granuloma with lung infection caused by Candida albicans

A fourteen-month-old boy presented with a 9-month history of erythema,papules,nodules,abscesses and ulcers on left temple,neck and chest accompanied by fever and cough.He was hospimlized for suspected tuberculosis cutis,ecthyma and sporotrichosis.Hismpathology of nodules on the top of left chest showed a change characteristic of inflammatory granuloma with the presence of numerous fungal spores and hyphae.Under a microscope,a large number of hyphae were also observed in necrotic tissue specimen from the left neck with PAS staining.Fungal strains were isolated from both lesions and identified as Candida albicans.Laboratory examination revealed an increase in the serum leveI of hypersensitivity C reactive protein(14.4 mg/L)along with a decrease in total T cell proportion(40.21%)and the ratio of helper T cells to inducer T cells (26.4 1%).Anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibody was negative in this patient.Chest X-ray and computerized tomographic scanning(CT)showed an infection in bilateral lower lungs.After 3-month combined therapy with fluconazole,itraconazole,antibiotics,immunomodulators and supportive treatment,skin lesions were improved,and the lung infection was controlled after 8-month maintenance therapy with itraconazole. Key words: Candidiasis; Granuloma; Pneumonia

Community-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia and sepsis in previously healthy infants.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia, or sepsis, often occurs in hospitals, affecting mainly children with underlying problems. However, it can also appear in communities, and affects infants and children without underlying diseases. We report eight cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia, or sepsis, in previously healthy infants over a three-year period. All patients were less than twelve months old and the majority presented with sepsis, diarrhea, ecthyma gangrenosum, and neutropenia. The infection route may have been the gastrointestinal tract. Concomitant gastrointestinal infections may have played a role in pathogenesis.

ECTIMA CONTAGIOSO (DERMATITE PUSTULAR) DOS OVINOS

É descrito um surto de ectima contagioso em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul nos meses de junho e julho. Setenta (78%) de um total de 90 cordeiros de 10 a 45 dias de idade foram afetados. Não houve mortes. Também 3 ovelhas adultas desenvolveram lesões discretas na pele ao redor da boca. Os cordeiros apresentavam proliferações crostosas firmes, nodulares ou em forma de placas na pele da boca e junção mucocutânea da cavidade oral. Lesões proliferativas não ulceradas em forma de placa eram observadas no palato duro e almofada dental. Lesões proliferativas extensas, vegetantes, ocorriam na gengiva ao longo dos molares superiores e inferiores. Um cordeiro fêmea de 45 dias de idade foi sacrificado e necropsiado. As principais lesões microscópicas consistiam de epitélio hiperplástico pseudoepiteliomatoso com hiper e paraqueratose, cobrindo a derme ou a lâmina própia que se encontrava acentuadamente infiltrada por macrófagos, neutrófilos e linfócitos. Inclusões acidofílicas intracitoplasmáticas eram vistas nas células epiteliais da pele e da mucosa oral. Pústulas foram observadas na epiderme e mucosa oral. Vasculite associada a trombose era vista nos vasos da derme e lâmina própia. Numerosas partículas víricas com morfologia compatível com parapoxvírus foram encontradas em associação com as lesões epiteliais, ao exame no microscópio eletrônico. A epidemiologia, patogenia, meios de diagnóstico e profilaxia do ectima contagioso são discutidos.

Ecthyma gangrenosum in the absence of pseudomonas bacteremia in a bone marrow transplant recipient

Observation chez un patient ayant subi une greffe de moelle osseuse pour syndrome myelodysplasique. Developpement d'une infection a Pseudomonas aeruginosa localisee a la peau

31. Inoculability of the Pustules of Ecthyma.

31. Inoculability of the Pustules of Ecthyma.