Faculty Of Economics Research Articles

Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan, Self Control dan Inklusi Keuangan Terhadap Perilaku Menabung (Survei Pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya)

The aim of this research is to understand the influence of financial literacy, self-control and financial inclusion on saving behavior (survey of students at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya). This research uses a quantitative causality method with a survey approach. The population taken in this research were students from the Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya who were still active in 2023-2024. With a research sample of 100 respondents. The technique for determining the sample in this research uses nonprobability sampling, precisely using incidental sampling techniques. The data obtained in this research are primary data and secondary data. The analytical tool used in this research is multiple regression using SPSS Version 25. Based on the results of the F test, it shows that financial literacy, self-control and financial inclusion simultaneously have a significant effect on saving behavior. Based on the results of the T test, it shows that financial literacy and self-control partially have a significant effect on saving behavior. Meanwhile, partial financial inclusion has no significant effect on saving behavior.

Analysis of the Influence of Product Price and Quality on Consumer Purchasing Decisions (Case study: Economics Study Program Students, Faculty of Economics, Medan State University)

Competition in the industry is getting tougher, so companies must offer more value to attract consumer purchasing power. Consumer purchasing decisions are influenced by various factors, including price and product quality. This research aims to analyze the influence of price and product quality on consumer purchasing decisions. The research methods used include observation, literature study, and questionnaires. The research objects were 41 students of the Economics Study Program, Faculty of Economics, Medan State University who filled out a questionnaire. The research results showed that 53.7% of respondents stated that product price had a big influence on purchasing decisions. As many as 53.7% of respondents tend to choose cheaper products, and 56.1% consider discount promotions to be very important. In addition, 58.3% of respondents compared product prices with online shopping platforms to get the cheapest price. Meanwhile, 58.5% of respondents stated that product quality greatly influenced their purchasing decisions. As many as 63.4% of respondents were willing to pay more for quality products, and 87.8% of respondents preferred products with higher prices but better quality. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that product price and quality have a significant influence on consumer purchasing decisions.

ANALISIS PERSEPSI KULIAH KEWIRAUSAHAAN DALAM MEMBENTUK MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA MAHASISWA

This study aims to examine the effect of perceptions of entrepreneurship lectures on students' entrepreneurial intention in the Department of Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Medan. This study is important because the Department of Entrepreneurship is a department that has the vision of creating new entrepreneurs among undergraduates. The purpose of this department to form graduates who are not job seeking oriented but focus on entrepreneurship and creating jobs. Given that this department is just operating in the 2020-2021 academic year and does not yet have alumni, it is necessary to conduct research on the effectiveness of lectures in the department of entrreprenership as measured by students' entrepreneurial intention. The survey was conducted using a Likert scale questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using Smart PLS. The results found that the perception of entrepreneurship lectures has a positive effect on students' entrepreneurial intention. The results of this study emphasise the importance of providing good perceptions of entrepreneurship lectures to students to develop their entrepreneurial intention.

The educational potential of a literary quotation: linguistic, aesthetic and methodological aspects

Introduction. Despite significant differences in the traditions and practices of literary reading at school in different countries, the question of the role of reading in the process of developing reading strategies, intercultural competence and personal development of students remains relevant in pedagogical research. The influence of reading on the emotional and psychological state of a person, “bibliotherapy of the soul” have been actively studied not only in philosophy and hermeneutics of the twentieth century, but continues to be a subject of controversy in modern science. The study attempts to identify the features of perception, understanding and interpretation of a literary quotation as a significant element of a work of art. Purpose of the study: to identify the educational potential of literary quotation and to actualize the problem of creating methodological conditions for its implementation in the system of school literary education. Materials and methods. Research methods: pedagogical observation; introspection, contextual analysis of explanatory dictionaries; a survey of schoolchildren and students, as well as identifying expert opinion on assessing the significance of a quote for the Russian language. 199 students of the Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University. Took part in a pilot survey aimed at understanding and interpreting a literary quotation. A.I. Herzen, of which 28 are studying at the Faculty of Economics, 86 at the Faculty of Biology, 85 at the Faculty of Philology. For the survey, we chose a quote from the work of A.S. Pushkin “Mozart and Salieri” (cycle “Little Tragedies”) “And genius and villainy are two incompatible things. Isn’t it true?” Results. The survey showed that the most serious problem is ignorance of the precedent phenomenon – quotes from a classical text: 85.7% of students of the Faculty of Economics and 66.3% of students of the Faculty of Biology did not indicate the author and source of the quotation. 99% of students of the Faculty of Philology recognized the quote. It was also difficult for respondents to understand the meaning of the quote and its connection with life. None of the survey participants, in their reflections in tasks 2 and 5, cited as an argument the difference between the concepts of “evil” and “evil action”, or paid attention to the word “incompatible” and the special linguistic construction of the phrase. In third place in terms of difficulty in completing the task is understanding intertextual connections in the text, including quotes in someone else’s speech. Analysis of the survey results helped to identify problem areas in the perception and interpretation of quotes and types of tasks that could later become part of the system of working with quotes in literature lessons at school. Conclusion. A literary quotation has great methodological potential for developing the reader’s interpretive activity. The conducted research revealed that a literary quotation can become an effective tool for educating the reader as a person. The prospect of our research is the creation of a system of exercises and tasks for working with quotes in literature lessons.

Effect of Investment Motivation and Knowledge on Student Investment Interest in the Capital Market

This research, with practical implications for the field of finance and economics, aims to determine the influence of investment motivation and knowledge on student investment interest in the capital market. The population in the study was 565 students from the Faculty of Economics, Universitas Sumatera Selatan, with samples taken using the Slovin formula, so 85 respondents were involved in this research. The data collected used a questionnaire, and this research technique used a purposive sampling technique. This research used Multiple linear regression analysis to analyze data. The findings of this research show that partial investment motivation and interest have a positive and significant influence. There is a positive and significant influence between investment knowledge partially on investment interest, and there is motivation and investment knowledge simultaneously on investment interest

Analisis Perilaku Pada Mahasiswa Ekonomi Syariah Terhadap Belanja Online

This study aims to analyze the behavior of Sharia Economics students towards online shopping. Online shopping has become an increasingly popular phenomenon among students, including Sharia Economics students, because of the convenience and ease it offers. Data for this study, which employs quantitative research methodologies, was gathered by distributing questionnaires to forty Sharia Economics students at Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin State Islamic University Banten's Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business. The results showed that factors such as ease of access, attractive offers, and various payment methods, including sharia methods, had a significant effect on students' online shopping behavior. In this study, the t table obtained a table number of 4.966 From the data above the sig value. 0.05 < X value (5.520), which means that the behavior analysis variable (X) has a significant effect on the online shopping variable (Y). It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the behavior analysis variable (X) and online shopping (Y) with a correlation value (R) of 0.667 This indicates a positive relationship between behavior analysis and online shopping. In addition, the coefficient of determination (R Square) of 0.445 indicates that about 44.5% of the variation in behavior analysis in Islamic economics students on online shopping. Keywords: Online Shopping, Behavior Analysis, Sharia Economics

Differences in levels of knowledge of FSTP students (Faculty of Science, Technology, and Education) and FEB (Faculty of Economics and Business) Muhammadiyah Lamongan University about criteria halal of skincare products

Skincare has become a daily necessity for students especially Muslims, who must pay attention to the halalness of the skincare products used, because it has been regulated in Islam regarding halal and haram consumption. Student knowledge greatly influences halal in the selection of skincare products to be used. This study aims to determine the difference in the level of knowledge of FSTP and FEB students at Muhammadiyah Lamongan University. The research design used is descriptive comparative with purposive sampling technique. Data collection was carried out prospectively, from collecting questionnaire data that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instrument used was a closed questionnaire consisting of respondents' personal data and statements related to the criteria for halal skincare products. The results obtained from this study are the level of knowledge in the good category at FSTP as much as 60.52% and FEB as much as 76.6%, the sufficient category at FSTP as much as 38.6% and FEB as much as 21.28%, the poor category at FSTP as much as 0 .88% and FEB as much as 1.12%. The data obtained was then processed using SPSS with the Mann Whitney Test and obtained a p-value of 0.063 (> 0.05). In conclusion, there is a significant difference between the level of knowledge of FSTP and FEB regarding the criteria for halal skincare products.

Management and Control Tools in Student Professional Integration Performance: A Case Study of Graduates from the School of Economics and Management at Yaound é Second University in Cameroon

This scientific essay focuses on management control tools in the performance of students' professional integration: the case of graduates of the Faculty of Economics and Management of the University of Yaoundé II (Cameroon). It is part of an authentic and current theme with regard to the use of internal control tools and the evaluation of the functioning of services in higher education. What is problematic here is the level of student unemployment and the need for the student to find a professional integration into the labour market. In view of this, we formulated our research problem in the form of a question as follows: What are the management control tools that determine the performance in the successful professional integration of students in the human resources management specialty? Around this main question, there is a lack of effectiveness and a lack of efficiency in the pedagogical system to manage the value-cost couple allowing students in higher education to obtain a job at the end of their academic career. In the methodological framework of our investigation, we used both the quantitative and qualitative methods. The fieldwork carried out by means of a questionnaire was carried out on a sample of (one hundred) 100 students holding a Bachelor's degree in Management Sciences from the classes of 2021 and 2022 from the Faculty of Economics and Management of the University of Yaoundé II; Data collection was conducted from 04 January to 28 March 2024. At the end of the survey, despite the government's efforts to facilitate the professional integration of students, it appears that only 30% of operational management control tools are made available to graduates to get a job, which is insignificant to facilitate the performance of the successful professional integration of graduates of the Faculty of Economics and Management. The main results obtained show that the quality of mobilization of market management tools; the value of the tools to support the management of the company and the evaluation of a model of management control tools guarantee the performance of the professional integration of graduates of the Faculty of Economics and Management. At the end of our analysis, we have suggested some possible solutions, namely: policies must seek to obtain results in the context of the objectives set, university governance must break with idleness and waste, human resources management (HRM) must adapt to a better organization for the successful professional integration of graduates of the Faculty of Economics and Management.

Self-efficacy dan Employability: Peran Mediasi Achievement Motivation pada Mahasiswa Tingkat Akhir yang akan Memasuki Dunia Kerja

This research aims to find the influence of self-efficacy and achievement motivation on employability. This research is causal research with cross-sectional data. The respondents used were 95 final-year students in the Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Negeri Padang who were chosen using the cluster proportional random sampling technique. Data collection using a questionnaire with a Likert Scale. The data was then analyzed using SmartPLS 4 software. The results of data processing in this research indicate that: (1) self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on employability (2) self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on achievement motivation (3) achievement motivation has a positive and significant effect on employability (4) achievement motivation has a positive and significant effect on employability through achievement motivation.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Minat Mahasiswa Akuntansi dalam Memilih Karir sebagai Akuntan Publik

Currently, many companies need public accounting services, but it is difficult to find a professional accountant because the process of becoming a certified public accountant is not easy and takes a lot of time and money. Therefore, this profession is still less popular in Banjarmasin. In fact, currently there is little interest in accounting students choosing a career as a public accountant. The aim of this research is to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of financial rewards, job market considerations, work environment, family environment and professional recognition on accounting students' interest in choosing a career as a public accountant. This research is quantitative research with the population of students majoring in accounting from universities in Banjarmasin including STIE Indonesia Banjarmasin, STIE Nasional, STIE Pancasetia and the Faculty of Economics of Lambung Mangkurat University. By employing purposive sampling, 100 respondents are obtained as samples. Furthermore, the data collected from questionnaires are analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis method. The research results show that financial rewards, work environment, and professional recognition have a positive and significant effect on accounting students' interest in choosing a career as a public accountant in Banjarmasin. Meanwhile, considerations of the job market and family environment do not influence accounting students' interest in choosing a career as a public accountant in Banjarmasin.

Online or in-person learning? The impact of the course mode on the outcomes of studying accounting at the academic level

Purpose: The main goal of this paper is to verify how the way classes are conducted impacts the grades of students in accounting subjects at the university level. Methodology/approach: The study was conducted over six academic years, divided into three two-year research sub-periods (PRE-COVID, COVID-19, and POST-COVID). In these periods, traditional (in-person) and distance (online) forms of studying were observed. Differences in the grades of students in the individual sub-periods were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test and a post hoc test (Dunn's test with Sidak's correction). Findings: Based on 851 student grades, significant statistical differences were noted. Moreover, after performing the post hoc test, these differences were significant in relation to the sub-periods (PRE-COVID & COVID-19 and COVID-19 & POST-COVID), which were characterized by different forms of education. Research limitations/implications: This research allows us to indicate the impact of the way classes in accounting were conducted. The research results may constitute the basis for making decisions regarding the development of accounting programs and forms of studying at universities. A limitation of the study is the lack of comparison of grades obtained by students of other economic faculties in the country. Originality/value: The research on the impact of the form of studying on grades in accounting subjects in Polish higher education significantly contributes to filling the research gap regarding the studying of economic subjects, particularly accounting.

New trends and directions in local government finance research: A bibliometric analysis

Local government finance has a critical impact on regional sustainability and governance. This study seeks to conduct comprehensive analyses of evolving trends and future directions in municipal finance research. It aims to address the insufficient longitudinal studies and fragmented understanding of how municipal finance practices and policies evolve by providing systematic evidence on dynamic trends and potential future trajectories. The study employed bibliometric analysis using Scopus and Google Scholar databases and Publish or Perish (PoP) software to analyze literature dynamics and associated topics and research trends and improve understanding of local government financial research. The results show a strong focus on local governance. Key themes included transparency, accountability, and financial sustainability, highlighting the critical need for good governance and fiscal prudence. The promising directions are technology (e-government) and comprehensive actions on the economic side through public-private partnerships and financial sustainability. Critical themes are fiscal stress, budgeting, and local government finance. However, new trends in sustainability, public-private partnerships, financial resilience, municipal bonds, and land finance are emerging as significant research areas. It highlights the field’s adaptability to evolving social and economic conditions. Through a thorough synthesis of these insights, stakeholders are better positioned to gain a deeper understanding of the current landscape of local government finance studies and their broader implications within a constantly changing global environment. AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Hasanuddin University, for their invaluable support and assistance in this research. Their unwavering commitment to advancing academic research and community service has been the key to completing this study.

Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan dan Gaya Hidup Terhadap Perilaku Menabung dengan Pengendalian Diri sebagai Variabel Intervening di Kalangan Mahasiswa

This study aims to determine the effect of financial literacy and lifestyle on saving behavior with self-control as an intervening variable among undergraduate students of the Faculty of Economics and Business at PGRI University Semarang. This research employs a quantitative approach with data collection methods using surveys conducted through questionnaires. The population of this study consists of 1,464 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Economics and Business cohorts 2020-2023. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, involving 314 respondents from the Management Study Program and the Digital Business Study Program. Data analysis was performed using SEM with the assistance of SmartPLS software. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that financial literacy and lifestyle have a positive and significant effect on saving behavior. Additionally, self-control serves as a mediator in the relationship between financial literacy and lifestyle on saving behavior. Keywords: , , ,

The Influence of Lifestyle and Trust in the Use of Shopee Paylater Services on Consumer Behavior in the Maqashid Sharia Perspective (Study on Students of UIN Raden Intan Lampung)

This study aims to investigate the influence of lifestyle and trust in the use of Shopee Paylater services on consumer behavior, taking into account the Maqashid Sharia perspective, especially for students of the Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business at UIN Raden Intan Lampung. This research adopts a quantitative approach through the survey method and the use of questionnaires as a data collection technique. The research sample consisted of 84 students from the class of 2021 who used the Shopee Paylater service, selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS software. The independent variables used in this study include lifestyle (X1) and trust (X2), while consumer behavior (Y) is the dependent variable. The t-test results indicate that both lifestyle and trust individually have a positive and significant influence on consumer behavior. The F test results indicate that lifestyle and trust together have a positive and significant effect on consumer behavior. In the context of Maqashid Sharia, consumption that is carried out not only follows religious teachings, but also provides tangible benefits for individuals and society as a whole.

Shaping the Future of PR Education: Creating a Digital Public Relations Textbook for Course

Teaching Public Relations courses is essential for the Office Administration study program at the Faculty of Economics, Medan State University (FE UNIMED). Current learning materials are outdated and lack alignment with the industrial revolution 4.0, potentially resulting in suboptimal knowledge for future organizational leaders. Thus, updating teaching materials is crucial to ensure students receive contemporary and sharp knowledge in the digital context. This study aims to compile and develop textbooks for Public Relations courses within a digital context, using the ADDIE development model. The ADDIE model includes five stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. This Research and Development (RnD) approach ensures a comprehensive development process, enhancing the relevance and effectiveness of the course material. In the Analysis stage, current course materials and student needs were assessed to identify gaps. The Design phase involved structuring the content to incorporate digital public relations concepts. During Development, the textbook was created, integrating modern communication strategies and digital tools. The Implementation stage involved testing the textbook in classroom settings. Evaluation included assessing the textbook's Validity, Effectiveness, and Practicality. The newly developed textbooks provided a contemporary framework for understanding public relations in the digital era. Validation results showed high relevance and accuracy, while effectiveness tests indicated improved student engagement and comprehension. Practicality assessments confirmed ease of use for both students and lecturers. These outcomes highlight the importance of regularly updating educational materials to align with technological advancements and industry needs. Updating Public Relations teaching materials to reflect digital advancements is vital for preparing students as future organizational leaders. The ADDIE model proved effective in developing relevant and practical textbooks. Future research should focus on long-term impacts of these updated materials on student performance and career readiness.

Analisis Interpretasi Pajak Dan Implikasinya Menurut Perspektif Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi di Fakultas Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Universitas Muslim Nusantara Al-Washliyah Medan

This study seeks to ascertain the perception of Individual Taxpayers on the interpretation of Income Tax, as well as the extent of understanding among Taxpayers at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Al-Washliyah Muslim University, Medan. This study employs descriptive qualitative methodologies, specifically case studies, to gain a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of a specific case. The researcher aims to investigate how Individual Taxpayers at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Al-Washliyah Muslim University Medan interpret taxes and the resulting implications. This research was conducted in the Faculty of Economics and Business, Al-Washliyah Muslim Nusantara University, located in Medan. The number of informants to be interviewed in this research cannot be determined as the sample collection employs a judgment procedure. The data collection methods employed in this research encompass a preliminary survey, a literature review, and field data collection. Qualitative data analysis is conducted through an interactive process that involves data reduction, data presentation, and generating conclusions. The findings of this study indicate that Individual Taxpayers in the Faculty of Economics and Business, Al-Washliyah Muslim Nusantara University, Medan possess a favorable understanding of their responsibility to fulfill their income tax obligations. The comprehension of income tax imposition among individual taxpayers is generally satisfactory, yet there are also persons who express dissent when a portion of their assets is allocated towards tax” payment.

Navigating the interplay between Sustainable Leadership, Relational Capital, and Academic Performance in Higher Education

Higher education is widely recognized as a pivotal factor in supporting the implementation of sustainable development goals (SDGs) through research, teaching and learning, collaboration, and management governance. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the impact of leadership styles on academic performance, examine relational capital as a mediator in the relationship between leadership styles and academic performance, investigate the effect of sustainability leadership on curriculum design, and assess the influence of curriculum design on academic performance. The population consisted of lecturers from the Faculty of Economics at State Islamic Universities in Indonesia, the Islamic Science University of Malaysia (USIM) in Malaysia, and the Faculty of Islamic Studies, Department of Sharia and Economics, at the University of Malaya. With a population of 783 individuals and a precision of 5%, the sample size was determined to be 265 lecturers, and Partial Least Square (PLS) was used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that sustainable leadership did not affect academic performance. Furthermore, relational capital mediated the relationship between sustainable leadership and academic performance. Sustainable leadership and curriculum design directly affected academic performance. The findings highlighted the crucial role of leadership in facilitating curriculum design, relational capital, and academic performance. By emphasizing relational capital, higher education institutions proactively enhanced academic performance. Future research should also consider other important factors related to academic performance and explore different behavioral effects and leadership styles.

Analysis of the Book "Arab Economics" at the Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business on Ibn Khaldun's Theory

The teaching of Arabic in Islamic universities faces many problems, including the lack of special educational materials and used by each teacher differently, the existing class is few than he had to perform for four skills, the lack of vocabulary to practice the language skill, and in addition to the lack of enthusiasm in learning Arabic only from the Faculty of Arabic Language Teaching only. The aim of this study is to know the objectives, material, method and evaluation of the book "Arab Economic" on the theory of Ibn Khaldun, and this research of the type of qualitative descriptive study, the researcher observed the Arabic book of economics, and the evidence and its sources of objectives, material, method and evaluation in the Arab book of economics, collected books and documents in the style of analysis of the doctrine of Mehlis and Hubermin. It is concluded that Ibn Khaldun's theory towards the goals, material, method and evaluation in this book Arabic economics is: the goal aspect includes improving thinking, improving society and improving spirituality suitable for improving thinking for the community of the Faculty of Economics with good Arabic language and the Holy Quran. In terms of the subject, it includes conversation, vocabulary, grammar and exercises to understand the language like the queen at the Faculty of Economics. In terms of method, it is appropriate to gradually or repetition, discussion and exemplary in the process of teaching economic Arabic writers. In terms of the calendar, it has exercises, exercises and songs to support the acquisition of the four language skills. The final result of this research is that the Arabic book of economics has helped students at the Faculty of Economics and Business to learn the fun Arabic language and train the four skills according to the practice of objectives, material, method and evaluation according to Ibn Khaldun.

The Implementation of Khyar in Online Purchase and in Increasing Costumers Satisfaction

This research aims at encouraging students to implement khyar in online transactions and creating its’ application model in order to obtain costumers satisfaction. The research was initiated due to the development of common online purchase and transactions whose applications are different from that of khyar. This can also potentially cause the business to lose its’ element of spiritual blessings and be susceptible to fraud and loss on the side of the costumers. The crucial issue found in the research is that what students learn at schools or campus in theories are not in line with what the application of kyar in real life. The nature of the research is descriptive and qualitative and its’ object is the implementation of khyar in online purchase and its’ data source is taken from students of the Faculty of Islamic Business and Economy who make online purchase and transactions. The instruments of research are observations, interviews and field records and data tabulation techniques used are editing, descriptions and interpretations. The result of the research shows that the conceptual implementation of the khyar is agreed upon by all of the students except for five of them. There are vendors who sold their products over someone else’s bargain and there are those who denied products return while according to Islam that practice should be allowed under the ruling of khyar.

Investment Choices in the Young Generation: A Behavioral Economics Approach Using Prospect Theory

This study aims to explore the psychological and behavioral factors that influence investment decisions among students of the Faculty of Economics and Business at UNM using the Prospect Theory approach. This research is descriptive and utilizes a quantitative methodology, with the population consisting of students from the Faculty of Economics and Business at UNM. Data were collected using a questionnaire designed based on the principles of Prospect Theory in behavioral economics. The data analysis was conducted using statistical techniques, including descriptive statistical tests, to identify the factors influencing students' investment decisions. The findings reveal that students' financial decision-making behavior is significantly influenced by various psychological factors. The research indicates that students tend to be consistent in their financial decision-making processes, demonstrating a notable influence of behavioral biases. Additionally, the study highlights that common behavioral biases, such as risk aversion and loss aversion, are prevalent among students when making investment decisions. These results emphasize the importance of understanding the psychological aspects of investment choices, suggesting that educational initiatives should focus on improving students' awareness of these biases to foster more informed and rational investment behavior.