Economy Of Country Research Articles

Economic sanctions and informal employment

This paper examines how economic sanctions affect the allocation of workers across formal and informal employment. We analyse the case of the unprecedented sanctions imposed on Iran in 2012 and focus on the manufacturing sector. Employing a difference-in-differences approach, we compare the probability of being employed in the informal sector before and after 2012 for workers in industries with different pre-existing exposure to international trade. Our analysis reveals that, following the sanctions, workers in industries with higher trade exposure are significantly more likely to experience informal employment compared to workers in industries with lower trade exposure. These results remain robust when accounting for potential sorting issues by using an instrumental variable approach. Our findings shed light on an important margin of labour market adjustment through which sanctions can affect the economy of the target country.

Economic Effects of rising Energy Prices

Abstract Energy is an indispensable resource for everyday activities, both for the population and for economic operators. Being used for heating, cooling, and lighting buildings, driving, and putting into operation various machines, energy is essential for the entire economy. Since energy is a central element of human activity and energy prices are the quasi-permanent component in most costs, its price can be called "the most important price in the economy". The topic of the research is a highly relevant issue for both financial and energy sectors. The research aims to identify and analyse the economic effects of energy price increases. Among the proposed objectives are: to gain in-depth knowledge of the scientific background of the subject under investigation; to determine the role of energy in a country's economy; and to determine the economic and social consequences of energy crises. Using the qualitative research method, this article is the result of an integrative consultation of a large, rich, and recent scientific literature. To achieve the established objectives, official documents of the European Commission and the United Nations, reports of the International Monetary Fund, the European Central Bank, and the National Bank of Romania, academic articles and studies elaborated by various prestigious think tanks were studied. The first part of the paper briefly outlines the importance of energy for a country's economy. The second part reviews the scientific literature, thus illustrating the distinct opinions of various experts in the field. The third part presents the economic effects of energy crises and analyses the impact of rising energy prices on inflation and economic activity from a theoretical perspective.

Statistical Analysis of Occupational Fatal Accidents for Risk Assessment

Abstract According to Malaysia's Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), workplace accidents have increased dramatically as the country's economy has grown rapidly. The purpose of this study is to identify the trends that lead to fatal workplace accidents in Malaysia. This study investigated 505 fatal accident instances from fifteen industries, using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The DOSH discovered and reported these fatalities (2010-2020). Data was organized and coded, then analyzed using Spearman's rank order correlation, frequency analysis, Eta squared, Cramer's V, and Chi-square. Moreover, neurolinguistic programming was used to generate the word cloud and sentiment analysis. Furthermore, light gradient-boosting machine learning was used to better understand the causes of fatalities. The outcomes indicated that fatal falls from heights were the leading cause of fatal accidents (32%). General laborers were the most susceptible to fatal accidents (60%). Contract workers were more likely to die in construction accidents (64%). The findings of this study gave useful insights into workplace fatal accident trends and preventive measures throughout sectors.

Assessing the water quality of Vatadahosahalli Lake in Chikkaballapura district, Karnataka, India

Freshwater lakes, crucial for the country's economy, play diverse roles in supporting industrial, agricultural, and ecological processes. Despite their significance, rising human activities globally, including in India, are degrading water quality, posing threats to biodiversity and human health. In this study, water quality parameters such as temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO43−), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) were investigated at Vatadahosahalli Lake in 2022. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Parsons's correlation matrix, and drinking suitability was accessed by the Water Quality Index (WQI). Parameters like turbidity, BOD, COD, and metals exhibited significant seasonal fluctuations, impacting overall water quality and analysis of these water quality parameters revealed that the water is polluted by various anthropogenic activities. The Water Quality Index was used to condense these parameters into a single interpretable value. Results indicated significant seasonal fluctuations, with the winter season presenting ‘poor’ water conditions and the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons presenting ‘good’ water conditions, while the summer season presents the most concerning water quality. At site ‘A', the water was categorized as ‘unsuitable’, with the reaming sites ‘B' and ‘C', being classified as ‘poor’ and ‘good’, respectively. The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring and implementing strategic measures for the preservation and sustainable management of Vatadahosahalli Lake. This research also provides valuable insights for policymakers and local communities, enabling them to take informed actions to protect this vital freshwater resource.

TAX CONTROL AS AN ELEMENT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN TAX PAYERS AND TAX AUTHORITIES

The article analyzes the role and importance of tax control as a key element of interaction between taxpayers and tax authorities. It is determined that tax control is a key element of the tax system, since the functioning of the country's economy depends on its effectiveness, and forms of tax control contribute to the efficiency of tax relations. The elements and methods of tax control are considered, and it is determined that it operates within the framework of strict legal regulation and has a state character. It is established that in order to increase the activity of tax control, it is necessary to resolve the issue of interaction and mutual responsibility between taxpayers and the State. This is possible through the introduction of the basic principles of taxation and the formation of a tax policy that meets budget priorities and the organization of public expenditures. The article identifies the factors that complicate the implementation of tax control. Among them are the difficult financial situation of many taxpayers, the low level of tax culture and taxpayers' distrust of the tax authorities. These problems can be overcome by improving tax legislation, strengthening the responsibility of tax officials, and by taking measures to raise awareness and educate the public about the importance of paying taxes correctly. It is analyzed that the digital transformation of tax audits leads to a significant reduction in the time required for their conduct and an increase in the likelihood of detecting tax evasion. However, this process faces a number of problems that can be solved by amending the relevant legislative acts

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ РОЗВИТКУ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ІНДУСТРІЇ В УМОВАХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ УКРАЇНИ

The development of the tourism industry in the context of the transformation of the socio-economic system of Ukraine requires clearly defined conceptual frameworks aimed at adapting to new conditions and ensuring sustainable development of the industry. The purpose of the study is to define these conceptual foundations and to identify the key trends in the development of the tourism industry in the context of war and martial law in Ukraine. It is found that the tourism industry is beginning to revive after a sharp decline due to the war. The evidence reflected the trends in the recovery of the tourism business and its impact on the country's economy in the context of post-warrecovery. It is determined that for the successful development and recovery of the industry in times of crisis, it is necessary to adhere to the principles of sustainability and resilience, adaptability, integration, social responsibility, innovation, environmental balance and international cooperation. The study also identified current development trends, which include the growth of domestic tourism, improved security and adaptation of tourism services, active government support, the introduction of innovations and digital technologies, the development of social responsibility and volunteer programmes, as well as increased regional cooperation and international assistance. The study results showed that Ukraine's tourism industry is adapting to the war and the transformation of the socio-economic system by reorienting itself to the domestic market and ensuring the safety of tourists. The state and private companies are actively implementing innovations, digital technologies, support programmes and socially responsible initiatives to stimulate the development of the industry. Further research could focus on a more detailed study of individual factors influencing the macroeconomic environment of the Ukrainian tourism industry and their interaction

MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES FOR BUSINESS INTERNATIONALIZATION THROUGH FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) IN GLOBALIZATION: TRENDS FOR VALUES

This paper analyzes and describes multinational companies as a business internationalization strategy through foreign direct investments FDIs for business internationalization to reach business values in the frames of globalization. The analysis and results demonstrated that Multinational companies (MNCs) and foreign direct investments (FDIs) may face challenges and risks in new locations, economic and political instability, difficulties of infrastructure, distrust in the locations, locations, difficulties of balance in payment, challenging negotiations in business agreements and quality contracts, borders and transportation challenges, challenging in the market size. Multinational companies that go for foreign direct investment have an economic impact and can affect a country's economy in various ways, for example, in the balance of payments, in growth rates and in job creation. The effect of foreign direct investment by multinational companies can be negative or positive depending on certain factors. A multinational company’s pattern of internationalization represents different factors of possibilities, costs, risks and difficulties faced during its internationalization. In conclusion, Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an important step towards business internationalization and if the domestic company decides to go multinational towards FDI, it has to consider the factors of ownership, location and internalization to reach business internationalization as confirmed in Dunning’s framework and this analysis.

THE ESSENCEOF TRAINING FUTURE SOCIAL EDUCATORSIN SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP

In an independent country living within socio-economicrelations, it is essential to bring the human capital to the level of a state that meets the requirements of potential employers and is in high demand. At the same time, it is considered one of the main tasks of the education system to prepare future social educators on the basis ofsocial partnership, examine the interests of each party participating in the partnership, and professional development of future specialists. One of the strategic goals of the education sector and the country's economy is the competitive potential of pedagogical universities and their graduates. Moreover, it is crucial to guidethe process of training future educators with new technologies. The purpose of this article is to find effective ways to train future social educators according to the latest standards and requirements in the context of attracting potential employers and professionals using social partnership technology based on empirical analysis. The role of future employers was analyzed through a survey of future professionals and expert interviews. The roles of potential employers, higher education institutions and the state in training future educators were differentiated. Inthis article, it was concluded that social partnership is one of the necessary technologies for preparing future social educators according to modern requirements and standards. The conclusion of the empirical analysis reveals the practical importance of the article in the quality and professional training of future social educators in universities.

“A Revolution in Economic Thinking” – USAID and Privatization in Latin America and Eastern Europe (1981–1993)

Abstract: With Ronald Reagan’s ascent to power in January 1981, the conservatives were eager to promote neoliberalism to revitalize America at home and weaken the Communists and the New International Economic Order abroad. Surprisingly, the main vehicle of this ideological offensive was an agency long hated by the American conservatives, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Throughout the 1980s, the agency promoted neoliberal dogmas in developing countries, especially in Latin America which was considered as a testing ground for the neoliberal ideology. To achieve this goal, USAID promoted an important tenet of neoliberalism as a tool for economic development: privatization. At the same time, the agency established various collaborations with different types of actors in a “neoliberal nebula” in which it found an important place. At the end of the 1980s, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc provided the reaganized agency its most important test: the promotion of free-market economy in the socialist countries. This article examines how USAID became part of the ideological offensive led by the Reagan administration through its transformation into a neoliberal actor seeking to promote privatization in developing countries. In the process, Latin America became a testing ground for these new policies, but also a blueprint for those that USAID would soon implement in the Eastern Bloc after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ГАЗИФИКАЦИЯ ПОМОГАЕТ ПРЕОДОЛЕВАТЬ ТРУДНЫЕ ВРЕМЕНА ТОПЛИВНО-ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА СТРАНЫ

The material of the proposed article seems to the authors to be extremely relevant in connection with the 12 packages adopted by the Western community against Russia, containing more than 17 thousand of all kinds of sanctions and restrictions, including in relation to the export of hydrocarbons. This circumstance has put the domestic economy in an extremely difficult situation, especially in the context of the restoration of the country's national economy. Reorientation of the oil and gas industry to the East, to the countries of Greater Eurasia, year-round transport and industrial development of the Northern Sea Route and the Arctic zone of Russia will not only overcome the problems and difficulties that have arisen, but also strengthen political and economic ties with the states of the Silk Road and the Organization of the Collective Security Treaty (CSTO). The purpose of the study is a comprehensive economic assessment of the implementation of state regional development programs based on the use of hydrocarbon raw materials, including the social gasification/additional gasification program in the constituent entities of the Federation, to which the President paid special attention in his Address to the Federal Assembly 2024. A separate task is to forecast industrial production based on processing of hydrocarbon raw materials at various stages of technological conversion into lines of consumer goods and into products intended for export. The research results obtained so far by the authors of the article boil down to a review of information sources on the identified problems, an analysis of individual issues of the dynamics of production, export supplies, transportation and pricing of domestic hydrocarbon raw materials,and to determining the success of the implementation of the gasification program in individual regions of the Federation. The conceptual approaches involved were discussed. The article concludes with three conclusions.

277 Recent outbreak of Legionella in various health care centers in Argentina, occupational hygiene in emerging economies countries

277 Recent outbreak of Legionella in various health care centers in Argentina, occupational hygiene in emerging economies countries

FINANCING OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY

Introduction Innovative activity becomes an integral and necessary element of the successful development of the country's economy, and the task of the state is to implement an effective financial and innovative policy in order to ensure its stable growth. The article reveals the theoretical foundations of innovative development and states that some scientists considered the territorial aspect of innovative growth, which is caused by fluctuations in the level of innovative activity of different countries and civilizations. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical foundations of innovative development and assess the current state of financing innovative development of the Ukrainian economy. Methods. The article uses general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, in particular, epistemological method, dialectical method, induction and deduction, formal-logical method, comparative and systematic methods. Results. The article states that a complex of issues related to the quality financing of innovative processes, which require systematicity and predictability, can be solved on the basis of a program-targeted approach to regulating the flow of investments aimed at innovative development. It was established that Ukraine, with a high level of educational and scientific potential, has a low level of implementation of innovations in the field of economic activity and their commercialization. Budgetary funding in Ukraine is the main source of funding for innovative development and an instrument of scientific and technical policy, a form of direct state support. During 2018‒2022, funding of the scientific sphere from the state budget increased by 60.6 %, however, in 2022, the war did not allow maintaining the dynamics of previous years. It is noted that the limited possibilities of the budget determine the relatively low share of sectors of the economy covered by potentially effective innovative developments, the number of which is decreasing. Conclusion. It was concluded that in the conditions of limited financial resources, which the state is able to direct to innovative development, it is appropriate to strengthen the levers of budget policy as a tool for increasing the efficiency of the use of budget funds directed to the innovative development of the country's economy.

EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS OF CHINA-UKRAINE ECONOMIC AND TRADE COOPERATION IN THE JOINT CONSTRUCTION OF THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE FROM 2013 TO 2023

In 2013, China proposed the Belt and Road Initiative with the aim of closely integrating its rapidly developing economy with the economies of countries along the Belt and Road route, creating new opportunities for economic development through complementarity. Ukraine, located in the connecting zone between Europe and Asia, is an important country along the Belt and Road route leading to Europe. 2023 marks the tenth anniversary of China-Ukraine cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative. Over the past decade, cooperation between China and Ukraine in various fields such as trade and investment has deepened, accumulating rich experience. This article systematically reviews the historical process of China-Ukraine cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative over the past ten years, analyzes the development trends of bilateral trade, and examines the experience accumulated in areas such as infrastructure, agriculture, investment, mineral development, and high-tech cooperation within the Belt and Road framework. The challenges faced by the two countries in jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative are also analyzed, mainly focusing on the impacts of Ukraine's domestic political instability and policy changes during regime transitions. Economic development in Ukraine has been affected by geopolitical conflicts, resulting in market instability and affecting investment and project progress. These factors pose challenges to the Belt and Road Initiative, particularly the severe impact of the outbreak of war. Additionally, this article introduces the current efforts of China and Ukraine to strengthen communication and cooperation in order to achieve a peaceful resolution as soon as possible. In the future, once the ongoing war comes to an end, both countries can leverage their ten years of experience in economic and trade cooperation. With a stable political situation and increasing market attractiveness in Ukraine, both sides can fully unleash the role of market entities, expand bilateral cooperation, promote the alignment of their economic development strategies, and actively engage in post-war reconstruction cooperation.

Inclusive-Based Deductive Training Model for Tour Guide in Goa Pindul

Tourism is an important industrial sector for the country's economy. Yogyakarta is a province with numerous tourist attractions, including Pindul Cave. Pindul Cave is a popular tourist destination with both domestic and international visitors. Tourism managers must be able to provide the best facilities for a wide range of visiting tourists, including those with special needs (disabilities), given the growing number of tourists. The goals of this study are to 1) find a consensual model of deductive training for tourist guides at Pindul Cave that is inclusive, and 2) to create an inclusive tourist guidebook. This is a multi-year study, and in the first year, the research team only reached the limits of identification and conceptual model. The research method used was qualitative, with focus group discussions with targets. Data was collected using observation, focus group interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. Meanwhile, four data analysis techniques are used: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The research findings yielded a conceptual model of inclusive-based training for tour guides that includes three components: (1) identifying needs, (2) training planning, (3) implementing training programs, and (4) evaluating training. Meanwhile, the guidebook will be used for testing in the second year of this study.

Assessment of the financial and economic situation at Ukrainian enterprises during the war

The financial stability of the enterprise is the main criterion that indicates its financial condition and ensures successful functioning. With the beginning of the war, many Ukrainian enterprises became insolvent due to their own financial problems, illiquidity and circumstances that made it impossible to continue business. The paper analyzes the results of a survey of domestic business entities with regard to their expectations regarding the current financial situation. It is studied the share of enterprises operating at full and almost full capacity compared to the pre-war period. There are clarified the main challenges that domestic enterprises are exposed to during the war, in terms of industries. During the war, problems with electricity, water and heat supply interruptions and rising prices for raw materials shared the first place in the rating of business obstacles. Difficulties with the transportation of raw materials and goods in Ukraine were recognized as the third most significant problem. Labor safety ranks fourth in the rating. Disruption of supply chains ranks fifth. There are summarized the main transformations that took place in the country's economy during the war and affected the financial stability of domestic enterprises. They are the following: enterprises revised their approaches to labor organization and the dimensions of production or service provision; in two-thirds of enterprises there was a reduction in personnel; half of the enterprises reviewed their customer base and/or suppliers; businesses began investing in business continuity (generators, communications) and security (relocation costs or employee safety). All of this complicates the financial condition of the business, because at the same time as income decreases, the items of forced expenses increase. From these positions, indicators of the assessment of the financial and economic situation and expectations in the future at Ukrainian enterprises are studied. As a result, there are systematized the directions of adaptation of domestic enterprises to support financial security in wartime, namely: attraction of direct and indirect financial investments, resumption of export of own products and participation in state and international financial aid programs.

Trends in corruption and shadow economy in European countries

Corruption and the shadow economy are among the most pressing issues facing European countries. These phenomena significantly impact the socio-economic development, political stability, and legal systems of states. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the trends of corruption and the shadow economy in 34 European countries over the period from 2010 to 2022. The research employed tools such as grouping, comparison and generalization methods, time series analysis, and descriptive statistics calculations. Calculations were based on World Bank data using StataSE 18 software. Analyzing the standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values of corruption and shadow economy indicators identifies the most variable indicators: the indicator of primary government expenditures as initially approved budgets and the corruption perception index. It was found that despite the implementation of numerous anti-corruption reforms and regulatory measures, countries such as Albania, Moldova, Ukraine, and Bulgaria continue to face high levels of corruption, as evidenced by their low corruption perception index levels. The main reasons for this included weak enforcement mechanisms, gaps in accountability, and low levels of transparency in public administration. The least corrupt European countries were Denmark, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, and Sweden. This research observed high levels of the shadow economy in Ukraine, Cyprus, and Moldova, while Denmark, Norway, and Sweden demonstrated the lowest levels. The results of the study can be used to develop organisational and economic measures to combat corruption and the shadow economy by public authorities, business entities and other economic agents, which is important for the economic growth of European countries.

Consulting on the financial market in the system of improving the financial results of the enterprise’s activity

The relevance of the paper is determined by the fact that the socio-economic crisis in Ukraine is caused by the external aggression of the Russian Federation and is combined with global factors that reinforce negative trends. For Ukraine, as well as for rich other countries, it is important to take effective approaches to deal with crisis situations and ensure sustainable economic growth, including for implementing a wide range of approaches, such as financial stimulation, reforms in Galusia, regulatory policies, support for small and medium-sized enterprises. It is also important to consider the global context and work with international partners to ensure stability and growth. Implementation of effective strategies and measures can help Ukraine overcome the crisis, win the undeclared war and strengthen its economy in the future. The paper shows that financial consulting is an integrated approach to optimizing the financial activities of a business, which includes a variety of information and resources to achieve maximum efficiency. It plays an important role in ensuring the success of government entities both in domestic and foreign markets. Financial consulting plays an important role in the current development of businesses and emerging financial problems. Financial consulting contributes to increasing the efficiency of the company's internal activities, helps business entities to improve their interaction and financial relations with counterparties on the foreign market through the study and analysis of financial aspects of partnerships, the conclusion of agreements and contracts, as well as planning financial strategies in order to ensure stability and success in business. Activation of the use of financial consulting services in Ukraine is a key factor for the progressive development of business entities and the strengthening of the country's market economy. Using the advantages of financial consulting will help enterprises to optimize their financial activities, improve strategic planning and decision-making, increase management efficiency, as well as increase competitiveness on the international market.

Role of participation committee in developing workplace condition, safety and welfare services in Ready-Made Garment Industry of Bangladesh

An abstract is a summary of entire paper should be written in Cambria with font size- 10. The Ready-Made Garment (RMG) industry in Bangladesh plays a crucial role in the country's economy. Nonetheless, it frequently encounters challenges concerning workplace conditions, safety standards, and welfare services. This study investigates the participation committee's (PC) role in ensuring sustainable working conditions, workplace safety, and welfare within Bangladesh's RMG industry. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study conducted interviews with 30 respondents using semi-structured questions and employed a convenient sampling technique to select participants. The findings reveal that the participation committee has notably enhanced workplace safety in the RMG industry. Through active involvement, the committee has fostered improved communication between management and employees, leading to better working conditions, the eradication of labor rights neglect, and strengthened enforcement of national employment and labor regulations. The paper concludes by stressing the necessity for collaborative efforts involving stakeholders at various levels to consistently enhance workplace conditions, safety standards, and welfare services in Bangladesh's Ready-Made Garment industry. Originality in a study on participation committees in Bangladesh's ready-to-garment industry lies in presenting innovative approaches, methods, or insights, addressing literature gaps, or exploring uncharted territories, thus enhancing welfare services and workplace health and safety.

Is the Path to Citizenship through Property Investment Possible in Russia?

Introduction. Real estate has undoubted investment advantages. Moreover, in a number of countries it is a bridge for simplified obtaining a residence permit or even citizenship. In Russia, the legal regime of immovable property undoubtedly has a number of advantages. The very possibility to have property on the right of private ownership (including land plots) gives owners confidence in the possession and use of real estate. The legislation on real estate is characterized by stability and is less susceptible to change. Low rates of property tax calculated on the cadastral value of the property facilitate the acquisition of real estate. The variety of real estate objects allows citizens and legal entities to own residential and non-residential premises and parking places. With the development of digitalization of state administration, the registration of rights to immovable property has become as simple and accessible as possible, allowing owners to protect their property from fraudulent schemes. Property prices in Russia are steadily rising, which also stimulates investment in this sector. Whether investments in real estate contribute to obtaining citizenship of the Russian Federation in an accelerated (preferential, facilitated, etc.) manner will be shown in this article. Materials and methods. This study is based on: 1) the totality of such methods of scientific cognition as: the dialectical method, which allowed to connect the theory of civil and land law and the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; the formal-legal method allowed to analyse legislative norms; the system method allowed to consider the institute of national treatment of foreign citizens in Russia as a system with internal unity and interrelations with other institutions of law (the institute of citizenship, the institute of property rights, etc.); 2) the results of the author's survey of the moderators of My Hectar Programme regarding the demand of foreign citizens for land plots sold under the Programme; 3) analysis of the Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Research results. The study found that in Russia, at the constitutional level, foreign citizens are granted national treatment, exceptions to which are provided for by federal laws. Restrictions on the rights of foreigners are stipulated by a number of federal laws. For example, civil legislation has traditionally prohibited ownership of certain categories of land plots. As a response to western sanctions, in March 2022 a special permissive procedure was introduced for citizens of unfriendly countries to acquire ownership of real estate. The legislation on citizenship of the Russian Federation does not provide for any privileges for foreigners to obtain citizenship through investments in the country's economy in general, in real estate and business in particular.Discussion and сonclusion. The Russian Federation policy regarding the rights of foreign citizens to immovable property should continue to be aimed at maximum protection of the interests of national security and sovereignty of the country, and priority opportunities for Russians to acquire real estate. Certainly, the state should stimulate foreign investment. However, in the conditions of aggravation of international relations and threats to Russia's national security, it would be advisable to introduce a permissive procedure for the acquisition of real estate for all foreign citizens, taking into account the foreigner's occupation and the purpose of acquiring real estate, sources of his income, possible links with organizations banned in Russia.

Analysis of protein profile and reducing sugar content of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz) results of induced resistance with salicylic acid

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food commodity in Indonesia, and in the future this commodity will play an increasingly strategic role in people's lives and the country's economy. But until now there are still many obstacles, one of which is fusarium wilt disease. Fusarium wilt disease can be controlled by using superior cultivars that are resistant to the disease, by applying salicylic acid. The aim of this study was to analyze the protein profile and reducing sugar content in cassava plants after being induced with salicylic acid and compare them with controls. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely the addition of salicylic acid consisting of 5 concentration levels, namely 0 ppm, 80 ppm, 100 ppm, 120 ppm, and 140 ppm. Each concentration was repeated 5 times. This research data is in the form of qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data is presented in comparative descriptive form and presented in the form of photographs. Quantitative data was tabulated with different concentration factors and analyzed using Analysis of Variance then further tested with the Honestly Significant Difference Test (BNJ) at the 5% level. The research results showed that there was a missing protein band, namely a band at a molecular weight of 115, and there was also the appearance of a new band, namely a molecular weight of 85 kDa, as well as an increase in the reducing sugar content in cassava plants along with increasing salicylic acid concentrations.