Economy Of Representation Research Articles

After a photograph, before photography (takes command)

The best part of a century separates photography's public unveiling in 1839 and its predominance in architectural representation in the first decades of the 1900s. In the intervening decades, as photography laboured to find its place within architecture's representational economy, photographs frequently made their way into print as engravings. Often bearing the caption ‘after a photograph’, such remediated images challenged the ontological distinction between drawings and photographs. Whilst photographs were understood—at least to a certain extent—to be unmediated objects, they required multiple remediations not only to become reproducible in print but also in order to live up to their promise. Engravings from photographs transmitted photography’s supposed guarantee of facticity whilst correcting its perceived flaws; in so doing, they contributed to the discursive construction of photographic objectivity—in another medium.Drawing on a wide range of examples from British and French publications, including popular magazines such as the Illustrated London News and professional journals such as the Builder and the Revue générale, this article argues that by studying engravings made from photographs—with their numerous additions and omissions in the mediatory process—we are better able to understand photography's appeal to architects as a medium than we would be by merely studying photographs. These constructions of idealised photographic images in another medium challenge myths of technological progress, myths that mask the persistent continuity of existing economies of image making. Whilst photography changed the expectation of what a truthful, accurate and useful image should be, extant means were crucial to meeting this new standard.

Effects of categorical representation on visuospatial working memory in autism spectrum disorder

ABSTRACTWe tested whether individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are impaired in visuospatial working memory or in the use of the semantic system, in particular in categorization processes at the service of working memory. The performance of high-functioning individuals with ASD (N = 21) in a visual same–different task adapted from Lachmann and van Leeuwen [e.g., Lachmann, T., & van Leeuwen, C. (2010). Representational economy, not processing speed, determines preferred processing strategy of visual patterns. Acta Psychologica, 134(3), 290–298] was compared to those of typically developed controls (N = 25). In a categorical identity task, two successive patterns had to be judged as the same if they belonged to the same equivalence set (cf. Garner, W. R., & Clement, D. E. (1963). Goodness of pattern and pattern uncertainty. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 446–452), including all possible rotation and reflection transformations (R&R category), and as different otherwise. In a physical identity task, only patterns that matched in both shape and orientation had to be responded to as the same; all others, including category matches, had to be classified as different. Equivalence sets had different sizes (ESS). Earlier studies showed an increase in reaction time (RT) with increasing ESS and, for the physical identity task, a response conflict for category matching. Both of these effects were interpreted as evidence for a categorical code by which individual patterns are mentally represented. Assuming that categorization processes are deficient in individuals with ASD, we expected no ESS effects and, in the physical identity task, absence of a response conflict for these individuals. In contrast, we found individuals with ASD to be generally as sensitive to ESS as controls, and they showed a response conflict in the physical identity task. Thus, categorical processing seems to be intact in ASD. However, a strong overall group effect was found in RTs: Individuals with ASD are considerably slower than controls.

Mission impossible: A reading of the after-death of the heroine

ABSTRACTBased on two articles written by Heather Höpfl [2003, “Becoming A Virile Member: Women and the Military Body.” Body and Society 9 (4): 13–30; 2010, “The Death of the Heroine.” Management & Organizational History 5: 395–407] this paper investigates the depiction of the heroine in action movies through a close reading of the blockbuster movie series Mission: Impossible comprising of five films released between 1996 and 2015. This article explores the relationship between gender stereotypes, traditionally male professional environments and the changing role of the heroine. We consider three aspects of the heroine: her body, her relationship to the hero and her role in the movie’s representational economy. We conclude by suggesting that the role of female characters has considerably evolved in popular culture over the past decades, which is evidenced in this movie series by a shift from the traditional subordinate supporter female role to a more equal view of a co-hero/ine. Our paper builds on Heather’s work and offers an empirical contribution to the use of visual data in organization studies.

Framing Disability in the Indian News Media: A Political Economy Analysis of Representation

This article argues that the amount and nature of disability representation in English and Telugu news media directly and indirectly serves neo-liberal objectives. Disability construction in the Indian print news media may be construed as a product of the political economy of representation. News articles present disabled people as having ‘use value’ in society, ready to be offered for ‘exchange value’ in the market. These insights are derived from a close reading of news articles using framing analysis, which allowed us to explore the underlying political economy of disability coverage in mainstream news. This article situates the symbiotic economic relations established through the media’s consciously placed disability representation within the existing discourses related to disability. It also attempts to reevaluate the available themes on disability and media representation with a view to uncovering the implied meanings of political economy recurrent in print news in India.

Mermaids and the Production of Knowledge in Early Modern England by Tara E. Pedersen

Tara E. Pedersen. Mermaids and Production of Knowledge in Early Modern England. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2015. Pp. xi + 155. $104.95. Hybridity, monstrosity, and difference: these unstable early modern ontological categories are difficult to locate precisely or theorize vigorously. Tara E. Pedersen's Mermaids and Production of Knowledge in Early Modern England, however, deftly mobilizes conceptions of sexuality and identity to argue for cultural relevance of mermaids as objects of mystery and knowledge in early modern English imagination. Pedersen begins with Sir Thomas Browne's discussion of mermaid as a in his Pseudodoxia Epidemica and charts circulation of its representation and conceit. Pedersen notes how it becomes a way to 'think' or picture (3). The introduction highlights several theoretical trends to which work speaks, including feminism, queer studies, and animal studies. Pedersen's research deliberately intersects with these approaches but then moves beyond them to demonstrate how mermaid asks us to reconsider mechanics of seeing and acquiring knowledge on early modern stage. In this inquiry, Pedersen also sketches some of more resonant associations of mermaid in early modern culture. Adorning religious and domestic environments, mermaid traversed many iconographic landscapes and genres, including science, theology, and literary representations. In occupying a position of mystery, contradiction, and monstrosity, Pedersen shows, mermaid is a touchstone for exploring a diversity of early modern connections and forms of understanding. Chapter 1, Identifying Mermaids: Economies of Representation in Dekker and Middleton's The Roaring Girl focuses on urban topographies and figure of Moll, frequently identified as a mermaid, within economies of exchange and sexual energies. Such representations, however, are structured by viewers' perspectives, shifting and altering image of woman--virgin or whore--that one encounters. Moll elicits such contradictory responses and serves as a source for play's engagement with considerations of London as a sprawling urban locale and body of a woman as both monstrous and dissembling. Drawing on strands of criticism that identify Moll as a subversive figure, Pedersen argues that many representations of Moll--particularly as a mermaid--elucidate many signifiers of identity and economics in Dekker and Middleton's drama. The mermaid was identified with siren and often disparaged as a figure who seduces sailors to their doom through beauty and deception. Pedersen cites Queen Elizabeth's Armada portrait and Shakespeare's 3 Henry VI in her analysis of how mermaid disrupts economies of exchange and production. Interestingly, Moll is not only figure to be likened to a mermaid in The Roaring Girl. Sir Alexander, worrying father, is also positioned as inimical to trade and changeable in categories of identity: in cheating or refusing to obey tradition of open methods to exchange and instead acting secretively, Sir Alexander undermines play's London market of marriageable bodies and goods. Like Sir Alex, Moll resists expected roles and rules of commodity exchange. The following chapter, 'We shall discover our Selves': Practicing Mermaid's Law in Margaret Cavendish's The Convent of Pleasure pairs Duchess's closet drama with representations of mermaid in religious buildings in early modern Britain. Regarding singular scene with figure of Lady Happy as a sea nymph, Pedersen argues the mermaid's role is pivotal because she functions as a critical metaphor for pragmatic process of becoming (or self-construction) that we see Lady Happy undertaking throughout play (55). Pedersen begins with a discussion of early modern shifting understandings of empiricism and Cavendish's response to role of women as producers of scientific knowledge in early modern England. …

Pierre Klossowski: The Pantomime of Spirits

Hervé Castanet's monograph on the work of Pierre Klossowski bills itself as the first work of criticism to explicitly engage with both the written and the pictorial œuvre of this very significant, but perhaps still marginalized figure. First published in French in 2007 this English translation has a Foreword by one of Klossowski's foremost commentators from the world of art criticism, Sarah Wilson. Both Wilson and Castanet make a strong case for the importance of Klossowski and for the place he occupies within the field of twentieth-century French literature, thought, and art. Rejecting the idea that he should be considered as an eccentric figure or as a fringe element of literary and artistic culture, Castanet admits the singular nature of Klossowski's theorizing, fictional writing, and artistic production but nevertheless insists, along with Wilson, on the pertinence of his work in relation to the wider industrial, consumer society in which it was created and on its continuing relevance and contemporaneity. Taking as its unifying motif the centrality of the gaze in Klossowski's theoretical, fictional, and pictorial production, the book offers a thorough overview of all of its most important elements. The structure follows the pattern of some existing criticism in that it begins with chapters on Sade and Nietzsche respectively and uses these as a critical and theoretical framework through which other aspects of the Klossowskian corpus can be approached, most importantly the Lois de l'hospitalité trilogy and the figure of Roberte, but also the later writing on Sade and Fourier, Klossowski's ‘Gulliverian’ vision, and, by way of conclusion, the short meditation on myth, Le Bain de Diane. Most significantly Castanet's book contains an albeit quite short chapter on La Monnaie vivante, one of Klossowski's most challenging works, which has received very little sustained critical attention to date. Castanet gives illuminating readings that engage carefully and attentively with the detail of the fictional and theoretical works discussed. When he strays from a strictly Klossowskian language in his critical presentation it is a Lacanian lexicon that tends to take over. (Castanet is a practising psychoanalyst and professor of psychoanalysis.) Perhaps the most original and interesting aspect of this book is the way in which the commentaries on Sade and Nietzsche, together with those on the Lois trilogy, pursue the theme of economy, exchange, and the ‘unexchangeable’. Here the persistence of the Klossowskian concern with the gaze emerges as a sustained preoccupation with that which cannot be exchanged within any system of equivalence: the invisible life of bodily desire, the impersonal corporeal forces which exceed the limits of consciousness but which nevertheless offer the conditions of consciousness itself. Klossowski's obsession with simulacra, hidden divinities, inner demons, and that which, beyond vision, imposes itself upon vision, emerges as the cornerstone of a critique or refusal of the economy of representation and exchange underpinning industrial consumer society. The interest and originality of this book lies in the way it convincingly demonstrates that Klossowski's apparently singular preoccupations offer penetrating insights into the unseen, un-thought, and perhaps even pathological mechanisms of desire underpinning the industrial world of today.

Designing parsimonious scheduling policies for complex resource allocation systems through concurrency theory

In a recent work we have proposed a theoretical framework for developing optimized scheduling policies for complex resource allocation systems (RAS). This framework relies heavily on the expression of the RAS dynamics in the modeling framework of the Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets (GSPNs), and the employment of this GSPN-based representation towards the establishment of a systematic trade-off between the representational economy of the target scheduling policies and their operational efficiency. In this paper, we enhance the representational economy of the target policies in the aforementioned framework by taking advantage of some notions of "(non-)conflict" in the transitional dynamics of the underlying RAS-modeling GSPNs. A series of numerical experiments demonstrate that the representational gains resulting from the presented methodology can be very substantial.

FFminisme Et Droit International : Le FFminisme De Gouvernance LLLpreuve Du FFminisme Critique (Feminism and International Law: 'Governance Feminism' Put to the Test of 'Critical Feminism')

FFminisme Et Droit International : Le FFminisme De Gouvernance LLLpreuve Du FFminisme Critique (Feminism and International Law: 'Governance Feminism' Put to the Test of 'Critical Feminism')

Black Soundscapes White Stages: The Meaning of Francophone Sound in the Black Atlantic

Black Soundscapes White Stages: The Meaning of Francophone Sound in the Black Atlantic

The Bad Patient

Cancer has long been a cultural touchstone: a metaphor of devastation and a spectre of social as well as bodily anomie and loss. Yet recent years have witnessed significant transformations in perceptions of cancer, particularly in perceptions of the cancer patient. This paper is concerned with the ‘struggles of subjectivity’ emergent in this transvalued cancer culture. Explored from the standpoint of the ‘bad patient’, and drawing on media and cultural methodologies, the paper will consider the convergence of medicine, morality and popular iconography as they are embedded in the imageries, imaginaries and representational economies of the cancer culture industry. Of particular concern in this context are the (re)composures of the patient, as liminal figure, caught between clinical imperative and cultural fantasy.

The Currency of Failure: Money and Middle-Class Critique in Post-Crisis Buenos Aires

The 2001–2002 Argentine financial crisis entailed a dramatic currency devaluation. I argue that the devalued peso served as a key site for self-reflexive national critiques, which circulated as a privileged currency of middle-class distinction. This essay engages with the ambivalences of a world of critical practice in which practitioners framed their own critiques as the compulsory labor of a people trapped by a paradoxical monetary reality, posited as socially constructed yet nonetheless inescapable. Tracing the links among disparate modes of signification and evaluation, the essay sketches a post-crisis, middle-class representational economy predicated on these practices of suspicious interpretation.

“Be stone no more”: Maternity and Heretical Visual Art in Shakespeare’s Late Plays

The fierce confessional dispute over the sense of sight and the delusive nature of images which tore apart early modern England during the Reformation, together with its intertwined story of iconoclasm and resistance, dilapidation of images and their recovery, is what marks at the core England’s relationship with the visual arts. How may that collective story of delusive idols and reformed eyes, eradication, and saving from the wreckage, have remained as a trace in Shakespeare’s representation of the maternal in The Winter’s Tale and in Pericles? Obsessively and consistently in these plays a precluded mother determines a fascination with an economy of representation based on death and resurrection, appearance and disappearance. It is my contention in this essay that Shakespeare’s obsessive un-burial of controversial memories of the maternal, overtly or obliquely indebted to Italian art, is ambivalently intersected by the same interplay of forgetfulness and remembrance that recent criticism has viewed as underpinning the forced “social amnesia” of England’s reformed culture. In such a context, I suggest, references to Giulio Romano, Renaissance Italian art, Paulina’s secret gallery and concealed statue, Cerimon’s and Paulina’s art of resuscitating the dead, can be perceived as the deviated and secular forms of recovery Shakespeare devises to fill up the void inherited from exceptional times of prescribed forgetfulness.

Refashioning sociological imagination: Linguality, visuality and the iconic turn in cultural sociology

One of the key challenges of meaning-centred cultural sociology is facing the findings of contemporary anthropology, archaeology, art history and material culture studies. Specifically, the increasingly pressing task is to recognize the sociological limitations of the semiotic framework laid bare by those disciplines. The traditional structuralist focus on discursive codes and the assumption of arbitrariness of cultural sign is of limited service in understanding the power of complex representational economies and especially in the task of explaining its variability. The language- and communication-centred framework downplays the fact that many signifiers credited with causal social power are inescapably embedded in open-ended but not arbitrary patterns of material signification. There is ample evidence delivered by the recent studies within the aforementioned fields that such signifiers are ‘not just the garb of meaning’, to use the insightful phrase of Webb Keane. Rather, the significatory patterns and their material and sensuous entanglements co-constitute meanings that inform social action. Therefore, more integrative and multidimensional models of culture in action are needed. Some specific explanatory models have been explicitly formulated by a series of intertwined conceptual ‘turns’ in human sciences: material, performative, spatial and iconic, among others. By showing that meanings are always embedded in and enacted by the concrete assemblages of materiality and corporeality, they enable sociologists to transcend the linguistic bias of classical structuralist hermeneutics. This paper discusses the importance of iconicity for developing such an integrative perspective without abandoning some constitutive insights of the linguistic turn. I focus on the transformative works of contemporary scholars like Daniel Miller, Webb Keane, Ian Hodder, and Jeffrey Alexander, as well as on my own research, to illustrate the implications of the aforementioned paradigmatic ‘turns’. In particular, I aim at elaborating a key principle of material culture studies: different orders of semiosis are differently subject to determination and/or autonomous logic of the cultural text. As a result, differently structured signifiers are responsive to distinct modes of ‘social construction’ and historical transformation. We need to keep paying attention to the Austinian question of how to do things with words, but we cannot keep doing it as if things social were at the same time not done with images, objects, places, and bodies and all that their specific character and use imply. Fleshing out the so-expanded sociological imagination helps us to activate the full potential of understanding and explanation that the concept of culture possesses, and thus, to decisively turn culture on.

Book review: Happiness as Enterprise: An Essay on Neoliberal Life, by Sam Binkley

Sam Binkley Happiness as Enterprise: An Essay on Neoliberal Life, State University of New York Press: New York, 2014; 208 pp: 9781438449852 The question of neoliberal life is, as Sam Binkley's insightful book makes clear, the question of a life that is worth living: it is the question of the temporality of happiness, of the communities in which its habitual forms are realised, and of the strategies of governance through which the happiness of human beings is coordinated with their power to capitalise the world in which they live. Binkley's contention is that the neoliberal regime, as it has evolved in advanced industrial societies, has performed a miracle: the pursuit of happiness has been totally integrated into the systems of hyper-productivity and hyper-consumption that are the drivers of the global economy. Each one of us has become a nodal point in the protentive organisation of social, economic and political institutions; each one of us is locked into a system of isolated, egoistic self-improvement (being thinner, or more muscular, or better in bed, or publishing more, or moving to a better area) whose strategic significance lies in the indefinite extension of individual desire. Binkley contends that this discursive construction of happiness as remorseless self-improvement should be conceived as constituting the subjective space, or fold, through which the dynamics of capitalisation have transformed the world. Binkley's analysis presents a detailed re-reading of Michel Foucault's account of biopower, which focuses on the way in which disciplinary practice has mutated into a technical discourse through which the body and its organic satisfactions have been colonised by political and economic strategies. The state no longer controls the populace through direct coercion and repressive surveillance; the desire of its subjects has been dispersed across an infinite plurality of schemes, projects and life choices that arise from the evolving relationship between capitalism and biopower. The 're-timing' of the body that the state achieved as a prelude to the emergence of the commodity form, therefore, has been transformed by the neoliberal organisation of the market around the constant extension of individual desire. The state is no longer the explicit form of the habitus that is realised in the institutional body of society: it has become a mechanism whose primary function is to protect the emotional, physical and cognitive resources that are mobilised in the pursuit of an infinitely futural happiness. This task is, as Binkley points out, an impossible one. The ethos of neoliberalism demands non-interference in the life of the individual: each of us has an absolute right to pursue our dreams in any way we see fit, as long as those dreams are not socially damaging, perverse or self-destructive. Without this, the neoliberal doctrine of happiness is nothing, for its power to mobilise human capital would be lost to the inertial effects of culture, history and reflection. And so the functions of the state are reduced to framing strategies that fit with the neoliberal demand for ceaseless performativity: fitness for all, healthy eating for all, lifetime learning for all, extended working life for all. It is this double bind, this complicity of governance with the discourse of happiness through constant self-improvement, which threatens the asphyxiation of life under the neoliberal regime. For once the pulsions, affects and intentions that constitute the fold of human subjectivity have been made to respond only to the codes of economic performativity, the way to happiness also becomes the way to isolation, anxiety and depression. Binkley's analysis therefore returns us to the question of what constitutes a life worth living--a life that could resist the double bind in which the subjective economy of reason, representation and affect has been colonised by the regime of hyper-performativity. …

Lesbians, tea, and the vernacular of fluids

In Go Fish, Rose Troche and Guinevere Turner's seminal lesbian film from 1994, one of the protagonists complains that the woman who her friends want to set her up with has cupboards of herbal tea and no sex appeal. In the course of the film, the women end up together, but the joke/not-joke about lesbians and their fondness for herbal tea remains. What can we make of this conjunction? What does the linkage of tea and lesbianism connote and how does tea function within representational economies of lesbianism? On the one hand, tea functions as prelude to eroticism and codes for the opacity of lesbian sex. On the other hand, it also works to consolidate stereotypes about lesbianism. In this essay, the author explores the factors that make this almost joke possible – the gendering of tea as feminine, stereotypes about lesbian feminism – and examine ways in which it has been deployed as a form of lesbian shorthand. In working to understand why tea has evoked this stereotype, a sense of American counter-cultures, Orientalism, and historical memory come together to paint second-wave lesbian feminism as out of touch, politically inactive, and intimidated by sex. But what alternatives might tea open towards? Focusing on tea, then, gives us access to economies of desire and pleasure that both build on perceptions of radical feminism and expands upon it by establishing a vernacular of fluids, taste, and tactility.

Real Women Aren't Shiny (or Plastic): The Adolescent Female Body in YA Fantasy

In this article I explore how mythopoeic Young Adult (YA) fantasy offers examples of living and being an adolescent female body that challenge the dominant, hegemonic discourses dictating the adolescent girl's appearance in the West's imagesaturated culture. I begin by establishing the features of mythopoeic YA fantasy, before looking at Daine in Tamora Pierce's Immortals quartet and Cinder(ella) in Marissa Meyer's The Lunar Chronicles. Daine's shape-shifting body and Cinder's cybernetic one offer bodily change as an integral part of the (adolescent female) body, as opposed to the fixed perfection required by the fantasy femininity on offer in popular culture, including print, televisual, and social media. Employing a reading of touch in order to explore the multiplicity that is available on, and through, these bodies, I question the representational economy dominating the hegemonic discursive construction of the adolescent girl.

The Painting of Modern Light: Local Color Before Regionalism

Schroeder’s essay works to draw critical attention to the aesthetic history of local color, and, more broadly, to the underrecognized relation between local color and realism. In returning local color to its long aesthetic history within painting, Schroeder argues that its primary purpose within realism was not the delineation of regions, but rather the production of an affective and aesthetic engagement with the cosmopolitan project of self-cultivation. The local-color detail was generally not used as a representative detail of a place, but rather, by the late-nineteenth century, as an indexical trace of the invisible truths of an object, and particularly the invisible processes that made human populations distinctive. By bringing this attention to local color’s color, Schroeder aims to move critical debates away from considerations of place-based content of local-color stories and toward a recognition of how local color constituted an aesthetic that could be configured in radically antithetical ways by an archrealist like Mary Murfree and an impressionist like Hamlin Garland. Ultimately, local color helps us see realism not as an indiscriminate, antiliterary, transparent representation of the world, but rather as a highly discriminating, distinctive style that was consistently engaged with the twin principles of human self-cultivation and the neoclassical economy of representation. The example of Garland’s Crumbling Idols has proven so illuminating for this essay precisely because of how it reacts against this formation, as well as how it suggests an alternative, unconscious receptivity to the detail that foreshadows American modernism and regionalism.

Mobilizing voices and evaluations across representational boundaries – equitably and adequatively

Within the current social scientific trend of studying globalization, border crossing, and cosmopolitanism, we continue to struggle against our own complicity in maintaining an unequal representational economy. This article responds to Blommaert's (2010) proposal for a new approach to ``the sociolinguistics of globalization'' by applying his conceptual framework to the analysis of a multi-vocalic performance in Central Java, Indonesia. Data collected using participant observation and structured interviews demonstrate how vocal performances constructing diverse identities are performed and perceived adequatively in their original context. The mobilization of these examples of naturally occurring cosmopolitanism into an academic text in English provides the opportunity for critical reflection on our practices of presentation and analysis of the semiotics of others' identity practices. This exercise has implications for how to better retain the values and functions accorded to linguistic resources in their local contexts when we mobilize them across representational boundaries in sociolinguistic work.

Structural Counterfactuals: A Brief Introduction

Recent advances in causal reasoning have given rise to a computational model that emulates the process by which humans generate, evaluate, and distinguish counterfactual sentences. Contrasted with the "possible worlds" account of counterfactuals, this "structural" model enjoys the advantages of representational economy, algorithmic simplicity, and conceptual clarity. This introduction traces the emergence of the structural model and gives a panoramic view of several applications where counterfactual reasoning has benefited problem areas in the empirical sciences.

Robust Extrema Features for Time-Series Data Analysis

The extraction of robust features for comparing and analyzing time series is a fundamentally important problem. Research efforts in this area encompass dimensionality reduction using popular signal analysis tools such as the discrete Fourier and wavelet transforms, various distance metrics, and the extraction of interest points from time series. Recently, extrema features for analysis of time-series data have assumed increasing significance because of their natural robustness under a variety of practical distortions, their economy of representation, and their computational benefits. Invariably, the process of encoding extrema features is preceded by filtering of the time series with an intuitively motivated filter (e.g., for smoothing), and subsequent thresholding to identify robust extrema. We define the properties of robustness, uniqueness, and cardinality as a means to identify the design choices available in each step of the feature generation process. Unlike existing methods, which utilize filters "inspired" from either domain knowledge or intuition, we explicitly optimize the filter based on training time series to optimize robustness of the extracted extrema features. We demonstrate further that the underlying filter optimization problem reduces to an eigenvalue problem and has a tractable solution. An encoding technique that enhances control over cardinality and uniqueness is also presented. Experimental results obtained for the problem of time series subsequence matching establish the merits of the proposed algorithm.