Economic Weight Research Articles

Determinants of Petroleum Products Export from Niger

This paper aims to define the main determinants of petroleum products export from Niger in the light of the specificity of the country, in order to make recommendations to policy-makers for improving oil revenues. To carry out this work, we started by interviewing stakeholders in the Niger trade using an interview guide. This was followed by a literature review and exploration of previous empirical work on various studies devoted to the determinants of exports. Finally, statistical data from a number of sources were processed. The main results, derived from the estimation of the OLS gravity model, show that the factors that strongly influence Niger's exports are transport distance and its economic weight when put in relation to that of trading partners. The main recommendations towards policy-makers arising from our research are: the creation of a new refinery close to Burkina Faso and Mali, increased oil production and the ongoing improvement of road transport infrastructure.

Multi-Objective Parameter Configuration Optimization of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System for Locomotives

Conventional methods of parameterizing fuel cell hybrid power systems (FCHPS) often rely on engineering experience, which leads to problems such as increased economic costs and excessive weight of the system. These shortcomings limit the performance of FCHPS in real-world applications. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel method for optimizing the parameter configuration of FCHPS. First, the power and energy requirements of the vehicle are determined through traction calculations, and a real-time energy management strategy is used to ensure efficient power distribution. On this basis, a multi-objective parameter configuration optimization model is developed, which comprehensively considers economic cost and system weight, and uses a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to determine the optimal configuration of each power source. The optimization results show that the system economic cost is reduced by 8.76% and 18.05% and the weight is reduced by 11.47% and 9.13%, respectively, compared with the initial configuration. These results verify the effectiveness of the proposed optimization strategy and demonstrate its potential to improve the overall performance of the FCHPS.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT RUSSIA IN THE LONG TERM

The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between the economic weight of Russia and its large neighboring countries (Japan, Germany, Turkey, and Poland) until the end of the 21st century. The primary research method is a systematic comparative analysis of key aspects influencing economic development. The analytical model is based on the dominant influence of human capital on economic dynamics. Among Russia's large neighboring countries, during the period from 2005 to 2023, Japan exhibited the slowest GDP growth by PPP with an exponential trend (3.0 times slower), followed by Poland (1.64 times slower) and Germany (1.4 times slower). Turkey's GDP growth by PPP was 27% higher than that of Russia, which outpaced the global average growth rate by approximately 16%. Russia's unexpected move from 6th to 4th place in the world by GDP in PPP terms is a result of the economy's heavy dependence on oil prices and a series of oil price crises in 2008, 2014, and 2020, which obscured the real growth of the Russian economy. It has been shown that periods of convergence in GDP by PPP between Russia and large neighboring countries (mainly Germany) have repeatedly coincided with military conflicts. These include the War of 1812, World Wars I and II, the Russia-Georgia conflict (2008), and others. In terms of population size, which is the most important factor in GDP growth, Russia has slightly outpaced Japan over the last 35 years (by 16.5% in 2023). Going forward, Japan's population will decline rapidly compared to Russia. The fastest-growing neighboring country, Turkey, will reach the closest point of convergence with Russia in population size by 2060, after which the gap will begin to widen. In terms of the proportion of the population with tertiary education (DT), Russia (57%) is ahead of the neighboring countries under consideration, but Russia's DT growth over the last 20 years has been only 3%, which is a significant problem.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF VITAMIN E IN FEEDON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKS

One- day old broiler chicks were divided into four equal groups and given rations containing four different levels of dl-α -tocopheryl acetate (10, 40, 70 and 100 mg/kg of feed). Each ration was given’ to one group. Body weight was increased significantly in groups consumed rations containing 70 and 100 mg of dl-a tocopheryl acetate per kg of feed. Feed consumption has not. been increased in these two groups which give economic weight to the results. Tt is concluded that dl-α-tocopheryl acetate may be considered as growth promotor.

Environmental impacts of medium-scale pig farming at technical and economic optimum production weight in Mexico

Medium-scale pig production systems, which make up 30 % of Mexico's pig farms, face two key obstacles impacting their economic and financial performance. The first is the absence of a sales plan based on pigs' weight, which negatively affects both profitability and resource management. The second obstacle is inadequate waste management, which hampers efforts to mitigate environmental impacts generated by pig farms. Based on this criterion, this study aims to determine technical and economic optimum levels of a medium-scale pig farm and evaluate its associated environmental impacts. Based on the last farm sale weight (116.3 kg – base scenario), technical and economic optimum levels were estimated using a production function, resulting in a technical optimum of 155 kg and an economic optimum of 127 kg. An environmental assessment of the pig fattening process was carried out following the principles of the Life Cycle Analysis methodological framework. Using a cradle-to-farm gate perspective, and establishing 1 kg of live-weight pig as the functional unit. The results indicated that production at maximum weight level (155 kg), increased environmental impacts by 60 % to 75 % compared to the base scenario. In contrast, at the maximum economic benefit level (127 kg), environmental impacts increased by 5 % to 10 %. Feed production represented the largest contribution (over 74 %) in six impact categories. The results provide valuable information for medium-scale pig farms to mitigate the environmental burdens associated with the optimal production weight and to direct efforts towards achieving future economic and environmental efficiency.

UAE Foreign Policy Identity: Authoritarianism, Cosmopolitism, Connectivity

The article explores the phenomenon of the foreign policy identity of the UAE, an oil-producing nation in the Persian Gulf that has managed to overcome the constraints of its smallness and assert its prestige on a global scale. The study aims to identify historic and cultural basis of the shaping of this identity, the monarchy’s perception of threats and challenges and its ways of dealing with them, the role of political leadership and how their personal views and ambitions shape the contours of the country’s self-positioning as well as the use of the foreign policy identity in implementing national interests. The author discovers that the core of UAE foreign policy identity was contoured by the founding fathers of the small monarchy and then later developed and adapted by the new generation of ambitious, charismatic, and visionary leaders. The key factor was the fusion of visions of rulers of the two emirates with most economic and political weight in the federation, Abu Dhabi and Dubai, that defined the regional and international status of the UAE as an influential and powerful actor. The paper concludes that the main components of UAE foreign policy identity are pragmatism, prioritization of socioeconomic development and prosperity, perfect combination of conservative governance and cosmopolitism, the principles of connectivity and integration in global financial and logistic networks and flows, as well as agility in the currently changing balance of power and skillful interpretation of international norms and discourses in promoting its own image and agenda.

Exploring the spatial effects and influencing mechanism of ozone concentration in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations of China.

Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has emerged as a significant concern impacting air quality in urban agglomerations, primarily driven by meteorological conditions and social-economic factors. However, previous studies have neglected to comprehensively reveal the spatial distribution and driving mechanism of O3 pollution. Based on the O3 monitoring data of 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2014 to 2021, a comprehensive analysis framework of spatial analysis-spatial econometric regression was constructed to reveal the driving mechanism of O3 pollution. The results revealed the following: (1) O3 concentrations in the YRD exhibited a general increasing and then decreasing trend, indicating an improvement in pollution levels. The areas with higher O3 concentration are mainly the cities concentrated in central and southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, and northern Zhejiang. (2) The change of O3 concentration and distribution is the result of various factors. The effect of urbanization on O3 concentrations followed an inverted U-shaped curve, which implies that achieving higher quality urbanization is essential for effectively controlling urban O3 pollution. Traffic conditions and energy consumption have significant direct positive influences on O3 concentrations and spatial spillover effects. The indirect pollution contribution, considering economic weight, accounted for about 35%. Thus, addressing overall regional energy consumption and implementing traffic source regulations are crucial paths for O3 pollution control in the YRD. (3) Meteorological conditions play a certain role in regulating the O3 concentration. Higher wind speed will promote the diffusion of O3 and increase the O3 concentration in the surrounding city. These findings provide valuable insights for designing effective policies to improve air quality and mitigate ozone pollution in urban agglomeration area.

Environmental effects and their impact on yield in adjacent experimental plots of high-stem and short-stem wheat varieties

BackgroundIn regional wheat trials, when short-stem wheat varieties and high-stem wheat varieties are planted adjacent to each other in small plots, changes in their marginal plot environment can lead to bias in yield evaluation. Currently, there is no relevant research revealing the degree of their mutual influence.ResultsIn a regional wheat experiment, when high-stem wheat varieties and short-stem wheat varieties were planted adjacent to one another, there was no significant change in soil temperature or humidity in the high-stem wheat variety experimental plot from November to May compared to the control plot, while the soil humidity in the short-stem wheat variety experimental plot was greater than that in the control plot. In May, the soil temperature of the short-stem wheat varieties in the experimental plot was lower than that in the control plot. Illumination of the wheat canopy in the high-stem wheat variety experimental plot had a significant positive effect in April and May, while illumination of the wheat canopy in the short-stem wheat variety experimental plot had a negative effect. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaves in the high-stem wheat variety experimental plots showed an overall increasing trend, while the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaves in the experimental plots of short-stem wheat varieties showed a decreasing trend. The analysis of the economic yield, biological yield, and yield factors in each experimental plot revealed that the marginal effects of the economic yield and 1000-grain weight were particularly significant and manifested as positive effects in the high-stem wheat variety experimental plot and as negative effects in the short-stem wheat variety experimental plot. The economic yield of the high-stem wheat variety experimental plot was significantly greater than that of the control plot, the economic yield of the short-stem wheat variety experimental plot was significantly lower than that of the control plot, and the economic yield of the high-stem experimental plot was significantly greater than that of the short-stem experimental plot. When the yield of the control plot of the high-stem wheat varieties was compared to that of the control plot of the short-stem wheat varieties, the yield of the control plot of the short-stem wheat varieties was significantly greater than that of the control plot of the high-stem wheat varieties.ConclusionsBased on these findings, it is concluded that plots with high-stem and short-stem wheat varieties are adjacent in regional wheat trials, the plots of high-stem wheat varieties are subject to marginal positive effects, resulting in a significant increase in economic yield; the plots of short-stem wheat varieties are subject to marginal negative effects, resulting in a decrease in economic yield. This study reveals the mutual influence mechanism of environment and yield with adjacent planting of high-stem and short-stem wheat varieties in regional wheat trials, providing a useful reference and guidance for optimizing the layout of regional wheat trials.

A Painful Divorce: Law vs Digital Technologies

Abstract In this article we wish to point out – using the metaphor of a marital crisis – some of the reasons behind the growing conflict between digital technologies and the law. We identify various causes: a)Over the last years there has been a radical change in roles: once one looked at the law for solutions, now they are searched in digital technologies, seen as very efficient instruments of governance. b)Legal instruments are inadequate to cope with a phenomenon in constant evolution, and whose economic and socio-political weight is immense. c)Digital actors have become the most effective law makers, with rules not only prescriptive but directly executable. Our conclusions are that: a)The digital has changed international relations. We see “digital empires” and “digital colonies”: the EU has gradually fallen in the latter category. b)The EU approach, expressed by thousands of normative provisions, is ineffective and will be counter-productive in respect of its objectives. c)It would be preferable to adopt a “general principles” model able to govern not only the present issues but also the changes expected in the next years.

Examination and analysis of a stored stucco window in the conservation lab of Bab Al-azab area, citadel of Salah Al-din Al-Ayyubi, Cairo Egypt

Historic areas are at the forefront of global attention because of their historical and social traits that reflect human civilization, giving them an economic weight that helps preserve the city's historical identity. For that, the aim of this paper is based on examining and analyzing the components of a deteriorated stucco window kept in the Restoration Lab of Bab Al-azab Area of the Citadel of Salah al-din Al-ayyubi, which was carried out via different techniques. The stucco window used in this study was inspected using a digital microscope and scanning electron microscope to determine the degradation of the stucco and wooden frame's outside surface. Besides, the polarized microscope involves studying minerals by studying the optical properties of stucco. Also, the light microscope was used to identify the wood. Besides, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed the presence of constituent elements for both the stucco and glass. In addition, X-ray diffraction estimated cellulose crystallinity to decrease. A technique called Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was also used to find changes in lignin, gypsum, anhydrite, and calcite, as well as cellulose and hemicellulose. A microbiological investigation indicated the presence of a fungal infestation on a wooden frame. This study showed that Salah El-Din Castle's semi-separate historical areas can be considered one of its architectural, planning, and historical models, which have their fabric and characteristics.

The Feasibility of Implementing Drawback on Services in Brazil

This article analyzes the possibility and problems involved in the implementation of the drawback regime for the taxation of services in Brazil. The drawback is a customs regime with wide application in Brazil, with a great impact on exports. However, currently the drawback is restricted to the taxation of goods, although the economic weight of services in the aggregation of values in the Brazilian product is increasing. This paper discusses one of the biggest obstacles to the extension of the services drawback in Brazil, whose current structure of the Brazilian indirect taxation on services, which is unsystematic, generates high compliance costs for taxpayers and is highly cumulative.

Application of Rice Washing Water and Organic NPK To Increase Caisim Mustard Plant (Brassica juncea L) Growth and Production

The demand for vegetables in Riau Province remains high, but the current production is insufficient. As a result, vegetables are sourced from other regions, such as West Sumatra and North Sumatra. To address this issue, there is a need to increase vegetable production. The study aimed to investigate the impact of concentrated rice washing water and organic NPK application on the growth and production of caisim mustard greens (Brassica juncea L). The study utilized a completely randomized factorial design with two factors. The first factor was rice washing water, which had four treatment levels: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The second factor was organic NPK, which had four treatment levels: no organic NPK, 1.5 g/plant, 3.0 g/plant, and 4.5 g/plant. The parameters observed included the number of leaves, wet weight, economic weight, dry weight, net assimilation rate, and relative growth rate. The study's results indicated that the interaction between rice washing water and organic NPK significantly affected all observed parameters. The best treatment was applying 75% rice washing water and 4.5 g organic NPK per plant. The main effect of rice washing water application was also significant on all observed parameters, with the best treatment being 75% rice washing water. Similarly, the main impact of organic NPK was significant on all observed parameters, with the best treatment being 4.5 g per plant.

From the Great Divergence to South–South Divergence: New comparative horizons in global economic history

AbstractThe Great Divergence debate has been the leading conversation in economic history for the past 25 years. This review article explores new comparative horizons in global economic history. I argue that questions of South–South Divergence form a logical and timely extension to the Great Divergence research agenda. Asia's economic renaissance did not only put an end to a century‐spanning process of widening global income disparities, it also set a new process of divergence within the global south in motion. Deeper understandings of the historical nature and origins of this transition are pertinent in light of the increasing demographic and economic weight of the global south. South–south comparisons also offer an opportunity to counter the dominance of western‐centered and north–south perspectives and incentivize the development of new approaches and theories that go beyond mainstream concepts designed by development economists and political scientists. I argue that these novel approaches will have to grapple with the opportunities and constraints to “late” development being shaped by the quadruple challenge of vast technology gaps, limited state autonomy, global competition, and rapidly closing land and resource frontiers.

Analysis of logistics capacity, influencing factors and spatial spillover effect in Yangtze River Economic Belt.

The logistics industry plays a crucial role in facilitating regional economic development. Serving as a vital link connecting producers, consumers, and various components of the supply chain, it has a direct and profound impact on the prosperity and advancement of regional economies. Based on the panel data of 11 provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2016 to 2020, this paper constructs the logistics capability evaluation index system from four aspects: regional economic base, logistics infrastructure, logistics development scale, information technology and talent support, and uses the entropy weight TOPSIS method to measure the logistics capability of each province. The adjacency space weight matrix, geographical distance weight matrix and economic distance weight matrix are selected to build a spatial econometric model to analyze the influencing factors and spatial spillover effects of regional logistics capability. The following conclusions can be drawn from the analysis. From 2016 to 2020, the regional logistics capacity of the Yangtze River Economic Belt shows a trend of increasing year by year, but the logistics capacity of different provinces within the region has a large room for improvement. From the perspective of spatial dimension, the logistics capacity of the Yangtze River Economic Belt is "high in the east and low in the west". The results of spatial econometric analysis based on the spatial Durbin model show that there are significant spatial spillover effects on the logistics capacity of provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Factors such as road network density, port throughput, water freight turnover, transportation, warehousing and postal employment will not only affect the logistics capacity of the region, but also have a spillover effect on the material capacity of neighboring provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. This study improves the level of regional logistics capacity and promotes the regional economic development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. It can be used as a reference for other regions or countries in terms of enhancing regional logistics capacity and promoting regional economic development.

A Study on Utility Analysis and Risk Prediction of Economic Management of Property Enterprises in Digital Economy

Abstract In the era of the digital economy, there is a widespread trend for property enterprise economic management to undergo digital transformation. The article examines how the digital economy propels the economic management of property enterprises, scrutinizing its risk components and the digital ecological model of management services. The evaluation index system for the digital economy and the economic management level of property enterprises has been designed, and its comprehensive score is solved using the entropy weight method. Based on the comprehensive score, a spatial Durbin model was established, and spatial autocorrelation tests and econometric regression analyses were performed. Additionally, the risk prediction model for the economic management of property enterprises was established using BP neural networks and risk evaluation indexes. The global Moran’s mean values for the economic management of property enterprises in the digital economy were 0.267 and 0.081, respectively, and both passed the 1% significance test. The development level of the digital economy significantly promotes the economic management of property enterprises at the 1% level, as indicated by the influence coefficients obtained from the neighbor weight matrix, geographic weight matrix, and economic distance weight matrix, which are 2.236, 2.132, and 2.078, respectively. The BP neural network predicts economic management risk for property enterprises with an accuracy of 91.95%. Relying on digital economy-related technology can effectively promote the improvement of the economic management level of property enterprises and can also effectively enable risk prediction in economic management.

The Impacts of Health Decentralization on Equity, Efficiency, and Effectiveness: A Scoping Review

Decentralization is considered an important component of participatory democracy. However, despite its widespread implementation in the healthcare sector, its impact on health systems’ performance remains unclear. Using a theoretical framework based on the World Health Organization’s five decentralization variables—geography and sociodemographics, organization of political processes, functions and economic weight, steering, and control—we conducted a scoping review to unveil causal mechanisms linking each feature to equity, efficiency, and effectiveness. Following the PRISMA protocol, 1627 articles were screened, and 63 were selected for data analysis, with a focus on middle- and high-income countries. The findings show that the most frequently discussed forms of decentralization are fiscal and administrative, with a primary focus on how governance mechanisms affect equity and efficiency. The effects of decentralized healthcare governance on equity, efficiency, and effectiveness are diverse and contingent on contextual factors and the implementation processes. The spatial context (geography) of decentralization negatively impacts equity, and steering strongly affects effectiveness. Functions and economic weight significantly influence efficiency, albeit with variability. Overall, decentralization falls short of delivering substantial healthcare system benefits, although this depends on contextual factors.

The impact of the brics countries on the global economy: retrospective analysis and prospects for expansion

The article analyzes the stages of formation of the BRICS bloc. The change in the absolute and relative economic weight of the BRICS economies over the past decade in the structure of the world economy is determined. The analysis of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators of the BRICS countries allowed to conclude that economic growth in the BRICS countries is uneven. The dynamics of the macroeconomic indicators of the BRICS countries demonstrates a high frequency of fluctuations, which is typical for an unstable economic environment, in particular, the largest amplitude of fluctuations in the inflation rate among the BRICS countries in the Russian Federation confirms the thesis that this economy is vulnerable to internal and external risks. The war in Ukraine is having a disruptive effect on commodity markets in the short and potentially long term; tighter financial conditions may cause debt difficulties for some members of the group. The article examines the chronology of the expansion of cooperation within the BRICS bloc in terms of the results of summits and meetings of the BRICS trade ministers. Trends in the formation of the external political environment for assessing the impact of the BRICS countries on the global economy are identified. In order to determine the integral assessment of the level of convergence of the BRICS countries in the current composition and to compare the macroeconomic indicators of the BRICS countries with the indicators of countries that may be potential candidates for inclusion in the BRICS (Argentina, Egypt, Iran, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia), the following indicators were selected: GDP growth rate; GDP deflator; GDP per capita (real); value added as a percentage of GDP. The selected indicators were averaged over the period 2017-2022. In order to compare the selected countries, the taxonomy method was used, which is a grouping, systematization and classification of units. The analysis has led to the conclusion that convergence has not been achieved both between the countries that have been members of the BRICS bloc for almost 17 years and between the BRICS countries and the countries that are candidates for joining the bloc, i.e., there is no economic basis for further development of multilateral integration processes between these countries, which proves the purely political nature of this initiative.

Eco-enzyme and mushroom bag-logs waste stimulate production and nutrients content of celery microgreen (Apium graveolens L.)

Celery microgreen is celery harvested at a young stage, which is a suitable production model to support urban farming. The study aimed to investigate the potential use of eco-enzyme and oyster mushroom media waste (bag-logs waste) on the growth of celery as microgreen. The present study employed a fully randomized factorial design comprising two factors. The first factor was the dosage of eco-enzyme (E): 0.5, 15, and 25 mL L-1 of water, while the second factor was the dosage of bag-log waste (L): 0.50, 100, and 150 g/tray. The variables that were assessed included wet weight, fresh economic weight, longest root length, root volume, moisture content, vitamin C, Mg, and Ca levels. The data were subjected to ANOVA analysis and subsequently followed by the application of the HSD test at a significance level of 5%. The findings indicated that there was a substantial interaction between the eco-enzyme and bag-log waste in all observed parameters. The best treatment was the combination of eco-enzyme at a concentration of 25 mL L-1 and bag-log waste at a rate of 150 g/tray. The eco-enzyme treatment exhibited a significant impact on all observed parameters, with the most effective treatment being the application of 25 mL L-1. The bag-log waste application affected all measured parameters with 150 g/tray yielding the most favorable results. Therefore, eco-enzymes and bag-log waste have the potential as growing media for celery microgreen cultivation.
 Keywords: celery, healthy food, organic farming, urban farming, zero waste

Difficulties in Assessing the Economic Burden of Alzheimer's Disease

Background. Age-related changes associated with the decrease in health and autonomy drastically increase the cost of medical care, maintenance and treatment. Late detection of ilnesses is the root cause of escalating the economic weight from age-related diseases, causing a surge in costs for the recovery, treatment and care of those needing outside assistance. One of the age-associated diseases is Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is one of the many manifestations of age-related dementia, accompanied by a violation of human cognitive abilities. This cluster of diseases does not affect other systems (cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, digestive), and they can operate normally. An important effect of this disease for society is the impossibility of conducting a full-fledged work activity, as memory, attention, etc. are disturbed. That is, with absolutely normally functioning body systems, a person cannot perform the simplest operations. Another important feature is the lack of an effective way to treat this disease. The pathogenesis is so complex that today there is no method of treatment aimed at all links. Also of great importance is the timeliness of detection of this disease. Due to the fact that recently there were test systems and express diagnostics for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease, it became possible to start treatment earlier, which increased the chances of recovery and reduced treatment costs in case of diagnosing moderate and severe Alzheimer's disease gravity. Aim. Revealing the difficulties of assessing the economic burden of Alzheimer's Disease. Materials and methods. To identify the difficulties of assessing the economic burden, free sources, publications on Alzheimer's disease, data from clinical guidelines, the standard for providing medical care to elderly and senile patients with cognitive disorders, information on maximum selling prices registered and included in the State Register of Vital and Essential Drugs Prices, statistical data, compulsory health insurance tariffs. Results. The main problematic issues of the difficulty of assessing the economic burden of Alzheimer's disease are identified. Conclusion. Diseases of the nervous system are of particular importance for the health of the patient, since disorders affecting this system do not allow the patient to fully and fully fulfill their labor duties. In this regard, the development of a method for assessing the cost-effectiveness of Alzheimer's disease, as one of the most common disorders of cognitive functions, is an extremely important social task aimed at optimizing the treatment process, early detection and effective treatment aimed at recovery.

A Review on Prevalence, economic and Safety about over the counter drugs (OTC)

This review article focuses on two main topics: the use and impact of over-the-counter (OTC) medications, and the management of osteoarthritis (OA). For OTC medications, the article highlights their increasing prevalence and economic significance from 2020 to 2023. The prevalence of OTC medication usage rose significantly from 37.7% in 2020 to 85.4% in 2023, with a similar upward trend in economic impact, reaching 79.6% in 2023. The safety of these medications is compared with other agents, particularly multivitamins, which are deemed safer and more effective. The article examines a variety of OTC medications including those for colds, allergies, digestive issues, pain, and more, concluding that in 2023, OTC medications are not only more commonly used but also carry significant economic weight. It critically reviews various treatment options, advocating for a multidisciplinary and multimodal approach. This includes patient education, pharmaceuticals, alternative medicine, surgery, and physical therapy, among others. The article emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, prevention, and a tailored treatment plan. It advocates for healthcare professionals to have a comprehensive understanding of OA management, stressing the importance of combining different therapies for optimal patient outcomes.