Ecosystem Stakeholders Research Articles

Industry 4.0 and the Importance of an Ecosystem‐Based Approach: An Empirical Investigation Based on a Mixed‐Method Analysis

ABSTRACTThis paper will analyze the role of the innovation ecosystem (IES) in the industry implementation process of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) at company level. Based on a mixed‐method analysis using econometric models and content analysis, we have investigated the implementation process of industry 4.0‐enabling technologies of 123 manufacturing companies in the Hauts‐de‐France region of France. We have showed that the implementation process of industry 4.0‐enabling technologies is facilitated by the complexities of relationships between actors, complementarities among actors, particularly between start‐ups and others ecosystem stakeholders, and the role of regional policies (innovation support). Our quantitative results confirm that complex relationships with heterogenous actors within an IES positively affect the implementation process of Industry 4.0 at company level. While our qualitative analysis has showed that business‐to‐business relationships were decisive, our quantitative analysis has gone further and has showed that the more a given company develops diverse forms of relationships with other companies within the IES, the higher the level of I4.0 implementation‐enabling technologies there are in the company. Both qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate the importance of university‐industry linkage and of business incubators for the I4.0 implementation process, in enabling technologies at company level. A further result that completes our econometric study is the clear identification by company managers of the key role played by collaborative innovation projects and by start‐ups as providers of new solutions in fostering their I4.0 technological development. Therefore, our research calls for an ecosystem‐based approach to fostering I4.0 implementation at company level.

A multi-criteria analysis for the case of carriers having clear visibility into future demand for their freight delivery services

Carriers providing truckload freight delivery services can find value in having visibility into future demand for their services to deliver shipments (a.k.a. loads). In the extant literature, the predicted value of this visibility is improved profitability for carriers. We extend this literature by showing that profit is not the only criterion for assessing this visibility (termed future load visibility (FLV) herein). Through extensive computational experiments, we model the effects of FLV on carrier profits as well as on three other criteria that matter to other stakeholders in freight transport ecosystems: (i) ecological consequences of freight transport; (ii) customer service for freight consignors/consignees; (iii) prices that consignors pay for freight delivery. In addition to providing a multi-criteria analysis of FLV, another major novelty of our work is in showing that the level of inter-carrier competition factors into how FLV affects the various criteria. A particularly significant insight from our investigation of situations involving such competition is the seemingly paradoxical finding that carriers’ FLV possession can sometimes impede better outcomes on non-profit criteria. This and other findings yield the paper’s central conclusion that while the decision to acquire FLV is more evidently justified on the profit criterion, it is not an unequivocally optimal decision when non-profit criteria are considered.

From trusted intruder to real collaborator: Mapping the ecosystem of stakeholders and community assets in a coastal region in England, with a focus on end-of-life care and bereavement support

While policy efforts to promote health through integration across sectors are not new, the 2022 UK Health and Care Act formalised Integrated Care Systems (ICSs) as legal entities with statutory powers in England. This includes a legal responsibility to commission adequate palliative and end-of-life care services, including bereavement support, for the communities they serve. Cross-sector partnerships that leverage community assets are recommended to tackle inequities towards the end of life and in bereavement. However, the nature of effective, equitable partnership remains unclear, and asset-based approaches have been criticised for neglecting issues of power and potentially transferring the responsibility for solving social and health injustices to communities. Aware of these debates, we critically explore the conditions that enable inclusive collaborative relationships and integration across sectors, as well as the barriers that prevent this, within the ecosystem of one coastal region in England. We conducted a system mapping study, drawing on theories of death systems, social capital, and service ecosystems, understood via Service-Dominant Logic (S-D L).Our three-phase participatory, qualitative study involved three community network meetings (attended by 35–55 stakeholders across sectors), a participatory digital mapping workshop (n = 19), and semi-structured interviews analysed using inductive thematic analysis (n = 15 stakeholders across sectors). Digital mapping showed weak or unstable bridging capital between sectors. Interviews highlighted that attending to the relational foundations of integration is essential but often omitted: opportunities and time to understand each other and co-create a shared vision, understanding differences and deepening connections, and, fundamentally, addressing power differentials. Failed attempts at generating bridging capital were linked to extractive relationships, widespread staff shortages and inadequate funding and resources, particularly in the VCSE. Understanding the nature of collaboration and social capital in a locality can support public health approaches which go beyond naïve calls for cross-sector collaboration to engender meaningful change.

Managing Data Sovereignty: An Organizational Competence for Successful Open Value Creation

ABSTRACTManaging big data benefits organizations via efficient and effective data‐driven decision making, productivity gains, customization potential, or innovation opportunities. Data‐driven innovation opportunities are particularly valuable in open value creation (OVC), that is, the collaboration of independent stakeholders who open their boundaries to share data and knowledge to jointly create value they could not have achieved in isolation. At the same time, however, incumbents often struggle with the implementation of data sharing in the broader stakeholder ecosystem. In this exploratory study, based on an abductive qualitative study with 27 expert interviews and three industry roundtables with 19 experts, we explore how the concept of organizational data sovereignty could serve as an organizational competency to address the data challenges for OVC. Using the strategy‐as‐practice framework, we define organizational data sovereignty as the self‐determined and intentional exercise of control over an organization's data assets and show which data sovereignty practices, in line with practitioner and praxis conditions, support inter‐organizational sharing and management of big data in OVC. Specifically, we identify key practices for implementing data sovereignty, such as constituting the special value of data and establishing a consistent value assessment for data. When designed and applied in the right organizational framework that allows for openness, agility, and interdisciplinarity, they enable industrial enterprises to realize the potential of OVC.

ECOSYSTEM COLLABORATION FOR CLIMATE ACTION: A CASE STUDY OF THE ILCA PROJECT

In recent years, the number of initiatives dealing with climate change has increased significantly as human activity releases more and more greenhouse gases into the environment. There is no doubt that the effects of these emissions are numerous and increasingly alarming. Against this background, this paper assumes that climate change requires the engagement of various groups of stakeholders. This engagement is referred to in this paper as ecosystem cooperation for climate action. A feature of ecosystem cooperation is the potential to create a multistakeholder network of new partnerships that can generate innovative solutions to climate change problems. This paper argues that ecosystem collaboration is particularly important for both preventing and responding to climate change. Following a theoretical explanation of the concept of ecosystem collaboration, a case study on climate change and sustainability is presented. This case study highlights best practise examples within a European project entitled “Innovation Laboratories for Climate Actions” (ILCA). Through a consortium of six universities and three research institutes from different European countries, the ILCA project aimed to engage multiple stakeholders in national, regional and local ecosystems to develop innovative solutions to tackle climate change. The project brought together businesses, public administrations, civil society and academia from each country. The findings of this paper emphasise the importance of the ILCA project in tackling climate change through ecosystem collaboration and the establishment of a ‘Climate Innovation Lab’ at the Stefan cel Mare” University in Suceava. Such a lab brings together experts from different fields such as economics, engineering and medicine to find innovative solutions to climate problems. We also emphasise the active role of innovation in helping tourism businesses to adapt to climate change. Innovation and collaboration are crucial to fostering a cooperative environment in relation to climate change mitigation.

Wood-based policies as a driver for the climate transition

Abstract In the context of global accelerating urbanization, the total floor area of buildings is expected to double by 2060, with a significant impact on the environment. While cities made consistent progress towards increasing energy efficiency, accounting for, and reducing embodied emissions for new and renovated constructions represents one critical priority for mitigating this impact and reaching genuine carbon neutrality. Wood is a renewable and carbon-positive material, which can have a meaningful contribution to changing paradigms on net-zero carbon ambitions of cities, but still faces the challenge of an immature integration into urban development policy framework. Through the Horizon 2020 “Build-in-Wood” project we addressed the challenge of translating novel wood building systems, pilots, wood value chains for the construction of multi-storey wood buildings, and promising practices into policy. As a result, we formulate transferable lessons learned, recommendations, and criteria that can serve as guidance for municipalities and policymakers who aim to channel their efforts toward creating a more sustainable built environment by prioritizing wood, either implicitly or explicitly. We achieved this by working on understanding the real needs of cities and territories, the drivers, and the key entry points and preconditions for new policies supporting multi-storey wood buildings and genuine carbon neutrality. Specifically, the findings are based on the close collaboration with seven affiliated cities (Early Adopter Cities in Europe), outlining and integrating the results of (i)Multi-criterial urban planning, strategic and regulatory context analysis, (ii)Participatory and co-design approaches implemented with their local stakeholder ecosystem from the wood construction value chains and (iii)Research of different best practice policies at national, regional and local level from different parts of the globe, that incentives through informative, financial, research or regulatory instruments building with wood. The entire process is presented in the form of a Build-in-Wood Policy Catalogue [1], offering insights on working with Early Adopter Cities and guidance for improving policy, governance, and the decision-making process for subnational governments. The research was not intended to be exhaustive in documenting all existing policies because of the field’s dynamics, but rather to provide an overview and understanding of different policy instruments’ applicability and potential impact.

The Power of Proximity: The Impact of Proximity Between Early-Stage Investors and Universities

Early-stage investors and universities are crucial stakeholders in entrepreneurial ecosystems, yet their combined impact remains underexplored. This paper examines how the proximity between early-stage investors and universities affects the founding rate and success of affiliated startups. The analysis utilizes data from the Crunchbase 500 list for Germany. Findings indicate a positive correlation between the proximity of early-stage investors and universities with higher success rates and founding rates of affiliated startups. However, the results show varying dynamics and partial statistical significance, suggesting different implications for small versus large universities. Should these tendencies be confirmed with a more extensive dataset, the findings could have practical implications for early-stage investors and universities, tailored to their size.

Maximising Hackathon Impact: A Comprehensive Framework for Sustaining Post-Event Outcome

Since 2020, numerous guides and tools have been available for designing, planning, and running hackathons in fields such as software engineering, ICT, and healthcare. However, a substantial gap is observed in the post-event phase of hackathons' life cycle, directly affecting the sustainability of results. This bears significant implications for hackathon events per se, as well as for ecosystem stakeholders, in medium-term and long-term perspectives. This paper addresses the issue of low valorisation of hackathon-derived solutions and assists their direct exploitation. We aim to provide a framework for hackathon organisers, managers, policymakers, and intermediary bodies maximising impact of such events. To achieve this, we investigate the relationship between event-level success and ecosystem-level impact. We draw upon the practices and data from the ENTREPRENEDU project hackathons, a Horizon Europe-funded program coordinated by the E. Amaldi Foundation. This series of hackathons, held in three different countries, helped identify key aspects for further investigation and served as the groundwork to define/frame our research question. We conducted literature review, examining papers and reports to explore how hackathon-derived knowledge is valorised within entrepreneurial and innovation ecosystems. Our research aimed to identify how the already known success factors of a well-designed event contribute to the sustainability of outcomes and assess their relationship. We link hackathon success indicators juxtaposed to relevant factors. While acknowledging the complexity and multifactorial nature of innovation process and knowledge diffusion, we believe that our study advances the potential for hackathons’ greater impact by providing a cohesive framework.

Embracing Global and Local

The paper explores cases of immigrant/expatriate game developers (“game expats”) in Finland, focusing on the influence of global platforms and local game development practices. Results from qualitatively analyzing longitudinal interview transcripts (n=64) collected from 2020 to 2023 indicate that the migration of game expats is inherently bound to globally shared and fast-changing game development tools and platforms (e.g., shared game engines, publishing channels). Thus, an individual’s digital compatibility with global technical practices positively affects the motivation to migrate. Meanwhile, countries and companies each have different ways of implementing game development practices into work (e.g., different terminology, prioritization). The individuals’ ability to adapt to such local interpretations of practices positively affects settlement and motivation to stay. However, despite the pluralistic nature of game development — of both global and local factor’s influence — the incidents of cultural encounters and tryouts were often perceived as a risk amongst game developers. This negative perception leads to game expats’ assimilation and self-exploitative work attitudes. Therefore, the paper calls for a joint effort of industrial and societal game ecosystem stakeholders to encourage cultural competence and tolerance in the ecosystem to nurture sustainable talent pools and inclusive game work environments.

Conceptualising trust and collaboration among stakeholders in MaaS ecosystems

Understanding the factors that facilitate trust and collaboration in Mobility as a Service (MaaS) ecosystems is crucial to the effective delivery of a MaaS scheme given the involvement of both public and private stakeholders. This paper presents the findings of a study investigating the factors that build trust and collaboration among the stakeholders in a MaaS ecosystem and provides insights into the role of regulatory authorities in enabling MaaS developments. The research approach employed the Constructivist Grounded Theory Method (CGTM) using the distinct cases of Whim in Helsinki, Finland and The Sydney MaaS trial in Sydney, Australia. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the representatives of key stakeholder organizations in the two MaaS ecosystems. A conceptual framework of trust and collaboration was developed for each case study to illustrate the process of forming and consolidating trust and collaboration in each MaaS ecosystem. The findings suggest that trust acts as the antecedent and catalyst for building collaborative space within a MaaS ecosystem. Possessing a good understanding of partners’ expectations is a prerequisite for collaboration given the inherent conflicts between interests and goals of the public and private sector. The capability of the partners, prior relationships and open negotiations emerged as the key constructs which form trust in a MaaS ecosystem. It was evident that appropriate policies and legislation developed with the consultation of stakeholders are critical in the development of trust and collaboration in the MaaS ecosystem.

Institutional Dimensions in Open Government Data: A Deep Dive Into Indonesia’s Satu Data Initiative and Its Implications for Developing Countries

Institutional factors such as data standardization, data interoperability, and the ability to include other stakeholders (e.g., civil society) in ecosystems are now understood as crucial considerations in Open Government Data (OGD) implementation. However, most of the current understanding of institutional factors linked to OGD growth has evolved around highly digitalized and developed countries. This study aims to address this gap by investigating open data implementation in Indonesia, a developing country that has been an early advocate of OGD in the "Asia Pacific". In 2014, Indonesia implemented Satu Data Indonesia (One Data Indonesia) as a national initiative to promote OGD objectives. We employ institutional dimensions as the central theoretical lens to unpack the successes and impediments to Satu Data Indonesia’s development. This research dataset is built on 16 expert interviews from government (n = 14) and private (n = 2) organizations that directly contribute to the growth of Satu Data Indonesia, qualitatively triangulated with documentary analysis of key policy and regulatory documents. These new data provide important insights into the complexity and challenges of nationwide OGD implementation and data-sharing. Our findings show that despite its being an early advocate, Indonesia’s OGD initiative is still in the early stages of development, impeded by several policy and administrative bottlenecks.

Farming is not a joke: the entrepreneurship ecosystem of agricultural social enterprises

PurposeThis study aims to work toward understanding the entrepreneurship ecosystem of agricultural social enterprises in the Philippines by exploring the interactions between policy, culture, supports and human capital domains.Design/methodology/approachThe authors considered using an exploratory single-embedded case study approach, involving methodological triangulation of document analysis, semistructured interviews and participant observation. The authors analyzed the data using a narrative approach to map the ecosystem.FindingsThrough the research, the authors discovered that while each domain functions effectively individually, disconnects exist when interacting collectively as an ecosystem. The authors come to know that there is no policy consensus on social enterprise definitions, which limits specialized policy support. Although support services like incubators are available, the authors observed that awareness and accessibility vary based on location and business maturity. The authors also noted that human capital helps translate concepts into frameworks, but research tailored to agriculture and social entrepreneurship is limited. The authors come to the conclusion that collaboration and openness across domains are needed to strengthen connections and synergies.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was geographically limited to Luzon Island, and the authors did not include the finance and markets domains of the ecosystem model in the analysis.Practical implicationsBased on the findings, the authors identify strategies to reinforce connections, such as increasing awareness of support services, developing tailored policies for social enterprises, conducting specialized research and promoting collaboration across domains. The authors are convinced that implementing these strategies can further develop the agricultural social entrepreneurship ecosystem.Originality/valueThe study provides unique empirical insights into the agricultural social entrepreneurship ecosystem in the Philippines. The authors captured the narratives and experiences of key ecosystem stakeholders along the process. The authors have confidence that what the authors found can strategically guide policymakers and support organizations, educational institutions and social entrepreneurs to accelerate ecosystem development for greater social impact.

Making Sense of Legitimacy Across Universities: Ecocritical Ontological Perspective

This paper reflects on research methodological considerations of how legitimacy of publicly funded universitiesoccurs. From an ecocritical ontological perspective the paper uses a metaphor and sense-making techniques to shed light into effective modalities universities use to connect with local economies. The Milky way Galactic ecosystem metaphor is used not only to make sense of the ecocritical ontological stance taken to make sense of legitimacy but is used as a metaphor to make sense of the findings. The paper asserts that the legitimacy theoretical lens is particularly appropriate to probe universities’ legitimacy and connectedness to the local communities they are embedded in. The rationale behind this assertion is that legitimacy is only conferred to the extent the actions of an entity are perceived as desirable, efficient, proper, or appropriate by the ecosystem stakeholders. The theory is thus useful for examining connectedness of publicly funded universities to its local community. The paper argues that the university system that is delinked from local economic development is like a Milky way Galaxy delinked from its Galactic ecosystem. Against this backdrop, the paper juxtaposes Mondragon University, located in a rural part of Northern Spain with two South African universities embedded in poverty stricken rural South Africa. Mondragon University is presented as a hallmark of success when it comes to local community legitimacy. The paper is centered around the following question: (1) how does university legitimacy yield impactful local community outcomes? Using the Milky way Galaxy metaphor, the findings show a considerable variety in local community connectedness depending on bureaucratic arrangements of the universities. The findings also showed that alternative income sources, outside the public purse, just like the gravitational force in the galactic ecosystem, is the key force that determines legitimacy in a university setting. The paper contributes to business research methods by fusing metaphorical as well as sense-making research techniques to bring to sharp focus permeability of the university space to enable local economic development.

Three steps for universities to become entrepreneurial: a case study of entrepreneurial process and dynamic capabilities

Entrepreneurial universities play a crucial role in supporting regional economy and addressing social challenges. Despite the significant contributions in the entrepreneurial university literature, little is still known about the process of entrepreneurial idea development, validation and commercialisation within the university. Inspired by this gap in the knowledge transfer literature we draw on three pillars of entrepreneurial university–teaching, research and commercialisation and explain how entrepreneurial process set up to nurture entrepreneurial opportunities within university develops dynamic capabilities that shape product commercialisation at university. We use the case study of the Henley Centre of Entrepreneurship at University of Reading in the United Kingdom, secondary data sources and sixteen interviews with university ecosystem stakeholders to explain the role of dynamic capabilities in entrepreneurial process for university to become entrepreneurial. The process which describes the entrepreneurs journey comprises five stages could become part of entrepreneurial university curricular and embedding university practices into regional entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Business ecosystem dynamics in the Chinese electric vehicle market: co-evolution of capabilities and dynamics

ABSTRACT Business Ecosystems (BEs) are, fundamentally, interaction systems of independent yet mutually dependent actors, but few studies have investigated the dynamic capabilities among the ecosystem stakeholders that drive the co-evolution process. To address this research gap, this paper explores the ecosystem stakeholder dynamics that influence firms in the automotive technology business ecosystem of Hefei, China. Guided by a proposed BE framework and using an exploratory abductive approach, qualitative data from semi-structured interviews were collected and analysed. After data collection and analysis of three Chinese electric vehicle case studies, the main findings of this paper are as follows. We introduce a Business Ecosystem Capabilities Framework (BECF) consisting of the Business Ecosystem Capabilities (BECs) at each phase of ecosystem development and the Business Ecosystem Dynamic Capabilities (BEDCs) that enable the ecosystem to transform to the next phase. Business Ecosystem Capabilities have four dimensions – Ecosystem Fertility, Ecosystem Enrichment, Ecosystem Strengthening, and Ecosystem Connectivity – with 12 subdimensions. The study provides valuable contributions to academics, consultants, and managers interested in BEs while also extending the literature on the emerging electric vehicle market currently disrupting the established automotive ecosystem.

The Relationship between Supply Chain Resilience and Digital Supply Chain and the Impact on Sustainability: Supply Chain Dynamism as a Moderator

This research aims to explore the complex interplay between supply chain resilience (SCR), digital supply chain (DSC), and sustainability, focusing on the moderating influence of supply chain dynamism. The goal is to understand how these elements interact within the framework of contemporary supply chain management and how they collectively contribute to enhancing sustainability outcomes. The sample size is 300 CEOs and managers. The study approach integrates quantitative research methods. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is utilized to quantitatively analyze the direct and indirect effects of SCR and DSC on sustainability. The numerous surveys we conduct among supply chain ecosystem stakeholders provide a rich picture of practical implications and contextual nuances. In sum, our early findings generally support a positive relationship between SCR and sustainability in and of itself, declaring the need for more resilient supply networks for sustainability. We further find the beneficial impact of digital technologies in promoting sustainability via enhancing environmental control and controlling for efficiency in supply chains. We also offer evidence to show that supply chain dynamism compounds the positive logic between SCR and DSC and sustainability. As a final word, it must be noted that our work speaks to the burgeoning literature on supply chain dynamism as a moderator by examining the direct and contingent effects of SCR and DSC not only on performance but sustainability. By shedding light on the moderating role of dynamism, the study provides fresh insights into the multifaceted nature of supply chain management and sustainability practices. The study’s findings enhance theoretical understanding by elucidating the synergistic effects of SCR, DSC, and sustainability in dynamic supply chain settings. The study augments the existing theoretical frameworks by integrating the concepts of resilience, digitalization, and sustainability into a comprehensive model. Practical and economical, the research offers actionable guidance for organizations aiming to improve sustainability performance through resilient and digitally advanced supply chains. By acknowledging the role of supply chain dynamism, managers can tailor strategies to manage disruptions effectively and leverage digital innovations. Economically, adopting sustainable practices can result in cost savings and competitive advantages. The research emphasizes the importance of aligning supply chain strategies with sustainability goals to drive long-term value and societal impact.

ACHIEVE conference proceedings: implementing action plans to reduce and control hypertension burden in Africa.

The prevalence of hypertension, the commonest risk factor for preventable disability and premature deaths, is rapidly increasing in Africa. The African Control of Hypertension through Innovative Epidemiology, and a Vibrant Ecosystem [ACHIEVE] conference was convened to discuss and initiate the co-implementation of the strategic solutions to tame this burden toward achieving a target of 80% for awareness, treatment, and control by the year 2030. Experts, including the academia, policymakers, patients, the WHO, and representatives of various hypertension and cardiology societies generated a 12-item communique for implementation by the stakeholders of the ACHIEVE ecosystem at the continental, national, sub-national, and local (primary) healthcare levels.

Entrepreneurship and Innovation—Process Overlap or the Same? Systematic Overview and Converging Process-Dynamic Model

Recently, there has been increased discussion of entrepreneurship and innovation as process-based phenomena. However, research on the essence of dynamic entrepreneurial and innovation processes and their simultaneous interactions needs to be more cohesive and well-covered. This article critically reviews prior publications and explores the process approach to entrepreneurial and innovation processes. Structuration and equivalence theory, systems and design thinking, and pattern matching theory were implemented to structure and synthesise a converged operationalised dynamic process model. Exploring different approaches to entrepreneurial and innovation processes by screening 468 publications on entrepreneurship and 527 on innovation and a critical review of prior findings, the article identified only 17 and 13 dynamic process models, respectively. Six structurally comparable models covering both disciplines were selected for further analysis. Both disciplines’ dynamic process models can be structured into five harmonised stages, which can partly be divided into (sub)phases. The article’s primary contribution to the theory is systematically integrating process-based and design approaches in entrepreneurship and innovation. As a result, a streamlined and converged dynamic process model is developed, and the role of the process venue and the entrepreneur or innovator is discussed. As a practical implication, future directions for entrepreneurship and innovation educators, policymakers, and entrepreneurial/innovation ecosystem stakeholders are presented at the end of the article.

Value co‐creation (VCC) and value co‐destruction (VCD) via open government data (OGD): Empirical case of Tanzania

AbstractHaving emphasized upon the potential benefits of Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives via value derivation and innovation pursuits of the stakeholders, it falls in place to complement this line of OGD research in the specific case of Tanzania, a developing country, to support the inferences. Specifically, it is important to understand the manner in which OGD VCC‐one of the hinges of OGD initiatives‐ and OGD VCD‐a possible fall out of OGD initiatives‐happens to pass. Thus, a content analysis of the interviews of 15 public officials and managers associated directly with the management and operationationalization of OGD initiatives is being done to arrive at the conclusions. Thus, the interviewees aver that OGD Value Co‐creation (VCC) may be facilitated on top‐priority bases by consistent marketing efforts by the government as also the partnerships with the key stakeholders of the OGD ecosystem, and, among the prominent Value Co‐Destruction (VCD) factors may be counted the issues linked with data privacy and resource restriction. Literature on OGD VCC is at a nascent stage and the one on OGD VCD is evolving. As an atypical empirical validation case vis‐a‐vis the emerging OGD VCC‐VCD research, the study is an additional contribution to the extant literature with specific reference to the developing country's experiences.

Structuring and determining the influence of stakeholders on the innovation ecosystem

In this paper, criteria for the distribution of stakeholders of the innovation ecosystem (IE), such as subsystems, functional features and positions, are formed. Stakeholder matrices and maps have been constructed for monitoring and identifying trends in changes in the rank of stakeholders in the innovation ecosystem. According to the conducted calculations, in addition to quantitative calculations, their qualitative assessments were provided according to linguistic sets. In the process of research, the method of constructing membership functions of discrete fuzzy sets, as cognitive modeling, was used to determine the influence of cause-and-effect relationships. The elements of the matrix of mutual influences of the cognitive map were expertly formed in the modeling process. The purpose of the paper is to identify the stakeholders of the innovation ecosystem, structure them by subsystem categories, sphere and level of influence, to model the interaction of stakeholders within the innovation ecosystem. Understanding the systemic roles and interactions of stakeholders is critical to gaining a more accurate and detailed view of their contributions. A purposeful approach to building an innovative ecosystem allows you to form stakeholders to ensure their effective interaction.