Economy Of Effort Research Articles

Economy of Effort or Sophisticated Programming? The Prevalence of Bidirectional Promoter Complexes in the Human Genome.

An abundance of antisense promoters in the vicinity of the transcriptional start site of coding genes suggests that they play an important role in gene regulation. The divergent transcription of housekeeping genes by a common central promoter region allows for coordinated regulation of genes in related pathways and is also linked to higher promoter activity. However, closely positioned transcription start sites can also result in competition between overlapping promoter elements and generate a binary switch element. Furthermore, the direct competition resulting from the presence of an antisense promoter immediately downstream of the transcription start site of the gene produces an element that can exist in only one of two stable transcriptional states: sense or antisense. In this review, we summarize analyses of the prevalence of antisense transcription in higher eukaryotes and viruses, with a focus on the antisense promoters competing with the promoters of coding genes. The structures of bidirectional promoters driving the simultaneous expression of housekeeping genes are compared with examples of human bidirectional elements that have been shown to act as switches. Since many bidirectional elements contain a noncoding RNA as the divergent transcript, we describe examples of functional noncoding antisense transcripts that affect the epigenetic landscape and alter the expression of their host gene. Finally, we discuss opportunities for additional research on competing sense/antisense promoters, uncovering their potential role in programming cell differentiation.

The Level of Time Management in the Administrative Bodies of the Club Participating in Volleyball: An Analytical Study

Sports management has components and basics, the most important of which is time. One of the responsibilities of administrative work is to use the poles and the economy of effort in all facets of the work, and one of the unavoidable priorities has been time management. In the conventional sense, the significance of this research is examining the degree of time management exhibited by the club's administrative bodies that play volleyball. Among the most prominent of these problems is the weakness of time management, how to invest this energy, and scheduling administrative work according to a programmed curriculum. Among the goals of this study is to build and implement the time management form for the administrative bodies of clubs participating in volleyball and learn about the level of time management of the administrative bodies of the participating clubs in volleyball. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the surveying study method because it is closest to dealing with the research problem. The research community represents the first-class volleyball club players, which included (150) players. The sample was divided into two parts, which included the Building sample and the application sample. The construction sample number was (100) players, and the application sample number was (50) players. The findings exposed a serious flaw in the administrative structures of the volleyball league's participating teams. It is advised that the administrative staffs of the volleyball league's participating teams pay close attention to time management.

Model Life Skill Berbasis Potensi Ekonomi Lokal Bagi Mantan Penderita Kusta Sebagai Upaya Pengentasan Kemiskinan

Today there has been found 69 leprosy colony at 21 province in Indonesia. This reflects that discrimination is still high. “The settlement of Leprosy is exist because they are afraid return to their society, so they will feel saver if they colonize and live in the community. They are increasingly underdeveloped, abandoned and discriminated. Unfortunately, there are a lot of society living in poverty, so this disease still emerges. Socioeconomic has the main role that’s why this disease is more experienced in poor people than the rich. 
 The study want to review comprehensively about Life Skill Implementation Model based local economy in effort to poverty alleviation for former leprosy in East Java and review the relationship causal factors which influence either related to life education/ability problem or poverty one.
 The result of the study in the first year are: giving chance and increasing the ability of poor people to former leprosy concerning: the easiness to obtain resources, increasing life skill, the utilization of technological process, utilizing the market continuously, and getting services from other financing process.
 Life Skill Implementation Model based on Local Economic potential as following: insight, paradigm and mental attitude of learning resident is increased so they able to optimize their own potential, change the challenge to increase their living. The increasing of quality facilitation toward the education program implementation of life skill is to supervise the program so the purpose will be achieved, accompaniment model is developed to support life skill education program, optimize the role in every department to implement and develop life skill program as with characteristic and region potential.

The Dance and Movement Work of Jennifer Pike Cobbing: Economies of Effort and Vitality Dynamics

Jennifer Pike (1920-2016) was a major artist whose practice traversed the disciplines of painting, drawing, sculpture, textiles, ceramics, photography, jewellery-making, poetry and performance. Although a fuller appreciation of the scale and range of her achievements has been recently enabled by the making of a film about her life and work by Holly Antrum (Catalogue, 2013) and the publication of two volumes of selected works by Veer books (The Conglomerization of Wot and Scrunch, both 2010), her work has still yet to be the subject of extended academic consideration. One aspect of Pike's practice which is of particular interest to my larger project of examining the relationships between poetry and movement (2011, 2012, 2013), is her dance and movement work which was often conducted in the context of collaborative performance with sound and visual poet Bob Cobbing and musicians such as Veryan Weston, Lol Coxhill and Hugh Metcalfe. This article introduces this aspect of Pike's practice and offers some theoretical framing from Dee Reynolds' work on economies of effort (2007) and Daniel Stern's work on vitality dynamics (2010) before analysing recordings of performances from 2002 and 2007. An earlier draft of this article was presented as a paper at 'Outside-in / Inside-out: A Festival of Outside and Subterranean Poetry' at the University of Glasgow, 5-8 October, 2016. See Ellen Dillon's conference report in JBIIP 9.1. This article is dedicated to the memory of Jennifer Pike.

Information behaviour in bidirectional translators: focus on online resources

ABSTRACT Effective information behaviour is crucial in all translation competence models but our understanding of how information skills develop and how translators interact with information found in online resources is still limited. In this article we focus on information behaviour (needs and use) of bidirectional translators who frequently translate into their native (L1) and their non-native language (L2). The theoretical underpinnings come from information studies: (1) information is needed when cognitive uncertainty arises and – when found – it allows the translator to make an informed decision; (2) translators are driven by economy of effort and will minimise the cost of searching for information. The empirical evidence comes from a study of 30 professional bidirectional translators who translated two texts into their native language of low diffusion (Polish) and into their non-native major language (English). A close analysis of their information behaviour included data obtained by keylogging, eye-tracking and screen recording, and showed that using online resources adds more cognitive effort when translators work into their L2. We use the results to draft a model of information behaviour which shows how the use of online resources is affected by the translation direction.

Economy of Effort or Maximum Rate of Information? Exploring Basic Principles of Articulatory Dynamics.

Economy of effort, a popular notion in contemporary speech research, predicts that dynamic extremes such as the maximum speed of articulatory movement are avoided as much as possible and that approaching the dynamic extremes is necessary only when there is a need to enhance linguistic contrast, as in the case of stress or clear speech. Empirical data, however, do not always support these predictions. In the present study, we considered an alternative principle: maximum rate of information, which assumes that speech dynamics are ultimately driven by the pressure to transmit information as quickly and accurately as possible. For empirical data, we asked speakers of American English to produce repetitive syllable sequences such as wawawawawa as fast as possible by imitating recordings of the same sequences that had been artificially accelerated and to produce meaningful sentences containing the same syllables at normal and fast speaking rates. Analysis of formant trajectories shows that dynamic extremes in meaningful speech sometimes even exceeded those in the nonsense syllable sequences but that this happened more often in unstressed syllables than in stressed syllables. We then used a target approximation model based on a mass-spring system of varying orders to simulate the formant kinematics. The results show that the kind of formant kinematics found in the present study and in previous studies can only be generated by a dynamical system operating with maximal muscular force under strong time pressure and that the dynamics of this operation may hold the solution to the long-standing enigma of greater stiffness in unstressed than in stressed syllables. We conclude, therefore, that maximum rate of information can coherently explain both current and previous empirical data and could therefore be a fundamental principle of motor control in speech production.

Technical Sense and its Impacts on Accuracy of Response and Economy of Effort in Professional Algerian Soccer Players

Technical Sense and its Impacts on Accuracy of Response and Economy of Effort in Professional Algerian Soccer Players

Assimilation in Selected Texts of Holy Quran: A Phonological Study

Assimilation is a phonological, linguistic phenomenon. Assimilation is a change may occur between words or within a word when one speech sound comes to resemble or become identical with a neighboring sound. By heraldically swift speech, adjoining consonant sounds often influence one another to produce changes embedding modification in voicing, place of articulation, or in both voicing and place (Majeed& Mahmad, 1997 : 124). The main reason behind this change is the tendency of the speaker towards ease of articulation and/ or economy of effort. The study aims to contrast assimilation in Classical Arabic and Standard English in order to identify the different and similar patterns in the two languages.

Surface structure and tribology of legless squamate reptiles.

Squamate reptiles (around 10,000 species of snakes and lizards) comprise a myriad of distinct terrestrial vertebrates. The diversity within this biological group offers a great opportunity for customized bio-inspired solutions that address a variety of current technological problems especially within the realm of surface engineering and tribology. One subgroup within squamata is of interest in that context, namely the legless reptiles (mainly snakes and few lizards). The promise of that group lies within their functional adaptation as manifested in optimized surface designs and locomotion that is distinguished by economy of effort even when functioning within hostile tribological environments. Legless reptiles are spread over a wide range in the planet, this geographical diversity demands customized response to local habitats. Customization, in turn, is facilitated through specialized surface design features. In legless reptiles, micro elements of texture, their geometry and topological layout advance mitigation of frictional effects both in locomotion and in general function. Lately, the synergy between functional traits and intrinsic surface features has emerged as focus of research across disciplines. Many investigations have sought to characterize the structural as well as the tribological response of legless species from an engineering point of view. Despite the sizable amount of data that have accumulated in the literature over the past two decades or so, no effort to review the available information, whence this review. This manuscript, therefore, endeavors to assess available data on surface metrology and tribological behavior of legless reptiles and to define aspects of that performance necessary to formulate an advanced paradigm for bio-inspired surface engineering.

Biochemical and functional modifications in biathlon athletes at medium altitude training / Modificările biochimice și funcționale ale atleților biatloniști după antrenament la altitudine medie

Abstract Objective: The aim of our research was to identify physiological and biochemical changes induced by training at medium altitude. Methods: Ten biathlon athletes underwent 28-day training camp at medium altitude in order to improve their aerobic effort, following the living high-base train high-interval train low (Hi-Hi-Lo) protocol. There were investigated three categories of functional and biochemical parameters, targeting the hematological changes (RBC, HCT, HGB), the oxidative (lipoperoxid, free malondialdehyde and total malondialdehyde) and antioxidative balance (the hydrogen donor capacity, ceruloplasmin and uric acid) and the capacity of effort (the maximum aerobic power, the cardiovascular economy in effort, the maximum O2 consumption). Results: All the biochemical and functional evaluated parameters showed significant increases between the pre-training testing and post-training testing (5.13 ± 0.11 vs. 6.50 ± 0.09, p < 0.0001 for RBC; 44.80 ± 1.22 vs. 51.31 ± 2.31, p < 0.0001 for HCT; 15.06 ± 0.33 vs. 17.14 ± 0.25, p < 0.0001 for HGB; 1.32 ± 0.04 vs.1.62 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001 for LPx; 1.61 ± 0.01 vs. 1.73 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001 for free MDA; 2.98 ± 0.08 vs. 3.37 ± 0.03, p < 0.0001 for total MDA; 45.92 ± 0.13 vs. 57.98 ± 0.12, p < 0.0001 for HD; 25.95 ± 0.13 vs. 31.04 ± 0.06, p < 0.0001 for Crp; 3.47 ± 0.03 vs.7.69 ± 0.02, p < 0.0001 for UA; 63.91 ± 1.00 vs. 81.53 ± 1.97, p < 0.0001 for MAP; 33.13 ± 0.57 vs. 57.41 ± 0.63, p < 0.0001 for CVEE; 4190 ± 50.45 vs. 5945 ± 46.48, p < 0.0001 for VO2max). Conclusions: Aerobic effort capacity of biathlon athletes has increased in the post-training period, using Hi-Hi-Lo protocol.

Economy of Effort in Internet Mediated Language and Character By Age: Focusing on abbreviation and deletion.

Economy of Effort in Internet Mediated Language and Character By Age: Focusing on abbreviation and deletion.

NATURALNESS OF CHANGEABILITY AND VARIABILITY IN CONTACT SITUATIONS – PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGES OR LINGUISTIC FACULTIES OF COMMUNICATING AGENTS

The paper tackles two investigative approaches to the study of mutual influences among languages in which researchers focus either on languages themselves or on communicating individuals. Considering the question of whether and to what extent the contact-conditioned language development results from structural properties of respective languages, or is rather triggered by psychic properties of their speakers, the study exposes, on the basis of selected literature on the subject, a causative role of humans in language contacts. At the same time, it argues that the search for unborrowable language features and structures entails defining naturalness, unmarkedness, and markedness in terms of human abilities. More critically, this paper substantiates the statement that uncovering the rules, which govern the contact-induced language change in terms of communicative properties of humans, implies, for example, the necessity of dealing with identity and group affiliations of multilingual subjects demonstrable, apart from language transfer and lexical and grammatical interference, mostly in codeswitching. Thus, the author argues that the sources of linguistic changeability and variability in contact situations must be read, in the first instance, into the psychic conditionings of socially and culturally determined language speakers. All in all, she tries to prove that linguistic borrowings cannot be examined in accordance with universal applicability or absoluteness but with reference to principles of human perception, memorizing, the ability of association, etc., as well as the economy of effort in communication in conjunction with individual and socio-cultural needs of humans, their knowledge and attitudes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2335-2027.8.6

A representation theorem for the circular inclusion problem

A representation theorem is obtained for an arbitrarily loaded elastic bimaterial solid consisting of an infinite plane containing a circular inhomogeneity. The elastic image method is used for the analysis. The theorem expresses the Airy stress functions that generate the elastic fields for the composite solid explicitly in terms of the Airy stress function for the corresponding homogeneous infinite solid. It shows that if the solution for the homogeneous infinite solid is available, then the solutions for the corresponding bimaterial solid can be deduced by the process of differentiation and integration. The result could provide the important advantage of economy of effort in the determination of the elastic fields for composite planes with circular interfaces.

An Automatic Code Generator Expert System Using Proprietary Language for Wider Business Application

The proposed System is an automatic front-end Code Generator Expert System (CGES) for ensuring wider business application for the generation of GUI with a source code for Databases. Safe keeping of data for smooth transaction in business has always been a matter of concern. With the help of the proposed CGES, with economy of effort and time, a customizable database application may be produced with a simple wizard. The CGES requires a database as a pre-requisite input. Once the normalized database is featured with a diagram, the CGES shall apply techniques according to the pre-defined algorithm; the complete application with source code in various modules shall automatically produce. By selecting the CGES solutions, an N-tier application shall give rise to a product, comprising of SQL server queries, Object Oriented features and modules. The results prove on a test working principles of the system are written in MS SQL Server and on the Visual Basic.NET source code generated by CGES.

Universitary Evaluation. From the Program's Accreditation to the Institutional Evaluation

Abstract Evaluative practices at Argentine Universities have been realized in two ways: the first related to the accreditation of university programs and the second related to the evaluation of the universities as educational institutions. Bearing this in mind, this study presents an analysis of the concepts of evaluation, explicit and implicit in the processes, revealing the underlying logics. Also the procedures carried out by the institutions for implementing self-assessment processes and their relationships to the external evaluation are categorized focusing on the subjects and objects of evaluation in each case. A categorical discourse analysis is carried out, which is crossed with the documental study. The present work provides input for the strategic situational planning of the University, as a starting point to strenghten the evaluation process in the institutional context, thus enabling the articulation of practices, economy of effort and quality assurance of the assessment at the institutional level.

Moving spaces: Spelling alternation in English noun-noun compounds

The present study explores linguistic predictors and behavioural implications of the orthographic alternation between a spaced (bell tower), hyphenated (bell-tower), and concatenated (belltower) format observed in English compound words. On the basis of two English corpora, we model the evolution of spelling for compounds undergoing lexicalisation, as well as define the set of orthographic, distributional, and semantic properties of the compound's constituents that co-determine the preference for one of the available realisations. We explore iconicity and economy as competing motivations for both the diachronic change and synchronous preferences in spelling. Observed patterns of written production closely mirror the demands and strategies of recognition of compound words in reading. Orthographic choices that go against the reader's economy of effort come with a high recognition cost, as evidenced in inflated lexical decision and naming latencies to concatenated compounds that occur in other spelling formats.

Effect of altitude training on haematological variables in women volleyball players

BackgroundAthletes from many endurance disciplines include altitude training in their yearly training programme. In volleyball, it is necessary to clarify the haematological benefits and improvement in sports performance.ObjectiveTo investigate the...

Physical health care policies in mental health trusts within the North East Midlands (UK)

In recent years there has been an increasing focus on improving the physical health of people with serious mental illness and many policies and guidelines are now tailored to support professionals working in mental health services to meet these requirements. We found, however, that the physical health care policies produced by mental health trusts in England varied enormously. Policies were often cumbersome, vague and lacked clear guidance on what particular action should be taken, when it should be taken, and by whom. Physical health care policy documents of three mental health care trusts in the north sector of the East Midlands Strategic Health Authority (UK) were examined in detail. We found significant disparities between the policies in terms of size, readability, external references and reading cost. None could be read swiftly and all incorporated vague language into their directives. It would be beneficial for there to be more consideration given to forming local policies that are readable, succinct, and unambiguous. There is potential for considerable economy of effort with collaboration in production of these documents.

Seaworks boss makes his point with a chainsaw

PurposeConsiders how Bill Day, owner of ocean‐salvage company Seaworks, deals with issues of trust and employee disengagement.Design/methodology/approachIncorporates findings from an interview with Bill Day and literature on the areas of trust, employee disengagement and the need for a personal sense of control.FindingsReveals that key determinants of employee engagement are a sense of trust between employees and their managers as well as a sense of personal control. Trust must be communicated through the firm's culture and must start from the top of the organization. A major barrier between employees and managers is the managerial reluctance to delegate authority and devolve power.Practical implicationsPostulates that there may be a direct correlation between managerial reluctance to delegate decision‐making and employee disengagement. This defensive posture by management may harm employee‐management trust and reduce employees' sense of control in the workplace.Social implicationsSuggests a practical means of reducing the incidence of employee disengagement and thereby increasing productivity and performance, to the benefit not only of the organization but also of society as a whole.Originality/valueAdvances ideas for organizational improvement that could reduce workplace conflict and absenteeism and increase economy of effort, thereby lowering costs and improving profitability.

Working memory in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.

1. Background Working memory deficits are a recognised feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and can be dissociated from episodic memory impairment, with distinct patterns of breakdown in individuals [1]. Distinctions in clinical profile may have neurobiological relevance. We have previously shown [2] that patients presenting with a dense yet relatively circumscribed classical amnesia (“amnestic-AD”, accounting for 10% in a series of 523 patients) were older and more likely to carry apolipoprotein 4 alleles than those presenting with a constellation of working memory, language and perceptuospatial deficits (labelled “typical- AD” on the basis that they accounted for 61% of cases). Such findings highlight the importance of careful characterisation of individual patients in experimental research. A goal of the present study was to understand the working memory deficit in AD whilst recognising these important distinctions. Existing research focuses on difficulties on dual-task paradigms, encouraging the notion of central executive dysfunction, and promoting a relationship between working memory deficits and frontal lobe pathology in AD [3]. Failures on standard tests of attention and executive function reinforce this interpretation. However, characteristic neuroimaging changes in early onset AD are in posterior hemispheres rather than frontal lobes. Moreover, ‘frontal’ behavioural characteristics are absent. Characteristic qualities of persistence, motivation, and concern for accuracy contrast markedly with the economy of effort and lack of engagement demonstrated by patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the prototypical neurodegenerative disease of the frontal lobes. The presence of qualitative differences in cognitive profile [4] suggests that there are distinct contributions to performance failure. We took the novel approach of exploring the frontal dysexecutive contribution to working memory by comparing test performance in patients with AD and FTD. If the basis of the impairment is primarily ‘frontal dysexecutive’, then one would expect similar profiles in the two groups. However given the ‘posterior’ abnormalities shown on AD patients’ imaging and absence of ‘frontal’ behavioural signs, we predicted that there ought to be qualitative differences on tests of working memory, attention, and executive function.