State Economy Research Articles

THE CLUB OF ROMAN AND MODERN NARRATIVES OF KAZAKHSTAN

Roza Muratova E-mail: rose1950@mail.ru Doctor of Economic Sciences, Chief Assistant Prof. PhD Kazakh National University named after Al-Farabi Almaty, Kazakhstan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-0024 Mariana Petrova E-mail: m.petrova@ts.uni-vt.bg Doctor of Economic Sciences, professor, St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-4312 Dana Baigojaeva E-mail: 020950d@gmail.com ICHR, Novotel Almaty, Kazakhstan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4607-8299 Abstract: The Club of Rome is an international non-governmental organization that unites world-famous scientists and public figures from different countries. The contribution of the Club of Rome is best known for its report “The Limits to Growth”, which was a turning point in addressing the challenges of sustainable development. In the article we examine the background to the creation of the Club of Rome and the contradictions that arise during the club’s activities. We also provide critical statements about the conspiracy theory of the activities of the Club of Rome. The article proves that conspiracy theories and the activities of the Club of Rome do not have a specific logical connection. In the article, we set the task of reforming the economy, the task of gradually moving away from measuring the level of economics with GDP indicators, as not meeting the tasks of assessing the level of social well-being of the country, since the formation of GDP is based on the world price environment of products and services. The main hypotheses of our research are an attempt to substantiate the transition to an objective measure of the state economy. Our article attempts to analyze a new approach to human economics as an element of the biosystem. The article poses the problems of transition to a regenerative economy and management, and notes therelevance of solving these problems for Kazakhstan, in particular the issues of regenerative agriculture and regenerative urbanism. We also analyzed ideas for implementing the principles of the “donut economy.” The work presents the directions of modern research of the Club of Rome and work, in continuation of “The Limits to Growth” 50 years later. We also noted that the activities of the Club of Rome do not lose their relevance and the solution of global issues of global development are of a local nature for Kazakhstan. The use of the research results is possible in the educational process and in scientific research of the world economy. Keywords: reports to the Club of Rome, global issues, planetary boundaries, regenerative governance and economics, social developmentJEL classification: F47

IMPORTANCE OF THE ARMS AND WEAPONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MARWAR STATE

Arms and weapons have always been a necessity for the safety, security for an individual and state as a whole from the time when civilization began to flourish to the time kingdoms reached their golden age. Arms and army to the state were as important as the treasury to the king. So the Research work on the article help us to analyse and understand the importance of these arms and weapons and how they played important role in military, administration, and economy of Marwar state of Rajputana i.e. modern day jodhpur of Rajasthan.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THE ZAKARPATTIA OBLAST IN THE FIELD OF RURAL GREEN TOURISM

The article presents the results of a study of the tourism and recreational potential of small and micro-enterprises in the sphere of rural green tourism in the Zakarpattia Oblast in the context of crisis and instability. It analyses the social factors influencing the development of this sector of the state economy, identifies problematic aspects in their activities that may negatively affect the development of tourism in general, as well as the impact of such crisis phenomena as COVID-19, its consequences and martial law. The authors have identified the factors that have a destructive impact and the factors that would contribute to overcoming the crisis. The aim of the research is to conduct a socio-economic study of the development of tourist and recreational potential of rural green tourism in the region and identify ways to unlock the potential of this sphere of the region's economy, which will be effective for their practical implementation in the activities of accommodation and catering enterprises. Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of a survey of managers and owners of rural green tourism enterprises through a personal questionnaire, as well as an analysis of statistical indicators of the performance of temporary accommodation enterprises, based on official statistics of the Zakarpattia Oblast for 2020 and 2021 and provided by the Main Department of Statistics in the Zakarpattia Oblast. The monitoring covered private peasant farms in the region, namely 90 owners of such tourist farmsteads, of whom 70% were middle-aged (36-55 years old), 58% of them combine employment in the tourism sector with their main job in the public sector, and 6% have their own business other than the service sector. The results of the study demonstrate that the activities, development and general existence of rural green tourism in the region are affected by such destructive processes as crisis phenomena such as COVID-19, political instability, martial law and other macro- and microeconomic factors, which can be overcome or at least minimised by their impact on the tourism services sector to increase the viability of small businesses, which, as is known from international practice, is one of the elements of overall economic growth in the region and the state as a whole. According to the results of the study, the factors influencing the activities of enterprises, the behavioural patterns of owners of rural green tourism institutions in the context of the crisis were identified and mechanisms for minimising and overcoming the consequences of the crisis were developed, such as: diversification of business and expansion of the types of services that can be provided to potential consumers, introduction of an effective management and marketing system, adoption of European experience in the field of green tourism and proposals for improving the legislative framework for businesses to leave the shadow economy.

«Воспитательный протекционизм» и политика импортозамещения как инструмент раскрытия ресурсного потенциала отечественных товаропроизводителей в условиях современности (при участии таможенных органов)

The article proves the applicability and effectiveness of the theory of ‘educational protectionism’ and the policy of import substitution as a tool for unlocking the resource potential of domestic producers in modern conditions (with the participation of customs authorities). Researchers have been interested in exploring the ways of developing the state's economy and revealing its potential for a long time. This issue is especially relevant today in modern Russia, when de facto it has become isolated from foreign countries in many areas. In the current conditions, the role of state participation in managing the development of market conditions is expediently great; objectively, the support of domestic business from the state is necessary, including through the active implementation of protectionist policies. To date, many studies have been conducted, which are reflected in relevant works supporting protectionist ideas as a factor in unlocking the internal potential of the country, its rational provision of resources, and, therefore, ensuring the welfare and development of the nation. For example, the doctrine of the so-called ‘educational’ protectionism of the outstanding German economist of the XIX century F. The List, which has become the ideology of carrying out reforms of such prominent political figures as O. von Bismarck in Germany and S.Y. Witte in Russia, is still relevant today. The article shows the operation of this mechanism in practice in different periods of the development of the domestic economy.

Assessment of the Degree of Nominal Convergence of the Bulgarian Economy with the Economies of the European Union Member States in the Period 2017 – 2022

Assessment of the Degree of Nominal Convergence of the Bulgarian Economy with the Economies of the European Union Member States in the Period 2017 – 2022

Neocolonialism and Imperial Dominance of the Post-Colonial African States

The study examines the impact of imperial dominance on the socio-economic development of the Post-colonial African States. There is a core search to the argument that globalizing the world with developing countries, has grossly embedded a horizontal gap among the nation states. The consequences of these interactions and impacts, have incredibly premised such dominant structures on the continent as they are examined to be colonial legacies. These apparently, control a state of international dependency and a culture of corruption within the new states. Imperialism and neocolonialism, created a structurally weak nations in Africa and beyond. Having incessantly exploited the indigenous populations. The political aspects of the menace, have deeply asphyxiating as these weak political structures which were created by the western imperialist nations, received political and socio-economic functions at Independence, which they are not developed enough to handle. Subsequently, after Europe was through by under-developing the continent of Africa, it simply left. No measures were taken to help Africans migrated to self-governance or to be better organized. This of course, was argued that Africa was not prepared for a modern economy that would benefit from industrialization and it consequently plunged the Post-colonial African States into a primarily subsistence farming economy. Hence, the state of economy and socio-cultural values of African States as at the time were not properly structured to govern as this resulted the continent into poverty and civil war. At the end of the Second World War, Europe’s two major and remaining colonial powers (French and British) found that they could no longer rule their African colonies as before. For reasons mostly economic but also geopolitical and nationalistic, they were not willing to give them up entirely. Thus, sought mechanisms to maintain control of Africa as the second wave of colonial rule. Therefore, came in form of ‘’neocolonialism and imperialism” as these imply the external control and dominance of economic, political, technological, educational and military strength of the continent with respect to a globalizing paradigm. Keywords: Globalization, Imperialism. Neocolonialism, Post-colonial African States, International Dependency

The Concept Of Corruption According To The Perspective Of Islamic Criminal Law

Corruption comes from the Latin coruptio and corruptus which means to bribe and corrumpere which means to destroy. Corruption is included in jarîmah. Jarîmah is: "Prohibitions of syara', namely; Threats with 'uqūbat had or ta'zir". Ta'zir is: "'uqūbat determined by the authorities in order to refuse thinning and prevent crime". Corruption in Indonesian law is: "Unlawfully committing acts of enriching oneself or another person or a corporation that can harm state finances or the state economy". While the terms that are close to corruption in Islamic studies are: "ghulūl, ikhtilâs, risywah and al-fasad and". Corruption according to fiqh is: "It is a jarîmah or a modern and extraordinary crime for which there is no agreement on the terms and definitions. While the 'uqūbat is ta'zîr which is returned to waliyul amri".

Regulating the Element of Harming the State Economy in Corruption Offenses in Indonesia

The separation between state financial losses and the state economy shows that there is a different character between the two terms so that there are also differences in the fulfillment of the elements of state financial losses and state economic losses. The Constitutional Court Decision No. 25/PUU-XIV/2016, has decided that the fulfillment of the elements of state financial losses or the state economy must be determined with real and certain (actual loss). The existence of real and certain requirements that are also applied to the fulfillment of the elements of the state economy, needs to be studied further considering that at the level of law enforcement practices of corruption crimes committed in Indonesia, more is done on the fulfillment of the elements of state financial losses. On this basis, a research was conducted on the "Arrangement of the Element of Harm to the State Economy in the Offense of Corruption in Indonesia", to then focus on analyzing how the arrangement of the element of loss to the state economy in law enforcement of corruption in Indonesia? This research includes normative juridical research, with a statutory approach, case approach, historical approach, and conceptual approach, to then be analyzed qualitatively, and presented descriptively in the form of an article. The results of the study indicate that the legislation in force in Indonesia only provides strict arrangements relating to State Finance, while there is no law specifically regulating the State Economy or called the Law on the State Economy. The legal norm of the definition of the State Economy is also not specifically regulated in the norms of the body of legislation, but is found in the General Elucidation of Law Number 31 of 1999 as amended by Law Number 20 of 2001. The placement of the definition of the State Economy in the General Elucidation clearly does not have the same normative position as the placement in the Article provisions of a statutory regulation. With this condition, it is necessary to reform the regulation of the state economy specifically so that it can then be used as a legal basis in determining the elements of losses to the state economy in corruption crimes.

A 16-Year Analysis of Aesthetic Surgery Volume and Its Association With US Economic Performance.

Abstract Background Historically, demand for plastic surgery has been associated with the performance of the United States (U.S.) economy. Objectives This study evaluates the relationship between economic performance indicators and the popularity and profitability of aesthetic surgery from 2006 to 2022 considering several recessions and the rise of social media. Methods Data was collected from the Aesthetic Society's (AS) Aesthetic Plastic Surgery National Databank and the American Society of Plastic Surgeons’ (ASPS) Plastic Surgery Statistics Report from 2006 to 2022. Procedures analyzed included the most performed cosmetic surgeries, as well as neuromodulator injections and dermal fillers. Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the strength of association between eight financial indicators and case volumes and expenditures for each procedure. Results From 2006 to 2020, ASPS data demonstrated gross domestic product (GDP) per capita year-over-year (YOY) change that was positively correlated with case volume and expenditures across 13 out of the 24 different procedure metrics (54.2%). From 2006 to 2016, AS data was positively correlated with the YOY change of the NASDAQ, S&P500, and Dow Jones in 12 of the 24 variables (50%). This was followed by GDP YOY change, with positive correlations to 11 variables (45.8%). YOY change of consumer-level finances and inflation indicators were less frequently associated amongst both data sets. Conclusion Our study shows that aesthetic plastic surgery procedures and expenditures correlate with GDP. While aesthetic surgery demand may be difficult to anticipate, this study elucidates several factors plastic surgeons may use as a bellwether for their practices.

BASIC CRITERIA AND SIGNS OF SUSPICIOUS TRANSACTIONS RELATED TO MONEY LAUNDERING

Understanding the primary criteria and indicators of suspicious transactions, particularly the sources and methods of laundering criminally obtained funds, is crucial for competent authorities to develop and implement an effective program aimed at combating money laundering and reducing risks to the state's economy.

Analysis of location, feedstock availability, and economic impacts of potential mass timber processing facilities in Michigan

Mass timber, an engineered wood product, offers exceptional strength and versatility as a building material, is lightweight, which makes it easy to transport and assemble, is aesthetically appealing, and offers the potential to reduce GHG emissions. This study attempts to identify the potential locations for mass timber production in Michigan, estimate the available feedstock, and evaluate the economic impacts of mass timber production on the state's economy. Procurement zones for all softwood lumber producers in Michigan were identified and overlaid to create competition hotspots for the softwood sawtimber industry. Two potential locations were identified for mass timber production within the state. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data was used to estimate the annual sustainable availability of softwood (ASAW) for mass timber production. Finally, IMPLAN was used to assess the economic impacts associated with mass timber production in Michigan. We identified two sawmills for mass timber production and concluded that there is sufficient ASAW for mass timber production in these facilities. Producing 12,429 m3 of mass timber supports at least 93 total jobs (35 direct, 29 indirect, and 29 induced) with a total output of $12.52 million in Michigan's economy. Similarly, upgrading the capacity of existing sawmills to supply lumber for mass timber production will result in 34 additional jobs with a total output of $5.63 million.

Правове регулювання розрахункових операцій в банківській сфері України

The article is devoted to the study of legal regulation of settlement operations in the banking sphere of Ukraine. The current state of the economy and its financial components, at a time when our state is under an aggressive military attack by the Russian Federation and the introduction of martial law in Ukraine in connection with this, necessitates a meticulous attitude to certain industries and spheres of society's life. In this context, the banking sphere and the corresponding settlement services provided by banks require special attention from the authorities, in particular through proper legal regulation, and in certain cases, its improvement. Instead, as an extremely dynamic branch of financial activity, the banking sphere requires constant scientific analysis and the search for optimal and effective directions of activity in this area. Attention was drawn to the fact that an appropriate legislative framework has been created in Ukraine, which allows ensuring the proper functioning of the banking system. At the same time, it was emphasized that in recent years the legislative framework in this area has undergone significant renewal and improvement. First of all, the formation of legislation in the banking sphere is aimed at solving the problems arising in this area and related to the instability of the state's economy caused by the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, as well as, what is quite important, the adaptation of the legislation of our state to the legislation of the EU. At the same time, an important aspect in the context of improving the activity of banks, as a sphere that plays a key role in the development of the state's economy, is the use of modern information technologies that allow the banking system of Ukraine to integrate into the global financial space and improve the quality of settlement operations. However, in this aspect, there is a growing need to take into account security issues, which are also related to the improvement of the legal framework covering this issue.

The Political Economy of Status Competition: Sumptuary Laws in Preindustrial Europe

Sumptuary laws that regulated clothing based on social status were an important part of the political economy of premodern states. We introduce a model that captures the notion that consumption by ordinary citizens poses a status threat to ruling elites. Our model predicts a non-monotonic effect of income—sumptuary legislation initially increases with income, but then falls as income increases further. The initial rise is more likely for states with less extractive institutions, whose ruling elites face a greater status threat from the rising commercial class. We test these predictions using a new dataset of country and city-level sumptuary laws.It is unfortunately an established fact that both men and womenfolk have, in utterly irresponsible manner, driven extravagance in dress and new styles to such shameful and wanton extremes that the different classes are barely to be known apart. —Nuremberg Ordnance of 1657, Quoted in Hunt (1996)

The new world order in the safety of cargo transportation

This article analyzes new organizational processes of transport use in cargo movement between the Economic Union countries and China. Nowadays the organization of cargo transportation to the Russian, European and Asian markets is associated with high risks. Growing interstate confrontation of the countries participating in the Euro-Asian market has a devastating effect on the transport organizational mechanism of road, rail and sea cargo transportation. The authors of the study act as analysts of the processes of formation of a new economic order in the security of transport parameters of resource movement in space and time, which determine the efficiency and competitiveness of the production link of regions on the basis of expanding organizational trade relations of economic entities. Today resources, the level of their territorial dispersion and fragmentation, along with the actual location of productive forces and capacities, in many respects are determinants in the development of business and competitiveness of the economies of national states. Particular attention is paid to the development of both external interstate and internal national linear transportation networks, including rail, road and water transport. Combining the potentials of a number of continental countries, as well as the organization of technical and technological interaction between the participating countries with corporate use of resources, gives an undeniable advantage in achieving economic and social efficiency in the development of national states. This requires a comprehensive socio-economic author's assessment of the direct and indirect advantages and losses of the economic conjuncture of the Economic Union countries, Russia and China, as the main participants and organizers of creating conditions for a new economic order. The new economic order in the development of transport communications determines the implementation of a more effective mechanism for using the continental production resources of China, India, Iran and Russia, which are concentrated on the basis of inter-country corporatization of their use and objective advantageous location of national productive forces and consumer markets.

Проблемы и перспективы торгово-экономического сотрудничества Китая и стран Центральной Азии на современном этапе

The article analyzes the development of economic cooperation between China and the countries of the Central Asian region – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan – at the present stage. It char-acterizes the main points of contact between these states, considers the key vectors of their interaction and identifies common problems accompanying this process. Necessity of joint efforts of the countries of the region and China to build the Silk Road Economic Belt as a project that opens wide opportunities for the development of the national economy of all participants highlighted. It is emphasized that the relevance of this study is condi-tioned by the global redistribution of political and, consequently, economic positions in the world, including Central Asia; it allows to determine the role and importance of each stakeholder in modern conditions and to forecast the development strategy of the region as a whole. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that cooperation at different levels and in various spheres (energy, “green” economy, transportation) is beneficial to all parties to the interaction under study and will contribute to both strengthening the economies of the CAR states, expand-ing the sphere of influence of the PRC, and mutual understanding of the countries of the region, ensuring their ability to withstand new external challenges.

COVID-19 AND PUBLIC SCEPTICISM OF VACCINATION AS A CONTROL MEASURE: A STUDY OF EDO SOUTH SENATORIAL DISTRICT, NIGERIA (2019-2021)

The world woke up to a global epidemic disease known as coronavirus in December 2019. Coronavirus also known as Covid-19 has taken many lives and disrupted the political economy of states around the world. Unfortunately, people are still dying of the virus to date. Scientists quickly came up with vaccines to halt the deaths and re-ignite the global economy which nose-dived after the epidemic broke out in China. Despite the presence of vaccines, a lot of people are still sceptical about its efficacy and the motive of the vaccination. This study based on Qualitative research was embarked upon to find out about the high rate of scepticism about the vaccines by people of Edo South Senatorial District, Nigeria. Using thematic analysis; the findings revealed that mistrust of government, social media, vaccine mandate, religion and other multi-faceted factors are responsible for the scepticism. The majority of the residents are against vaccine mandates, they believe they should be given the free will and liberty to opt for or decline vaccination. Hence, it is suggested that the Government, NGOs and Christian leaders need to carry out more enlightenment with empirical facts and introduce incentives to convince the unvaccinated to join the vaccinated queue.

Useful Exergy as an Intermediate Input in a Two-Sector Model of the United States Economy

Conventional economic growth models treat production/consumption as abstractions linked only by money flows, disregarding their connection to the physical world. Nevertheless, the existing literature suggests that energy flows can influence production and links useful exergy prices with economic growth. Useful exergy is energy measured at the stage where it produces an end-use (and is a measurement of energy quality). Not all approaches in the literature use this metric and they often consider energy as a primary input (despite it being an intermediate input). We explore the relationship between energy flows and economic growth for the US through a framework where useful exergy, the output of an “extended energy sector” (where all effects of increasing primary-to-final-to-useful exergy efficiency are located), is an intermediate input for a “non-energy sector”. Together, they encompass the entire economy. We conclude that the share of investment in the extended energy sector grew with the overall economic growth throughout 1960–2020, while the labour share decreased. The non-energy sector contributed the largest share of consumption, exports, imports and labour. In recent years, the energy sector has overtaken it in terms of investment. Our two-sector model has important implications for current climate policy, namely regarding the Integrated Assessment Models on which it is based.

Tracking Weekly State-Level Economic Conditions

AbstractThis paper develops a novel dataset of weekly economic conditions indices for the 50 U.S. states going back to 1987 based on mixed-frequency dynamic factor models with weekly, monthly, and quarterly variables that cover multiple dimensions of state economies. We find considerable cross-state heterogeneity in the length, depth, and timing of business cycles. We illustrate the usefulness of these state-level indices for quantifying the main contributors to the economic collapse caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and for evaluating the effectiveness of the Paycheck Protection Program. We also propose an aggregate indicator that gauges the overall weakness of the U.S. economy.

′Symbols′ as Expression Tools of Islam and Their Usage Methods in Palace Architecture

Islamic architecture consists of religion, politics, philosophy, and aesthetics. The religious expression of symbols in Islamic architecture is also extremely important in architecture. These religious symbols, which are used in palace buildings and generally in administrative places in the Islamic world, are shaped depending on the function of the buildings. In this period, the palace complexes were considered to be the most important structures representing state politics and economy. In this study, the purposes and methods of use of religious symbols used in many palace complexes of Islamic architecture were investigated. While investigating the main source and usage rules of these symbols in palace architecture, the Quran, which is the foundation of Islam, was examined and the dependence of these symbols on numbers was tried to be revealed with examples.

Tea Tourism: Navigating the Future of Assam's Agritourism

Assam, a state brimming with diverse tourism opportunities, boasts rich wildlife, cultural heritage, monuments, and abundant natural flora and fauna. Despite its vast potential, Assam has yet to secure a prominent position on the global tourism map. While recent government initiatives aim to rejuvenate the state's tourism, one overlooked sector is Agritourism, a facet of Community-based Tourism that allows visitors to engage directly with the host community. This study specifically delves into the agricultural realm, focusing on Assam's tea sector, a pivotal contributor to the state's economy and employment with over 800 major tea estates. Positioned as a prime candidate for Tea tourism, these estates offer a wealth of attractions, including century-old bungalows, lush green lawns, and expansive tea plantations. The study aims to explore the untapped potential of tea tourism, proposing approaches for development while addressing current challenges and presenting viable solutions. With its roots in community-based tourism and agritourism, tea tourism not only has the capacity to elevate the state's tourism industry but also positively impact the host communities involved.