Economic Viability Research Articles

BioTRY: A Comprehensive Knowledge Base for Titer, Rate, and Yield of Biosynthesis.

Synthetic biology is rapidly evolving into a data-intensive science that increasingly relies on massive data sets; one of its applications is the evaluation of the economic viability of fermentation processes. However, the key economic indicators, namely titer, rate, and yield (TRY), which respectively reflect the downstream processing, reactor size, and raw material costs, are not well captured in bioinformatics databases. In this paper, we present BioTRY, an intuitive and user-friendly tool that contains >5,000 biochemicals and >3,800 strains, along with over 52,000 corresponding TRY entries with original references. It is freely available at http://www.synbiohealth.cn/biotry. To our knowledge, BioTRY is the first available database on biosynthesis TRY data from original research. We anticipate that BioTRY will become a useful tool that aids researchers and decision-makers in understanding the current development state of biosynthesis and allows them to foresee potential prospects and applications for biosynthesis.

Microbial Fertilizing Products Impact on Productivity and Profitability of Organic Strawberry Cultivars

Poland is a major producer of various fruits, including strawberries. As growing consumer awareness of food quality, health, and wellbeing is increasing, farmers are receiving a new market opportunity for organic products of good quality. The integration of microbial solutions into agricultural practices can foster the transition of agricultural farms towards more resilient and sustainable production of quality food. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of novel microbial biopreparations (microbial fertilizing products) containing Bacillus sp., humic acids, and other organic compounds on the economic viability of three strawberry cultivars (‘Honeoye’, ‘Vibrant’, and ‘Rumba’) under organic farming conditions. This study was conducted in 2021 as a field experiment. Irrigated and non-irrigated strawberries were treated with five microbial fertilizing products (K2–K6). The single plot area was 16 m2, with a total of 144 plots. The adopted planting density of strawberries was 30,052 per hectare. K3 treatment was found to be the most universal microbial treatment in terms of positive impact on yields, with significant yield increase on both the non-irrigated (yield increase of 3.76 t·ha−1) and irrigated experiments (yield increase of 5.78 t·ha−1). The K4 treatment on the non-irrigated strawberries resulted in a yield increase of 4.96 t·ha−1, which at the same time had no effect on the yield of the irrigated experiment. On average, application of the K2–K6 combinations on the non-irrigated strawberries resulted in a yield increase from 13.4% (K2) to 33.5% (K4). The irrigated strawberries showed a yield increase from 3.9% (K4—non-significant yield increase) to as much as 36.1% (K3). The highest direct surplus for the non-irrigated strawberries was recorded for the K4 treatment (38,603 PLN·ha−1) and for K3 for the irrigated experiment (42,945 PLN·ha−1). The direct surplus for ‘Rumba’ and ‘Vibrant’ was higher than for ‘Honeoye’ on both the irrigated (22% and 53%, respectively) and non-irrigated (19% and 18%, respectively) experiments. The average profitability index for all tested non-irrigated and irrigated varieties improved when treated with microbial fertilizer products, with profitability indexes of 143.3–168.8% on the non-irrigated plantation and 129.2–169.7% on the irrigated plantation. The tested microbial fertilizing products proved to be valuable products to improve the productivity and economic effectiveness of organic strawberry production. At the same time, their use needs to be adapted to local plantation conditions.

Role of Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Peripheral Nerve Pathologies: A Study of 200 Cases.

The aim of this study is to ascertain the role of ultrasonography in appraising the structural intricacies of peripheral nerve pathologies. (1) To scrutinize the anatomy of both normal and abnormal peripheral nerves. (2) Assess different parameters like continuity of the nerve, echotexture, vascularity, cross-sectional area, and thickness of the nerve in various pathologies. In a prospective observational study conducted at the Department of Radio Diagnosis, Tertiary Care Centre, the study design focused on the examination of 200 cases utilizing a high-resolution 9-14 Mhz and 17 Mhz linear array transducer, integrated into the Aplio 400 Canon Ultrasound System. Among the total cases, 62 were identified as traumatic neuropathy cases, 52 as entrapment neuropathy cases, 14 as infective neuropathy cases, 54 as thermal neuropathy cases, 14 as metabolic neuropathy cases, and 4 as nerve-tumor cases. In conclusion, this investigation illuminates the dynamic role of ultrasonography as an invaluable diagnostic instrument in appraising peripheral nerve pathologies. The noninvasive attributes, widespread availability, and economic viability of ultrasonography render it a pragmatic choice for clinicians. This inquiry buttresses the escalating significance of ultrasonography within neurology, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize the terrain of peripheral nerve pathology assessment.

CRISPRi-mediated metabolic switch enables concurrent aerobic and synthetic anaerobic fermentations in engineered consortium

Replacing petrochemicals with compounds from bio-based manufacturing processes remains an important part of the global effort to move towards a sustainable future. However, achieving economic viability requires both optimized cell factories and innovative processes. Here, we address this challenge by developing a fermentation platform, which enables two concurrent fermentations in one bioreactor. We first construct a xylitol producing Escherichia coli strain in which CRISPRi-mediated gene silencing is used to switch the metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic, even when the bacteria are under oxic conditions. The switch also decouples growth from production, which further increases the yield. The strain produces acetate as a byproduct, which is subsequently metabolized under oxic conditions by a secondary E. coli strain. Through constraint-based metabolic modelling this strain is designed to co-valorize glucose and the excreted acetate to a secondary product. This unique syntrophic consortium concept facilitates the implementation of “two fermentations in one go”, where the concurrent fermentation displays similar titers and productivities as compared to two separate single strain fermentations.

Evaluation of sustainable waste management: An analysis of techno-economic and life cycle assessments of municipal solid waste sorting and decontamination

This study evaluates the economic and environmental feasibility of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) sorting and decontamination technologies across urban, suburban, and rural areas. Using Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the research assesses cost-effectiveness and environmental impacts, with a focus on cost variability analyzed through Monte Carlo simulations. Findings indicate significant cost differences based on population density: rural areas incur high costs up to $764/ton due to low waste volumes and limited infrastructure, whereas suburban and urban areas have more feasible costs ranging from $36.3 to $142.5/ton. Environmental impacts also vary, with greenhouse gas emissions at 171 kg CO2 eq/ton for copy paper and 118.6 kg CO2 eq/ton for plastics. PM2.5 levels are 9.1 g/ton for copy paper and 6.3 g/ton for plastics, with sorting lines being the main contributors. Monte Carlo simulations reveal a 50% probability of costs being below $102.26/ton for copy paper and $115.8/ton for plastics in suburban settings. The study underscores the importance of customized waste management strategies to improve economic viability and sustainability based on local conditions.

Natural Feed Supplements From Crustacean Processing Side Streams for Improved Growth of Finfishes and Crustaceans: A Review.

Natural feed additives of plant/animal/microbial origin are researched as supplements in aquaculture to improve the properties of feed, minimize the usage of chemical alternatives, reduce food safety risks and ensure sustainability to combat global food and nutritional security. Side streams generated during shellfish processing possess valuable ingredients: protein, lipids, carotenoids, minerals and chitins. Considering the current trend of organic farming and antibiotic-free fish and shellfish, crustacean processing side streams and their derivatives seem promising and emerging resources as natural additives/supplements for formulating high-quality feeds with superior benefits. Lower concentrations of chitin and chitosan in diets are reported to stimulate the growth of shellfish and finfish under controlled conditions. Oligomers of chitosan and nano-chitosan are also the other potential derivatives as natural supplements in feed for better growth performance of aquaculture varieties. This review focuses on the significance of crustacean processing side streams and their derivatives, especially shrimp head meal, chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides as potential natural additives in aquafeeds for promoting the growth performance of cultured fin fishes and shell fishes. Utilization in aquafeeds and the development of natural value-added supplements from crustacean processing side streams, especially shrimp head and shell leftover, offer an answer to the negative environmental impact due to its dumping; reduce the dependency on food fish for fish meal production & fishmeal for aquafeeds; solution to maintain the economic viability of the fish farmers & industry as well as to ensure the supply of safer and healthy aquatic foods to meet the objectives of sustainable development goals.

Research on optimal configuration of mobile energy storage in distribution networks considering various energy utilization efficiencies

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar into the distribution grid introduces new complexities and instabilities to traditional electrical grids. This study tackles these challenges by optimizing the configurations of Modular Mobile Battery Energy Storage (MMBES) in urban distribution grids, particularly focusing on capacity-limited areas. Our method investigates five core attributes of energy storage configurations and develops a model capable of adapting to the uncertainties presented by extreme scenarios. This approach not only enhances the adaptability of energy storage systems but also equips decision-makers with proactive and flexible tools for decision-making in complex environments. Empirical evidence from the study shows that modular mobile energy storage significantly improves distribution grid performance by effectively managing the challenges posed by renewable integration. Furthermore, the research confirms that optimizing decision-makers’ cognitive parameters to align with subjective preferences ensures economic viability and enhances grid resilience. This study offers a new perspective and methodology for configuring energy storage, contributing to more flexible and reliable grid operations amidst widespread renewable integration.

A Holistic Framework for Evaluating Food Loss and Waste Due to Marketing Standards across the Entire Food Supply Chain.

This paper addresses the critical and urgent need to reduce food losses and waste (FLW) resulting from stringent marketing standards. It proposes a comprehensive and actionable framework grounded in the three pillars of sustainability-environmental, economic, and social-to effectively evaluate FLW across the entire food supply chain. The paper involves a thorough review of existing marketing standards, including research on FLW due to marketing standards, and proposes the implementation of targeted key actions within four key food sectors: fruits, vegetables, dairy, and cereals. The study provides a detailed analysis of the significant impact marketing standards have on FLW at various stages of the supply chain, including primary production, processing, retail, and consumption. By focusing on these critical points, the research underscores the necessity of addressing marketing standards to achieve meaningful reductions in FLW. The proposed framework aims to foster improved business practices and drive the development of innovative, sector-specific solutions that balance sustainability goals with economic viability. The holistic approach followed for this research lays the foundation for ensuring that the proposed framework is adaptable and practical, leading to measurable improvements in reducing FLW and promoting sustainability across the food industry.

Photooxidation of Toluene Derivatives under HAT and ROS Synergy.

The valorization of toluene offers a dual solution by addressing its environmental impact while also facilitating the synthesis of a diverse array of valuable fine chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates, thus ensuring both ecological sustainability and economic viability. We report herein a synergistic approach that harmonizes hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under mild condition and low catalyst loading, which enables the efficient synthesis of a broad spectrum of esteemed benzoic acid derivatives and aryl ketones through the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene derivatives. Mechanistic elucidation reveals that the HAT reagent anthraquinone has both the capabilities to abstract hydrogen atoms and the ability to generate singlet oxygen 1O2 during energy transfer with triplet oxygen 3O2, and the combination of these two potencies significantly improves the catalytic efficiency of the reaction. This study not only introduces the amalgamation of HAT with ROS generation but also delineates a systematic approach for the selection of HAT reagents with energy transfer proficiency for ROS generation in catalytic oxidation reactions.

Nanoporous Carbon-Supported Bimetallic (Ni, Cu, and Fe)-Mo Catalysts for Partial Hydrogenation of Biodiesel.

Upgrading biodiesel or hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters (H-FAMEs) by partial hydrogenation is a second-generation biofuel with high specific fuel characteristics, such as superior cold flow properties, higher oxidative stability, and lower hazardous gas emissions, allowing this biofuel to provide excellent fuel properties, over conventional biodiesel. This study assessed the potential of using nanoporous carbon produced from cattail leaves (CL) as an alternative catalyst support. We synthesized various catalysts including monometallic Mo/NPC, Ni/NPC, Ce/NPC, and Fe/NPC catalysts, as well as bimetallic molybdenum-based catalysts doped with nickel, copper, or iron for the partial hydrogenation of soybean biodiesel. The NPC support demonstrated a surface area (S BET) of approximately 1,323 m2g-1, which greatly increases the catalytic activity through the efficient dispersion of catalyst active sites. The partial hydrogenation reaction of soybean FAME over the MoNi/NPC catalyst obtained the highest catalytic activity with enhanced oxidation stability from 3 to 14 h, and the cloud point and pour point increased from 2 to 13 °C and -1 to 10 °C, respectively. Hence, the selection of catalysts is crucial due to their impact on the feasibility of the process and its economic viability. This article focuses on highlighting the effectiveness of a highly promising catalyst for partial hydrogenation as well as examining the variables that influence the primary reaction pathway.

‘Grand designs?’ Investigating the cultural and spatial logics of Channel 4’s media hub workspaces in Leeds, Bristol and Glasgow

This article explores the evolving spatiality of media production through an analysis of recent developments in UK broadcaster Channel 4’s move to a multi-site operating model. Historically, media buildings have served as landmarks of power and influence, embodying the aspirations and identities of media organisations and, as such, offer a fruitful lens for the specific exploration of the spaces of contemporary media production. Through a detailed analysis of Channel 4’s decision-making process, site selections and the significance of the chosen buildings within areas with an urban regeneration focus, the study investigates the complex interplay between media industry dynamics, regional development policies, and wider political and economic forces. Drawing on a range of academic literature and evidence from media, industry and policy reporting, the article highlights the strategic motivations behind Channel 4’s decentralisation efforts, positioned by the organisation as an effort to address diversity in terms of nations and regions representation but significantly shaped by political factors. However, it also raises critical questions about the long-term sustainability, economic viability and cultural impact of these relocation decisions. The article discusses how Channel 4’s regional media spaces and decentralisation reflect the impermanence and crisis facing Public Service Media, emphasising the shifting power dynamics within the media landscape and the need for adaptive strategies in an increasingly volatile industry environment. By examining the evolving investment in media buildings, this research contributes to a growing body of research seeking to understand the complex dynamics shaping contemporary media landscapes and urban environments.

Exploring the Differences and Similarities between Smart Cities and Sustainable Cities through an Integrative Review

This study adopts an integrative review approach to explore the differences and similarities between smart cities and sustainable cities. The research starts by performing two systematic literature reviews about both paradigms and, after that, employs a thematic analysis to identify key themes, definitions, and characteristics that differentiate and connect these two urban development concepts. The findings reveal more similarities than differences between the two paradigms. Despite this, some key differences are identified. Smart cities are characterized by their use of advanced information and communication technologies to enhance urban infrastructure, improve public services, and optimize resource management. In contrast, sustainable cities focus on environmental conservation, social equity, and economic viability to ensure long-term urban resilience and quality of life. This study is important because it clarifies both concepts and highlights the potential for integrating smart and sustainable city strategies to address contemporary urban challenges more holistically. The findings also suggest a convergence towards the concept of ‘smart sustainable cities’, which leverage technology to achieve sustainability goals. Finally, this study concludes by identifying research gaps and proposing a future research agenda to further understand and optimize the synergy between smart and sustainable urban development paradigms.

Electrochemical recycling of lithium‐ion batteries: Advancements and future directions

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are at the forefront of technological innovation in the current global energy‐transition paradigm, driving surging demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy‐storage solutions. Despite their widespread use and superior energy densities, the environmental footprint and resource scarcity associated with LIBs necessitate sustainable recycling strategies. This comprehensive review critically examines the existing landscape of battery recycling methodologies, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling techniques, along with emerging approaches such as bioleaching and electrochemical separation. Our analysis not only underscores the environmental and efficiency challenges posed by conventional recycling methods but also highlights the promising potential of electrochemical techniques for enhancing selectivity, reducing energy consumption, and mitigating secondary waste production. By delving into recent advancements and juxtaposing various recycling methodologies, we pinpoint electrochemical recycling as a pivotal technology for efficiently recovering valuable metals, such as Li, Ni, Co, and Mn, from spent LIBs in an environmentally benign manner. Our discussion extends to the scalability, economic viability, and future directions of electrochemical recycling, and advocates for their integration into global battery‐recycling infrastructure to address the dual challenges of resource depletion and environmental sustainability.image

Effect of Lubricated Liquid Carbon Dioxide (LCO2 + MQL) on Grinding of AISI 4140 Steel

This paper investigates the potential of utilizing lubricated liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2 + MQL) as an alternative to conventional flood cooling in grinding operations. This approach could facilitate a transition towards fossil-free production, which is a significant challenge in industry. The alternative cooling–lubrication method relies on pre-mixed LCO2 and oil and a single-channel minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) delivery method, which has already demonstrated potential in machining with geometrically defined cutting edges. However, this method has been less explored in grinding. This study primarily evaluates the grindability of AISI 4140 steel, examining surface roughness, residual stresses, microhardness, grinding forces, and specific energy for different cooling–lubrication methods. The results indicate that LCO2 + MQL is capable of attaining surface roughness and microhardness that is comparable to that of conventional flood cooling, especially in the case of less aggressive, finish grinding. Nevertheless, the presence of higher tensile residual stresses in rough grinding suggests that the cooling capability may be insufficient. While the primary objective was to evaluate the technological viability of LCO2 + MQL in terms of grindability, a supplementary cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) was also conducted to assess the economic feasibility of LCO2 + MQL in comparison to conventional flood cooling. The CEA showed that the costs of both the cooling–lubrication methods are very similar. In conclusion, this study offers insights into the technological and economic viability of LCO2 + MQL as a sustainable cooling–lubrication method for industrial grinding processes.

Zero-lactose sherbet with honey: Sensory analysis and economic viability

The objective of this study was to develop a zero-lactose sherbet sweetened with honey by means of sensory analysis and to calculate its economic viability. Using a simplex-centroid mix design, nine mixes were prepared. Microbiological analyses were performed to ensure the safety of the judges in the sensory analysis. The sensory analysis was performed in two stages: the order-preference test of the formulations obtained in the experimental design and the affective acceptance test of the most preferred sample in the order-preference test. The acceptability index was also used. The economic viability was calculated by comparing its cost with the cost of the standard sherbet formulation. In the order-preference test, the sample with 13.80 g/100 g honey, 2.25 g/100 g emulsifier, and 0.85 g/100 g neutral alloy was the most preferred. In the affective test, all the attributes had an acceptability index greater than 80%, classifying the ice cream as having good sensory acceptance since it is necessary for the index to be above 70%. The zero-lactose sherbet sweetened with honey costs 40% more than the traditional sherbet. Therefore, we can conclude that the development of zero-lactose ice cream sweetened with honey is a product sensorial and accepted by consumers. Despite the cost of production, consumers prefer healthier products even if they have to pay a higher price.

The Economic Efficiency of Micro Biogas Plants: A Sustainable Energy Solution in Slovenia—Case Study

This paper presents a simulation model for determining the most suitable type of microbiogas plant for small local communities on Slovenian farms, focusing on the efficient processing of organic waste. This model uses various input parameters, including different types and quantities of slurry and corn silage. Four different scenarios were developed to represent potential plant sizes, each evaluated using key economic indicators: net present value, breakthrough price, and internal rate of return. A scenario sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the effects of changes in investment costs, fluctuations in energy prices, and the addition of corn silage to the anaerobic digestion process. The results highlight significant differences in economic viability across the scenarios, with some demonstrating positive financial outcomes and shorter payback periods and others indicating potential financial risks and longer recovery times under certain conditions. The analysis suggests that smaller micro biogas plants may struggle to achieve profitability without optimizing input ratios or reducing costs, whereas larger plants show more favorable economic indicators, provided certain conditions are met. Furthermore, the economic efficiency improves when adding maize silage to the fermentor mixture.

Economic viability assessment of bioenergy production from agroindustrial wastes through fast pyrolysis

Spanish mainland crops, including olives, almonds, and pistachios, play a pivotal role in capital circulation and employment generation. This comprehensive study explores the economic feasibility on the utilization of diverse agro-industrial wastes from Spanish harvests as a promising feedstock for bioenergy production through fast pyrolysis. The fast pyrolysis process is simulated using Aspen Plus® software, employing techno-economic parameters such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP), break-even, and minimum product sales price to analyze economic viability of the project. Two different scenarios, based on experimental data from previous studies, are compared. The profitability of this proposal is closely linked to the harvest, which serves as a limiting factor. In all scenarios, the project requires two years to recover the initial investment, demonstrating significant profits once production begins. When considering the impact of scaling up, the NPV of Scenario 2 for PS reached €369.55 M€. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the profitability of pyrolysis depends on the bio-oil selling price and the total production volume. Overall, this study confirms the economic viability of producing bioenergy through fast pyrolysis using various biomass residues. It highlights the potential of harnessing bioenergy from Spanish agro-industrial waste, paving the way for sustainable and economically viable solutions, as indicated by the NPV and IRR metrics.

Cross-Linked Polyolefins: Opportunities for Fostering Circularity Throughout the Materials Lifecycle.

Cross-linked polyolefins (XLPOs) constitute a significant portion of the plastics commercial market, with a market size of a similar order of magnitude to those of polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate. However, few aspects of XLPO materials circularity have been examined relative to thermoplastic polyolefins. The cross-linking of polyolefins imparts superior performance properties, such as impact strength, chemical and electrical resistance, and thermal stability vs thermoplastic analogues, but it also makes the reprocessing of XLPOs to valuable products more challenging, as XLPOs cannot be molten. Thus, most XLPOs are incinerated or landfilled at the end of the first lifecycle, even though XLPO products are commonly collected as a relatively clean waste stream-providing a unique opportunity for valorization. In this review, we discuss approaches to improve XLPO circularity throughout the entire materials lifecycle by examining biobased feedstocks as alternative olefinic monomer sources and by assessing both traditional mechanical and advanced XLPO recycling methods based on industrial feasibility and potential product value. We also consider how advancing materials longevity can reduce environmental impacts and lifecycle costs and how recyclable-by-design strategies can enable better end-of-life opportunities for future generations of XLPO materials. Throughout this review, we highlight XLPO circularity routes that have the potential to balance the performance, circularity, and scalability necessary to impart economic and environmental viability at an industrial scale.

Resource Adequacy and Integration of Renewables in Light of US, EU, and Pakistan’s Evolving Power Sector

This study investigates resource adequacy and renewable energy integration in the United States, European Union, and Pakistan amid global energy market liberalization and greenhouse gas reduction efforts. It explores how these regions are adapting to the surge in renewable sources like wind and solar, which, despite their financial and environmental benefits, challenge resource adequacy and the economic viability of traditional energy sources. In the US and EU, significant improvements have been introduced in wholesale electricity markets and capacity accreditation mechanisms, which enhanced the large-scale deployment of renewables. This shift has prompted a reevaluation of resource adequacy, leading to the increased deployment of battery storage and demand response. Presently, gas-based generation is largely upholding resource adequacy; however, future trends indicate a move towards greater consumer participation, energy efficiency, and utility-scale storage, with a decline in fossil fuel use. Pakistan aims to adopt a liberalized market structure by balancing competitive markets with legacy contracts. Public pressure is driving a shift from costly fossil-based generation to renewables. Similarly, a trend in the rise of behind-the-meter solar generation can be witnessed. In the future, Pakistan may also experience resource adequacy challenges. It will likely need to implement battery storage, demand response, and modern capacity accreditation tools, by drawing lessons from developed markets.

Emerging and Conventional Water Desalination Technologies Powered by Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems toward Zero Liquid Discharge

The depletion of fossil fuels has become a significant global issue, prompting scientists to explore and refine methods for harnessing alternative energy sources. This study provides a comprehensive review of advancements and emerging technologies in the desalination industry, focusing on technological improvements and economic considerations. The analysis highlights the potential synergies of integrating multiple renewable energy systems to enhance desalination efficiency and minimise environmental consequences. The main areas of focus include aligning developing technologies like membrane distillation, pervaporation and forward osmosis with renewable energy and implementing hybrid renewable energy systems to improve the scalability and economic viability of desalination enterprises. The study also analyses obstacles related to desalination driven by renewable energy, including energy storage, fluctuations in energy supply, and deployment costs. By resolving these obstacles and investigating novel methodologies, the study enhances the understanding of how renewable energy can be used to construct more efficient, sustainable, and economical desalination systems. Thermal desalination technologies require more energy than membrane-based systems due to the significant energy requirements associated with water vaporisation. The photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis (RO) system had the most economically favourable production cost, while MED powered via a concentrated solar power (CSP) system had the highest production cost. The study aims to guide future research and development efforts, ultimately promoting the worldwide use of renewable energy-powered desalination systems.