Economic Sense Research Articles

How Has Ecological Imperialism Persisted? A Marxian Critique of the Western Climate Consensus

AbstractEcological imperialism refers to the historical and contemporary exercise of power by the North over the South that leads to ecologically destructive consequences of which the South is usually the victim. Using this power, wealthy countries in the Global North are capable of steering mainstream discourse on global environmental issues in directions that benefit and privilege themselves at the expense of the Global South. Analysis should thus be applied not only to ecological imperialism in the pure economic sense, but also to the uneven power relations in the political and ideological arena that serve to reproduce ecological imperialism in an overarching sense. This article, inspired by the concept of ecological imperialism developed in the Marxian tradition, explores how researchers and global institutions in the Global North frame the narratives of climate change culpability through selective presentation of emission statistics that tends to minimize the accountability of the North while inflating that of the Global South. Such narratives also contain the Malthusian perception that economic development and population growth in the Global South, above all, should be taken as major threats to climate change solutions. This type of reasoning again serves to justify and maintain the current hierarchical global system and reinforce ecological imperialism.

Cultural Managers’ Education and Cultural Ecosystems’ Transfigurations : The Case of COSM Modules in Finland

This text deals with the example of cultural managers’ education format that follows the changes in cultural ecosystems that impact cultural professionals’ practice globally. The initiative called COSM (Culture, Organization and Sustainability Management) is tested in Finland and aims to re-define cultural management professionals’ role and competencies from the side of sustainability values. These values are approached in a particular way to adapt and strengthen the role of cultural managers when assisting all types of responsible or ethically balanced activities, in environmental, social, and economic sense. The goal of that format is also to strengthen sustainability values-oriented practices of leaders and employees of creative and cultural organizations or cultural heritage sites inside their ecosystems that include ethical and balanced cultural work environments. Finally, it deals as well with cultural professionals being prepared to respond to the unexpected and crisis circumstances. The sequence of the article content consists of three elements, the first refers to the metaphor of cultural ecosystems and gives the examples based on festivals. The second part of the article is the introduction of the COSM courses as the example case of the educational response to the current needs of the cultural management profession. The discussion on the cultural professionals’ identity is referred to in that fragment of the paper. The third component of the article presents the outcomes of the COSM educational experiment based on the feedback collected from participants. The concluding part is a summary that brings the perspective of cultural organizations' reality and the multiple roles of cultural professionals in the future.

Cultivation Potential and Uses of Paulownia Wood: A Review

This review aimed to determine the current state of research on the growth conditions and use pertaining to paulownia wood, mainly in European countries where paulownia has been introduced only relatively recently. Several studies carried out on Paulownia hybrids have shown significant differences in the growth dynamics of individual clones in their response to local environmental and climatic conditions. For example, dry biomass production yields in the second year of cultivation range from 1.5 t ha−1 to as much as 14 t ha−1. This diversity has manifested itself not only in growth characteristics but also in the properties of the wood and the possibilities for its use. Despite having clear similarities to the genus Paulownia, the cultivation of species and hybrids under different conditions has produced varying results. The best growing conditions for this wood (that make economic sense) are in the Middle East and Southern Europe. These regions have accumulated the most experience because of the earlier establishment of the crop. Today, paulownia cultivation is dominated by hybrids with selected traits that are propagated mainly in vitro. The most commonly planted hybrids include the clones in vitro 112, Cotevisa 2 and Shan Tong. The growth results and production capacity in central European countries are lower compared to Southern Europe. Experiments on paulownia cultivation are still relatively young, mainly consisting of replicating the cultivation of hybrids developed in Asia or Southern Europe. However, agronomic procedures are being developed and reactions to local climatic conditions are being studied. It is likely that, in the next few years, the profitability of growing paulownia in these regions will become apparent.

Defining Income

More than half a century ago in Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass, the Supreme Court defined "income," as used in section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code, as "undeniable accessions to wealth, clearly realized, and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion." The Code narrows the scope of income by providing for specific exclusions but, outside of those exclusions, the Code's own, self-referential definition-"gross income means income from whatever source derived" - seems to confirm the broad scope of the definition.The breadth of the Glenshaw Glass definition appears to be nearly co-extensive with the Haig-Simons definition of income, which is widely accepted as providing the theoretical foundation for the income tax. Accordingly, many tax professionals interpret the language in section 61 and Glenshaw Glass solely in light of the economic principles reflected in the Haig-Simons definition. The analytical structure for determining what is income appears clear and is generally treated as immutable. The analysis begins with the broad mandate of section 61 and Glenshaw Glass. As long as there is a realized accession in the economic sense within the taxpayer's dominion, Glenshaw Glass would seem to provide that there is income unless, pursuant to the very first words of section 61, there is an exclusion in the statute. From the time they are introduced to the tax law, students are taught this analytical structure, and by the time they become practitioners and then judges or scholars, it is second nature.

Modulating local environment of Ni with W for synthesis of carbon nanotubes and hydrogen from plastics

The strategy of thermochemical conversion of plastic waste into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and hydrogen makes both environmental and economic sense. Exploring high-performance catalysts is an essential prerequisite of converting plastics by pyrolysis and in-line catalysis technology. To improve the catalytic performance of Ni–Mg system, high-valency and refractory tungsten as a promoter was introduced. A series of W–Ni–Mg oxides with various W/Ni atomic ratios (0, 1/15, 1/7, 1/3) were synthesized and their catalytic performances were evaluated. The sample with W/Ni atomic ratio of 1/7 exhibited the mixed phase of MgNiO2 and MgWO4 and showed the highest yields of CNTs and hydrogen. Furthermore, the effect of tungsten on the modulating the local coordination and electronic structure of active Ni was explored. The addition of tungsten facilitated the reduction of Ni and maintained it as solid state, not traditional quasi-liquid state, to alleviate the aggregation and migration of Ni nanoparticles. Thus, the CNT growth over W–Ni–Mg oxide sample predominantly followed vapor−solid−solid mechanism, while vapor−liquid−solid mechanism could still occur as the secondary growth of CNTs.

Global Health Jurisprudence: COVID-19 Pandemic and Pharmaceutical Patents

The onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives across the globe, and since its emergence, it has brought to the fore the urgency of addressing public health issues from a global perspective. Notwithstanding the calls for collective action and ambitious global initiatives launched under the aegis of the World Health Organization (WHO), the search for effective new drugs and vaccines and their equitable and affordable access remain captive to the contentious issue of balancing the commercial (intellectual property) rights of the medicine manufacturers and the basic right to health of the vast majority of humankind. There has been a divide among the governments of the developed and developing countries as they jockey to seek trade concessions and intellectual property (IP) waivers in multilateral Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) forums to ensure affordable treatment for their population. Neither the multilateral trade talks nor the parallel global initiatives, especially the ambitious COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP) project, has made the promised progress, thus showing that the ground reality is a far cry from the appealing ideas of global solidarity. The pandemic continues to take its toll; calls for a global response to global challenges are getting louder and shriller by the day. The present study attempts to trace the history of collective action in the realm of public health from the social and commercial perspectives. It is to seek a globalized approach to global health issues within the framework of distributive justice. It is observed that the present global framework found a sound economic sense with little scope for global health jurisprudence.

Forfeiture of real property in Polish and Lithuanian criminal law

This paper is a comparatist evaluation of forfeiture regulations, including the possibility of real property forfeiture under the Polish law and the law in force in the territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Being a legal institution that induces the perpetrator to realize the unprofitableness of committing a prohibited act, forfeiture is more effective than severe penalties, as its supreme goal is to deprive criminal activity of an economic sense. This is achieved through seizure of property and attachment of proceeds from crime. Lithuanian forfeiture laws are in many respects similar to Polish solutions. Their detailed analysis may be an inspiration to contemplate changes in institutions well known to Polish financial criminal lawyers.

Regéci uradalom irányítása a 17. században

Veres, Tünde: The management of the Regéc estate in the 17th century We can consider the 17th century as the period of development of the allodium and large estate system. This was the result of a long process that meant change in the life of an estate not only in economic sense, but it brought along the necessary change of the administrative system and its modernization too. While the economic role of the castles had been significant in the previous centuries, this indicates which role had mainly meant the leading of manorial yield. This system has come to an end gradually and a separation can be observed between the military and economic management by the 17th century. This decentralization and the gradual extension of the large estate system demanded a more divided, thus more professional economic apparatus. We can be faced with similar changes in the case of an estate in Regéc. The case of this demesne is interesting and the reason for this is that three eras can be distinguished during the time of the Rákóczi family’s possession – 1646–1685: date of the Rákóczi family’s possession; 1686–1691: the period of the Chamber of Szepes’s management, Kollonich’s and Klobusiczky’s guardianship, 1692–1711: Francis II Rákóczi is the owner –, and these three eras left an impression, and were based on each other. The most significant period is the second one, when Francis Klobusiczky kept an eye on the untroubled functioning of the Rákóczis’ whole estate-complex, but the provisor was the one who carried out the direct economic leading on the level of single estates. However, it would be an inaccurate and sim plified statement emphasizing only the role of provisor from this point of view, as the management of an estate was carried out within a government system built in ahierarchical way. In this complex system the duty of the employees, working on different levels, was the operation and maintenance of the former Rákóczi demesne. The aim of the study is to explore the government system and its working mechanism in the estate of Regéc based on the assignment and duty of the officials at the end of the 17th century. Since those persons who work in that employment have a significant position in the estate of Regéc, it is essential to study those kinds of conventions and accounts that are in connection with them. Therefore, the research of these mentioned documents constitutes the other focal point of this study.

A Study of Women Empowerment with reference to Nagpur District

There are approximately 51% female in total population of Nagpur. But if we analyze the current status of women we can realize that the scene is not even satisfactory but the worst. Women generally faced barriers to success like illiteracy, domestic violence, lack of motivation etc. For the development of the country that women should go hand by hand and shoulder to shoulder with men. Efforts are required to enhance the socio-economic status of women. It has been observed that most of the policies and programs view empowerment in the economic sense only working in the belief that economic self-reliance empowers women ignoring other variables like health, education, literacy etc. This research paper attempts to examine the efforts initiated towards empowering women. It explores the relationship between women’s empowerment, domestic violence, maternal nutritional status, and the nutritional status and growth over six months in children aged 6 to 24 months in a rural and tribal community.

Combining Unsupervised Approaches for Near Real-Time Network Traffic Anomaly Detection

The 0-day attack is a cyber-attack based on vulnerabilities that have not yet been published. The detection of anomalous traffic generated by such attacks is vital, as it can represent a critical problem, both in a technical and economic sense, for a smart enterprise as for any system largely dependent on technology. To predict this kind of attack, one solution can be to use unsupervised machine learning approaches, as they guarantee the detection of anomalies regardless of their prior knowledge. It is also essential to identify the anomalous and unknown behaviors that occur within a network in near real-time. Three different approaches have been proposed and benchmarked in exactly the same condition: Deep Autoencoding with GMM and Isolation Forest, Deep Autoencoder with Isolation Forest, and Memory Augmented Deep Autoencoder with Isolation Forest. These approaches are thus the result of combining different unsupervised algorithms. The results show that the addition of the Isolation Forest improves the accuracy values and increases the inference time, although this increase does not represent a relevant problematic factor. This paper also explains the features that the various models consider most important for classifying an event as an attack using the explainable artificial intelligence methodology called Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP). Experiments were conducted on KDD99, NSL-KDD, and CIC-IDS2017 datasets.

Market Harms and Market Benefits

Market Harms and Market Benefits

Putting People First, a Necessary Change in the Appraisal of Major Infrastructure Projects

Public decision-makers must ensure that investments make economic sense and are financially sustainable. When privately financed through public-private partnership agreements, a project has to be bankable as well. In the present political setting, an investment is also expected to be analyzed in terms of its contribution to Global Environmental Objectives (GEOs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This means producing relevant information on its contribution to environmental sustainability as well as to social and economic progress. Information on the project’s redistribution impacts is also relevant in relation to SDGs, but particularly in relation to the UNECE vision of People First. This paper emphasizes the importance of following a rigorous methodology that incorporates these redistribution effects to assess any infrastructure investment. The paper also introduces two concepts – Value for People and Value for the Future – that are key to the evaluation of a project’s contribution to socio-economic development.

Family background and classroom belonging among adolescent students in Finland

We study whether a family’s economic situation and parental educational level are associated with classroom belonging among students in comprehensive secondary, upper secondary general and upper secondary vocational education in Finland. We also study whether there are educational-level differences in this possible association. We use survey data from the Finnish School Health Promotion study from 2017 (N = 114,528). We conduct random effect linear probability models with schools as the second-level grouping variable. The results show that family’s low economic situation predicts a higher probability of lack of sense of classroom belonging in Finland, despite the country having one of the world’s most equal educational systems and comparably low economic inequality. Neither mother’s nor father’s educational level has any association. A family’s low economic situation seems to predict the lack of a sense of belonging most strongly in comprehensive secondary education and most weakly in upper secondary vocational education. Our results slightly support the proposed significance of context-specific hierarchies in determining the association between economic resources and sense of belonging. A family having a poor economic situation is not reflected in the sense of classroom belonging as strongly in schools where students have a low average economic situation compared to those where students have a high average economic situation. We suggest measures, in addition to alleviating economic inequalities, to support the sense of school belonging, especially for low-income students.

The Novoroscement plant in the city of Novorossiysk

The object of the research is the Novoroscement plant. The location of the plant is shown below in Figure 1. The Novoroscement cement plant is located in the eastern part of the city. After reconstruction of the plant treatment facilities have been installed at the plant and the dust removal system of the clinker cooler was modernized. The location of the enterprise has got a lot of advantages. It is located next to the non-freezing sea, and it has got a convenient transport infrastructure (railways and roads). Cement is a key building material and special attention should be given to the selection of “green technology” in the process of its production. We understand that preference should be given to the more environmentally friendly wet process of cement manufacturing. The location of the plant at the present time is the most convenient both in terms of safety for the life of the population and in the economic sense. The plant operates on such raw materials as marl. The marl’s extraction and delivery to the point of production play an important role.

Синхронизация технологических, социальных и экономических преобразований в условиях «островной» трансформации

The development of human civilization has been and is going through a series of continuous transformations in various spheres. Today, the world is going through another series of intensive technological, social and economic transformations. These transformations are connected with the evolutionary development according to the scheme: “modernity – a new industrial society of the 2nd generation (NIS.2) – noonomy”. An important role in this development is given to information (digital) technologies. They serve as a link between socio-economic transformation and are also an important element of modern technological transition. The integrating properties of digital technologies are because they form and maintain a single information, knowledge field. But in the modern historical period, there has been a tendency to break this single information field. Moreover, this happens synchronously with the formation of a multipolar world in the socio-political plane and glocalization in the economic plane. According to the author, these changes are natural and interrelated. Based on the analysis, the transition to a new stage of social evolution is postulated, which is characterized by “island” development, the essence of which is the formation of relatively autonomous “islands” in the global civilizational space in the technological, social, and economic sense. The idea of the need to study this new phenomenon based on a new scientific concept of “island development” is being formed.

Women Empowerment in India

Women empowerment is a debatable subject. At earlier time they were getting equal status with men. But they had faced some difficulties during post vedic and epic ages. many a time they were treated as slave. From early twenty century, their statues have been changed slowly and gradually. Women’s empowerment has been an issue of immense discussions and contemplation over the last few decades world wide. This agenda has been on top of the lists of most government plans and programs as well. Efforts have been made on a regular basis across nations to address this issue and enhance the socio-economic status of women. However, it has been observed that most of the policies and programs view empowerment in the economic sense only working in the belief that economic self reliance empowers women ignoring other variables like health, education, literacy etc. Introduction in the history of human development, woman has been as important as a man. In fact, the status, employment and work performed by women in society is the indicator of a nations overall progress. Without the participation of women in national activities, the social, economic or political progress of country will be stagnated. Women constitute half of the humanity, even contributing two-thirds of world’s work hours. She earns only one-third of the total income and owns less than one-tenth of the world’s resources. This shows that the economic status of women is in pathetic condition and this is more so in a country like India. Women constitute nearly 50% of population, perform two-thirds of the work and produce 50% of food commodities consumed by the country. They earn one third of remuneration and own 10% of the property or wealth of the country.

Транскордонне співробітництво сільських територій у контексті конвергенційно-інтеграційних процесів

The article discloses the importance of cross-border cooperation of Ukrainian rural areas in the context of convergence-integration processes in Ukraine in the context of the European vector of development of foreign economic relations. The regulatory framework and peculiarities of such cooperation are analyzed on the example of Zakarpatska Oblast. The means of increasing the efficiency of cooperation in order to deepen and develop the cross-border economic ties are proposed. Modern European countries are in a state of constant integration changes due to globalization and great interdependence, especially in the economic sense. Thus, cross-border cooperation is an important component of convergence processes, which largely shapes the agenda of European integration of our country. Ukraine has significant potential in the agricultural sector, cooperation with European neighbors in rural areas and agricultural districts deserves attention and a detailed study. In addition, a qualitatively new cross-border zone with the Member States of the European Union is being formed. Therefore, it is considered expedient to research the processes of interpenetration and integration of Ukrainian rural areas next to the State border. Recently, Ukraine has been distributing and implementing initiatives and projects aimed at strengthening Ukraine’s relations with neighboring countries, in particular with the European Union. To promote such cooperation in the border areas, the formation of appropriate infrastructure has begun, which is an important element for the successful implementation of the planned projects. The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union provides for a wide range of opportunities for the modernization of regional policy, the implementation of cross-border cooperation and the development of rural areas. At the same time, the integration and convergence of border rural areas is the key to strengthening trade, economic and other relations between the countries.

ІННОВАЦІЙНІ ПІДХОДИ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ОРГАНІЧНОГО МОЛОКА В УКРАЇНІ В КОНТЕКСТІ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the assessment of innovative approaches to the Ukrainian organic milk production in the context of population food security. It has been proven that the organic milk production has become one of the dairy farming development drivers in Ukraine, which is a system-forming branch of agriculture. This opens up new opportunities for business and presents new challenges. A distinctive peculiarity of the organic dairy products is their high margin. This is a serious challenge that milk producers using traditional technologies have yet to accept and implement. Discrepancies in dairy farming production technology in traditional and organic systems of agriculture have been established. The development and application of a complex of state measures for the development of organic production will contribute to increasing the domestic agriculture competitiveness. There will be an increase in its export potential, an improvement in the state of the domestic food market and the financial and economic situation of business entities in the agribusiness sphere of Ukraine. The transition to organic agriculture will reduce dependence on imports of seeds, veterinary drugs, antibiotics, growth stimulants and other imports. We consider that in the post-war period, one of the priority directions for the organic agriculture development is the formation of a competitive branch of dairy farming and increasing the milk and beef production. They must accord the postulate and quality standards of organic products. The development of this direction creates opportune circs in the economic and ecological sense. First, there is an increase in the profitability of agricultural production due to the use of high sale prices of realization and the saturation of the domestic market with high-quality food products. Secondly – habitat environmental protection and preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems. We consider that the restrictive factor in this situation is non-competitiveness with large farms, because they receive support from the state and that is why they have a higher economic effect. The development of the production of organic products on the basis of dairy farms with a focus on the export of finished products is a promising direction for Ukraine. This is due to the fact that the demand for organic milk in the world is increasing and the price remains high, despite the decrease in the price level of regular milk. Thus, prospects for the development of organic milk production in Ukraine open up not only new opportunities for the country's dairy farming. They set new goals for the agricultural sector, the achievement of which will contribute to the sustainable development of the dairy industry, reducing the number of low-quality, falsified products and increasing the demand and consumption of milk and dairy products.

The Effects of BREXIT on the UK's Economic, Social and Legal System

BREXIT is the term used to refer to the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union. The effects of Brexit on the UK economy have been felt since the referendum on June 23rd, 2016, when the majority of the UK’s population voted to leave the European Union. In the years since the referendum and after the official withdrawal from the EU (as of 31st January 2020 and during the transition period which ended on 31st December 2020), the UK economy has experienced a variety of both positive and negative effects, all affecting the British economic, social and legal system. Some critics say that in the end, it resulted a very particular idea of sovereignty over economic good sense. Others say that the UK's decision to leave the European Union is an act of economic self-harm. The truth is inevitably somewhere in between.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SOVIET SYSTEM IN THE TERRITORY OF TRANSCARPATHIA (1944–1946)

As noted, Transcarpathia is an administrative-territorial unit created in historical Hungary in 1919, consisting of Uzhan, Berez, Ugochan, and Maramoros counties. In the first half of the 20th century, it was part of several states: in 1919, it became part of Czechoslovakia; in 1938–1939, it returned to Hungary, and in the fall of 1944, after the Soviet occupation, it was incorporated by the Soviet Union. The authors investigated that frequent changes of power due to the peripherality of the region took place without considering the local population's opinion – as a result of the political decisions of the great states, so Transcarpathians always had to adapt to new political systems. Among the historical twists of fate for the residents, joining the Soviet Union had the most tragic consequences: until 1944, the region was a part of Central Europe, in particular the Carpathian Basin, in the social, economic, and cultural sense, but after, it became part of a dictatorial empire based on a class approach and social injustice. It was analyzed and concluded that the incorporation of Transcarpathia, with a total area of 20,000 km2, was of geostrategic importance for the Soviet authorities since, due to its geographical location, it bordered several states that were part of the Soviet bloc, and railway routes ran through it, which simplified the logistics of the USSR with them. The incorporation of the region by the Soviet Union was not legitimate at all, but the almighty Soviet leader Stalin, who influenced the politics of states in this part of Europe, made sure to maintain the appearance of legitimacy during the occupation and subsequent annexation. As a result of the political regime change, a new administrative system was implemented, the names of settlements were revised, and the ethnic composition of the region also changed. As an undoubted fact stated that for various ethnic groups living in Transcarpathia, the Soviet annexation brought a series of individual and mass tragedies, as the change of power meant not only the onset of lawlessness but also ethnic cleansing and physical destruction for tens of thousands of people.