Economic Factors Research Articles

Evaluating membranes for hydrogen storage and utilization in next-generation aviation systems

This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of membrane technologies for hydrogen-related processes in aviation, specifically focusing on hydrogen production, hydrogen separation, and fuel cells. As aviation seeks to transition to cleaner energy solutions, the selection of appropriate membranes is critical for ensuring efficiency and sustainability. The research utilizes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to systematically assess membrane alternatives based on key criteria: economic factors, environmental impact, technical performance, and technological maturity. By conducting pairwise comparisons and detailed matrix calculations, this study establishes the relative importance of sub-criteria and ranks membrane types for each hydrogen-related application. The analysis identifies Nonporous Dense Films as the most effective membrane for hydrogen production, due to their balance of cost and technical performance. For hydrogen separation, Ceramic and Metal Membranes are determined to be the optimal choice, offering superior durability, hydrogen permeability, and thermal stability. In fuel cell applications, Electrically Charged Membranes are found to be the most suitable for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), while Ceramic and Metal Membranes excel in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). The outcomes of this study not only highlight the most suitable membranes for different aviation hydrogen processes but also offer a strategic framework for decision-makers. By identifying the key factors driving membrane selection, this research contributes to advancing hydrogen adoption in aviation, facilitating the development of efficient, low-emission technologies for the future of sustainable air travel.

Reconciling the contrasting narratives on the environmental impact of large language models

The recent proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has led to divergent narratives about their environmental impacts. Some studies highlight the substantial carbon footprint of training and using LLMs, while others argue that LLMs can lead to more sustainable alternatives to current practices. We reconcile these narratives by presenting a comparative assessment of the environmental impact of LLMs vs. human labor, examining their relative efficiency across energy consumption, carbon emissions, water usage, and cost. Our findings reveal that, while LLMs have substantial environmental impacts, their relative impacts can be dramatically lower than human labor in the U.S. for the same output, with human-to-LLM ratios ranging from 40 to 150 for a typical LLM (Llama-3-70B) and from 1200 to 4400 for a lightweight LLM (Gemma-2B-it). While the human-to-LLM ratios are smaller with regard to human labor in India, these ratios are still between 3.4 and 16 for a typical LLM and between 130 and 1100 for a lightweight LLM. Despite the potential benefit of switching from humans to LLMs, economic factors may cause widespread adoption to lead to a new combination of human and LLM-driven work, rather than a simple substitution. Moreover, the growing size of LLMs may substantially increase their energy consumption and lower the human-to-LLM ratios, highlighting the need for further research to ensure the sustainability and efficiency of LLMs.

Feasibility Assessment of Using Wavestar Energy Converter in a Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System (a case study)

Renewable energies, as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, confront a twofold challenge characterized by intermittency and the imperative to enhance reliability. Hybrid energy systems (HES) emerge as a pragmatic solution with the potential to mitigate carbon emissions and foster self-sufficiency within local communities. This investigation primarily seeks to ascertain the optimal configuration of a HES integrated with Wavestar wave energy converter, considering economic, technical, and environmental factors, tailored to meet the electricity demands of two cities in Iran including Chabahar and Anzali alongside of the Caspian sea and Oman sea, respectively. For this purpose, HOMER software is used for modeling and optimization the energy systems. In both locations, the optimal system includes photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), Wavestar wave energy converter (WEC), diesel generator (DG), and batteries which results in cost of energy (COE) of 0.136 and 0.109 in Chabahar and Anzali, respectively. Sensitivity analysis reveals that wind speed significantly impacts COE and reliability, also grid electricity purchases play a vital role. Economic uncertainty highlights varying importance between capital costs for PV and WT in Anzali and Chabahar. Furthermore, this study delves into the limitations posed by the fuel dependency of diesel generators. Finally, by conducting a thorough assessment of solar energy potential by GIS software, the research identifies a favorable location for the establishment of a solar power plant, contributing to the overall feasibility of the proposed hybrid energy systems.

Hybrid renewable energy systems for sustainable power supply in remote location: Techno-economic and environmental assessment

Electricity supply is inconsistent and unreliable in many remote areas of India, where depending solely on a single renewable energy source is impractical. In this context, this study investigates the potential of off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) to meet the energy needs of a village community in India. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment have been employed to compare eleven HRES combinations which combine photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), battery (BAT), diesel generator (DG), biogas generator (BG), converter (CONV), and electrolyser (ELEC). By optimising the size and capacity of each component in HRES, this study aims to identify the combination with the lowest levelised cost of electricity (LCOE). This research aligns with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal No. 7 to seek “Affordable and Clean Energy”. The findings highlight that HRES comprising PV/WT/BAT/CONV/DG exhibits the lowest LCOE (0.319 $/kWh) and net present cost (6.81 M$) among all combinations. In systems with partial reliance on diesel, integrating both PV and WT could reduce diesel consumption and increase the renewable fraction to 87.4 %. For HRES involving PV, a significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions occurs during the construction stage. The WT/DG combination, with its high diesel dependency, has the largest global warming potential. The efforts from this study provide valuable insights into determining the optimal HRES for remote communities by considering their economic and environmental factors.

Cervical cancer screening in high-risk patients: Clinical challenges in primary care.

The risk of developing cervical cancer is not equal across populations-individual health history, economic, political, and societal factors influence cervical cancer risk. Certain health conditions, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, immunosuppression, and history of high-grade cervical dysplasia, are associated with higher cervical cancer risk and warrant distinct screening, surveillance, and management guidelines. It is imperative for clinicians to recognize high-risk groups and apply appropriate corresponding guidelines. However, this can be difficult in practice, as recommendations regularly evolve. This review offers up-to-date guidance in a case-based format on cervical cancer screening, surveillance, and management for high-risk patients.

Global sustainable closed-loop supply chain considering Incoterms rules and advertisement impacts

Industrial information integration plays a crucial role in modern supply chains by ensuring the smooth flow of data across all stages, including recovery, recycling, and disposal, which is essential for the successful implementation of a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) model. Building on this, our paper addresses a global CLSC problem by incorporating International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) and international transportation modes, bridging global supply chain operations with sustainability criteria. This innovative approach advances the development of a globally sustainable CLSC by focusing on the integration of economic, environmental, and social factors, i.e., the triple bottom line of sustainability. Specifically, we address environmental concerns through the introduction of carbon taxation and enhance social sustainability by exploring the impact of advertising on customer satisfaction. To further refine this model, we classify customers based on their sustainability engagement and apply a fuzzy programming approach to account for uncertainty in customer demand influenced by advertising. To solve this complex global CLSC model, we conduct a thorough analysis of constraints and develop a robust Lagrangian relaxation reformulation. While the initial solution may result in infeasibility, we propose a heuristic algorithm that ensures feasible solutions. Our efficient Lagrangian-based heuristic, incorporating an adaptive strategy, is capable of solving large-scale networks with an approximate 10% optimality gap. Ultimately, this research provides both a comprehensive framework for practitioners to improve the environmental performance and global operations of their supply chains, as well as significant theoretical contributions to the field of industrial information systems.

Time-Varying Income and Price Elasticities of Oil Demand in OECD Countries

This study examines the long-run income and price elasticities of oil demand in 21 OECD countries using quarterly data from 1980:Q1 to 2021:Q3. We find that oil demand is inelastic with respect to both income and prices at 0.117 and −0.179, respectively. The cointegration tests reveal instability in oil price elasticities over time. The time-varying panel data estimates support these findings, showing significant variations in elasticities influenced by oil market dynamics and global events. Income elasticities reached their highest levels during the COVID-19 pandemic, while price elasticities ranged from −0.396 to 0.275. Significantly, the sign of oil price elasticities shifted from negative to positive after 2015, contrary to the law of demand, probably because of declining oil prices during that period. The largest positive and statistically significant price elasticity occurred in early 2020, which can be attributed to the COVID-19-induced decline in oil prices. Overall, this analysis contributes to understanding oil demand dynamics and highlights the impact of economic and oil market factors on elasticities.

Sustainability assessment of blue hydrogen production through biomass gasification: A comparative analysis of thermal, solar, and wind energy sources

This study evaluated three blue hydrogen production processes − solar-grid powered, wind-powered, and thermal power grid (TPG) − considering the context of Hong Kong, SAR, China. A process sustainability analysis was performed based on energy, economic, and environmental (3E) factors. The energy efficiency analysis indicates that the TPG system is the most energy-efficient with 64% efficiency, followed by the wind power system at 63% and the hybrid solar-grid powered system at 60%. The economic analysis results indicate that the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCH) is 2.165 $/kg for the TPG system, 2.132 $/kg for the hybrid solar-grid powered system, and 2.060 $/kg for the wind power system. The environmental assessment suggests that wind powered are eco-friendly with a unit point total (µPt) of 1.11, compared to the solar-grid 1.50 µPt and TPG system’s 1.70 µPt. Therefore, 3E analysis proposes wind powered process is more sustainable for blue H2 production.

CLUB CONVERGENCE OF REAL WAGES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

This study analyzes real wage convergence within the European Union, scrutinizing it on both regional and national scales. It questions the prevalent notion that open labor movement within the EU naturally leads to wage parity. Using a flexible log t regression and clustering algorithm, the research uncovers a lack of real wage convergence across all EU countries and regions. Instead, it identifies distinct convergence clubs based on real wages, delineated as core versus peripheral countries, and further divided into four regional categories. These findings suggest the existence of significant differences between the core and peripheral countries, hindering wage equalization. Clubs converge to different steady states which yield substantially different average real wages. At the national level, the formation of these wage-based clubs is influenced by the output gap and unemployment benefits, competitiveness and labor productivity, trade integration, and partly by human capital and development level. This study's results are robust and consistent with economic theories concerning real wage determinants. On the regional front, the analysis reveals a complex interplay of multiple variables affecting club formation, with no significant distinctions between certain club pairings. The findings highlight the complex dynamics of wage convergence in the EU, influenced by both economic and non-economic factors. The differences between core and peripheral EU countries are still strong and affect labor market outcomes and real wage convergence.

An Analysis of Contextual Factors Influencing women's Candidacy in Local Elections: Insights From Italy

ABSTRACTExtensive research showed that the gender gap in electoral participation, both active and passive, is linked to cultural and socio‐economic aspects that can combine in diverse ways across different territories, leading to regional disparities. The present study analyzes how such heterogeneity in cultural and socio‐economic conditions interacts with the level of female participation in political competition in Italy, as measured by the proportion of female candidates in municipal elections from 2009 to 2016. Focusing on the gender dimension of candidacy in local elections, the study investigates its territorial determinants, particularly the role of the social and economic context. The research is innovative in two ways. First, it utilizes a large original panel dataset covering gender aspects of electoral candidatures at the municipal level as well as many socio‐economic contextual characteristics. Second, it employs a specification of the Correlated Random Effects Within‐Between model, which allows to disentangle the effect of both time‐variant and time‐invariant information within a panel data framework. Finally, the time period examined is of interest as it encompasses the Italian electoral reform known as Law 215/2012, which introduced a gender list quota at the municipal level. The results of the study suggest that policies to reduce the gender gap must aim not only at introducing quotas for women's representation but also at acting on all those economic and social factors that limit the presence of women in electoral candidacy.

Nexus among Economic Uncertainty, Geopolitical Risk, Oil Price Volatility and Economic Complexity in Saudi Arabia: Fresh Insights from Wavelet Local Multiple Correlations

Enhancing future economic growth through higher economic complexity is vital for sustainable growth strategies. Even though most studies are concerned with the key factors governing the economic complexity process, there needs to be more studies about the impact of risk factors on economic sophistication evolvement, particularly for oil-rentier economies. The present paper intends to delve into the dynamic connectedness between some risk factors, such as economic, political, and geopolitical risks and oil price volatility and the progress of economic complexity. We utilized quarterly data (1995Q1-2021Q4) for Saudi Arabia as a heavy oil-rich economy. As the first study to delve into the short-long term connections at various time scales and frequencies within a multivariable setting, we contribute to the literature by offering a spotless picture of economic complexity risk factors. In doing so, we resort to a novel wavelet local multiple correlation method, which can explore the varying patterns of time periods in the interconnections between the variables. Our findings disclose that oil volatility, geopolitical risk, and global uncertainties are positively connected to economic complexity over the long run. In contrast, their short-term effect is weak and mostly insignificant. These results indicate the resiliency of the Saudi economy to external to oil volatility shocks and intensification of global and local uncertainties. These outcomes offer policymakers new insights and prominent policy recommendations when designing economic strategies to achieve higher economic sophistication and sustainable growth.

First Union Formation in Italy: The Role of Micro- and Macro-Level Economic Conditions

In this paper, we use data from the ‘Families and Social Subjects’ survey conducted by the Italian National Institute of Statistics in 2016 to study the impact of micro- and macro-level economic conditions on first co-residential union formation. We aim to determine if and to what extent the probability of forming the first union is explained by individual labour market positions (e.g. having non-standard employment or not having work), and additionally explore if adverse macroeconomic conditions also play a role. We differentiate by union type—marriage and cohabitation—known to be characterised by different levels of union commitment. We also address potential gender differences by conducting separate analyses on men and women. Our results suggest that while micro- and macro-level economic factors matter in the union formation process, their effect varies by gender and union type. Individual economic vulnerability has a greater impact on marriage than on cohabitation for both men and women. Instead, contextual economic uncertainty plays a relevant role, especially in the transition to cohabitation, regardless of gender, and, to a lesser extent, in the transition to marriage, but only for women.

Peculiarities of advertising communications in the press of Transcarpathia in the Austria-Hungarian period at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century

The article investigates the specific features of advertising development in the Transcarpathian press at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. This study examined how social, historical, cultural, and economic factors influenced the development of advertising in the media of a region that used to be a part of Austria-Hungary. The study revealed the specific characteristics of advertisements in the region's first vernacular language magazines: the newspapers, «Nauka», «Selo» «Nedilya». Press editors were fully aware of the psychology of consumer influence and the techniques of making advertising messages relevant. Thus, various commercial information visualization methods are widely used: manipulative techniques, free offers, hidden and native advertising, etc. They advertised church books, musical instruments, bells, medicines, medical services, printed materials, textbooks, artwork, agricultural machinery, produce, fertilizers, etc. At the same time, information about the advertised product, the names of companies or manufacturers, and the address of production or sale were emphasized graphically. This demonstrated an understanding of the psychology of the audience's perception of information about goods or services. There were constant appeals to support the newspaper financially, to subscribe to the magazine, and self-promotion. The successful fundraising by the Nauka editorial board for its own printing house, Unio, was evidence of productive communication with readers. The editors understood the importance of illustrative presentation of information, so they used a wide range of graphic design of texts, fonts, drawings, engravings, photographs, and colored paper. At the same time, the advertisements concerned limited types of goods and represented a small part of local producers. However, the limited variety of advertised products indicates a weak advertising market and underdeveloped entrepreneurship in the region. Advertising serves as a unique identifier of the complex economic, social, and cultural situation of the Rusyns-Ukrainians in Transcarpathia during that period, making it relevant for further research into the development of media during this period in general.

Analysis of the potential correlation between infant mortality rate and GDP per capita among 217 countries

Abstract. This research explores the connection between GDP per capita and infant mortality rates (IMR) by examining data collected from 217 countries between 2000 and 2022. Regression analysis is utilized to examine the associations among different factors, encompassing healthcare, education, and unemployment, previously identified as influencing the infant mortality rate (IMR). The analysis reveals an inverse relationship between GDP per capita and IMR. Specifically, one dollar growth in GDP per capita corresponds to a 0.107 reduction in infant death, with all other variables held constant. The study also examined interaction terms, revealing a positive correlation between certain variable combinations and infant mortality. These findings indicate that policymakers should prioritize improving reproductive education and allocating more funding to healthcare in order to further decrease infant death. Nevertheless, the study has constraints, such as the absence of certain observations and the necessity for supplementary social and economic factors to acquire a more comprehensive understanding of the components impacting infant death.

Impact of greenhouse gas emission, renewable energy, and economic growth on health expenditure in Southeast Asia: A comparative analysis of econometric models

Purpose — The study explores the effects of greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, and economic growth on health expenditures across Southeast Asia while comparing the performance of different econometric models for accuracy in analysis.Method — To analyze the relationships among variables, the study employs three econometric models, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model, the co-integration Model, and the Quantile Regression Model, using annual data from 2000 to 2020.Findings — The results reveal that greenhouse gas emissions and GDP significantly influence health expenditure in all three models. However, the significance of renewable energy consumption varies, with only the quantile regression model indicating a significant relationship with health expenditure. Model comparison based on Mean Squared Error (MSE) suggests that the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model provides the most accurate predictions. Also, it found that there is a short-run and long-run causal effect of GHG and GDP on health expenditure, as well as health spending on GDP.Implication — This study helps to understand how economic growth, environmental factors, and healthcare spending interact to develop sustainable policies to address health and environmental problems in Southeast Asia.Originality — This research contributes to the body of knowledge examining the impact of economic and environmental factors on health expenditures in Southeast Asia through a comparative analysis of different econometric models.

Determinants of early marriage in rural areas Aceh Province Indonesia

Early marriage often occurs in the low and middle income countries because of thetradition and cultural belief that girls must be married off immediately. The data was obtained from the Aceh Regional Office of the Ministry of Religion, from a population of all married women under the age of 19 years, totaling 507 respondents. The study used a total sampling technique. Data analysis consisted of the use of collinearity tests, chi-square, and multiple logistic regression analysis. The results showed that parental and economic factors have significant relationships to early marriage. The poorest women are 2.23 times more likely to experience early marriages than the richest women. Poor women are 1.68 times more vulnerable to early marriage than the richest women. Women who have parents with a very strong role have a risk of early marriage of 10.34 times compared to women whose parents do not play much of a role, namely 9.10 times. We conclude that parental factors play dominant in the incidence of early marriage in Aceh Province in Indonesia.

Indonesia’s financial resilience: Between optimism and risk

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between financial resilience, exchange rate, inflation, and economic growth from 1996 to 2022 using secondary data from the World Bank. The analysis method uses vector autoregressive to understand the causality dynamics between these variables. The results show that past economic growth positively impacts current economic conditions, but an increase in the exchange rate can hinder economic growth. The exchange rate also tends to be influenced by previous values, but high economic growth does not always increase the exchange rate. Previous conditions significantly affect financial resilience and can be strengthened by a strong currency. Meanwhile, inflation has an inverse relationship with economic growth, where past inflation seems to suppress current inflation, which price stabilization policies can cause. From an institutional economics perspective, this study provides an understanding of the interaction between various economic factors in the structural framework and policies that regulate economic activities. The impulse response function (IRF) shows that economic growth can react strongly to sudden changes, although this reaction may not last long. The exchange rate fluctuates with economic changes, reflecting market optimism and uncertainty. Financial resilience may be strong initially but may weaken over time, indicating the need for policies to strengthen the financial system to ensure economic stability. Furthermore, the role of social capital in economic resilience is highlighted as it can amplify the positive effects of a robust institutional framework by fostering trust and collaboration among economic actors. Inflation reacts differently to economic changes, challenging policymakers to balance growth and price stability. Overall, the IRF provides insights into how economic variables interact with each other and react to sudden changes, albeit with some uncertainty in the estimates. The forecast error decomposition variance (FEVD) analysis in this study reveals that internal factors initially influence economic growth, but over time, external factors such as the exchange rate, financial resilience, and inflation come into play. The exchange rate, which was initially volatile due to internal factors, becomes increasingly influenced by economic growth, indicating a close relationship between the economy and the foreign exchange market. From an institutional economics perspective, financial resilience, which was initially stable due to internal factors, becomes increasingly dependent on global economic conditions, suggesting the importance of a solid institutional framework for maintaining economic stability. In addition, inflation, which was initially explained by economic growth and exchange rates, has gradually become more influenced by financial resilience, indicating the importance of effective monetary policy in controlling inflation. This study highlights the importance of understanding how economic variables influence each other for effective economic governance. Integrating institutional economics and social capital perspectives provides a comprehensive framework for enhancing financial resilience and promoting sustainable economic development in Indonesia.

Determinants of fertility experience among reproductive women age (15-49) in Ethiopia: Application of count regression models.

Fertility refers to the average number of children born to a woman over her reproductive years. Due to cultural norms, economic development, education, access to healthcare, and government policies, fertility rates vary significantly across different countries and regions of the world. Ethiopia is one of the developing countries in Sub-Sahara Africa and its fertility rate has consistently been one of the highest in the world. Hence the main goal of this study was to identify the leading factors for the total number of children born per mother in Ethiopia. This study used the most recent secondary data obtained from the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey. A total weighted sample of 8885 women aged 15 to 49 was included in the study. The primary outcome variable in this study was the number of children born per mother, and different socio-demographic and economic factors that could influence fertility experience were included. The analysis was performed using STATA version 17 software. Negative Binomial regression model was used to assess the association between outcome and predictor variables. A p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. From a total of 8885 women, on average approximately 2.73 children were born per mother. Age of mothers (IRR = 1.08, 95% CI: (1.077, 1.082)), religion for Muslim (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI: (1.08, 1.18)) and others (IRR = 1.16, 95% CI: (1.11, 1.22)), level of education secondary and above (IRR = .61, 95% CI: (.58, .65)) and primary (IRR = .84, 95% CI: (.81, .87)), household member of six to nine (IRR = 1.24, 95% CI: (1.20, 1.28)) and household members more than nine people (IRR = 1.14, 95% CI: (1.07, 1.21)), wealth index for rich (IRR = .94, 95%, CI: (.91, .98)), marital status for not married (IRR = .49, 95%, CI: (.48, .51)), pregnant mothers (IRR = 1.08, 95%, CI: (1.02, 1.13)) and contraceptive users (IRR = 1.12, 95%, CI: (1.09, 1.16)) were the signficant variables for number of children ever born per mother. In Ethiopia, the average number of children born per mother was approximately 2.73. Poisson and Negative Binomial regression models were compared, and we found the Negative Binomial regression model to be better to identify the determinants of fertility experience in Ethiopia. Age of mothers, religion, current pregnancy, use of contraceptive methods, mothers' education level, household members, wealth index, number of children aged five and under, region (Somali, Gambela, and Addis Ababa), and marital status were the determinants responsible for fertility experience among mothers in Ethiopia. These findings are helpful for policymakers and healthcare professionals for developing targeted interventions and programs aimed at improving the high fertility rate experience in Ethiopia.

A One Health approach to pastoral (im)mobility, health, and disease: A qualitative participatory study in Plateau State, Nigeria.

In Plateau State, pastoralism has historically been a cost effective and resilient economic system well-suited to the ecological context. However, changes in land use and conflict have increasingly changed patterns of mobility. Pastoralist movement is now often associated with zoonotic disease transmission, environmental degradation and conflict, increasingly resulting in forced sedentarisation. Rather than a direct outcome of population movement however, animal, human and zoonotic disease drivers are complex and influenced by a range of socio-economic and environmental factors. The interlinkages of (im)mobility and health requires better understanding of underlying vulnerabilities to disease, which we aim to address in this study. Using a multisite case study methodology we investigated pastoralists' animal and human health concerns and priorities in Plateau State, Nigeria. We deployed participatory tools, including open-ended Focus Group Discussions, transect walks, mapping exercises, calendars and matrices. Data were analysed using a One Health conceptual framework. We interviewed 105 participants, from transhumance, migratory and sedentary households, dependent on livestock and small-scale crops. While transhumance was often preferred, participants had become sedentary as a result of insecurity, loss in livestock, and household characteristics. Humans and animals suffered from several endemic diseases, including zoonoses, however veterinary and human health services are only available in larger towns, and people mostly rely on community (animal) health workers and self-medication. Both transhumance and sedentary livestock keepers face challenges around forage grazing, regularly blocked by landowners, sometimes escalating into conflict. While conflict and changes in land use affected animal and human disease patterns, underlying political, social and economic risk factors were important determinants of health. There is a need for more inclusive, transdisciplinary, multilevel approaches to address animal and human disease, based on better contextualization of the challenges, through the participation of affected communities.

Enhancing investment attractiveness in wartime: a comprehensive analytical approach

The study focuses on analyzing the changes in investment attractiveness during wartime, when certain regions are occupied or destroyed, some enterprises are non-operational due to damaged production facilities, there is a significant outflow of labor force, and energy issues arise. The core issue of the study lies in the necessity of considering the complex political and economic situation’s impact on Ukraine’s investment climate. This requires developing more adaptive assessment methods that can account for both economic and socio-political risk factors. In such circumstances, reliable data is hard to obtain, which prompted the goal of substantiating the factors that characterize the country’s investment attractiveness. To provide a comprehensive assessment of investment attractiveness, an integrated indicator is proposed, which combines data reflecting investment attractiveness, including indices calculated by leading global organizations. The analysis includes such indices as the Innovation Development Index, the Corruption Perception Index, and the Judicial System Index. As a result, an average value of the changes was calculated, showing a comprehensive shift in the indicators related to investment attractiveness. The analysis using the integrated indicator demonstrated that investment attractiveness has decreased by 10 % during the war, but certain indicators, such as the Corruption Facilitation Index and the Judicial Index, have actually improved during the war. The results obtained can be used to develop risk management strategies for both international and local investors. They can also serve as a basis for creating recommendations for improving the investment climate, which in turn can attract capital and stimulate economic growth under challenging conditions