Economic Transactions Research Articles

Determinants of cross-border cultural integration: Case studies of the EU Basque and Upper Rhine cross-border regions

The spatial integration of cross-border regions is a complex multidimensional process. Cultural integration across borders is a crucial element in broader cross-border regionalism and the intensification of economic transactions. While cultural integration has been viewed as a contingent ontological determinant for establishing cross-border integration and cooperation, there is a lack of empirical evidence on cultural integration. This study sets out a new methodological framework to measure the extent of spatio-cultural integration in cross-border regions. A P-ITEMS model containing six determinants of cultural integration was developed using primary data obtained through mixed methods of qualitative perceptual mapping and quantitative questionnaires. Two European Union cross-border regions – the Basque region and the Upper Rhine region – were selected as case studies, representing two different contexts with varied characteristics, to assess the extent to which the methodological framework can enhance understanding of the cultural integration process. The study shows that this new model can provide a range of findings and perspectives depending on the qualitative or quantitative methodological lens applied. The model revealed that the Basque cross-border region is strongly culturally integrated from both a qualitative and quantitative perspective, with high cross-border interactions, and its residents on both sides of the national border share a common perceptual image of the cross-border region despite its difficulty. In contrast, in the Upper Rhine cross-border region, this joint perceptual representation is missing from the qualitative data; however, the quantitative data indicates that considerable cultural interactions and integration take place.

ACHIEVING THE LEGAL OBJECTIVE OF WITHHOLDING INCOME TAX ON FOREIGN YOUTUBE VIDEO CREATORS FOR VIDEO UTILIZATION INCOME SOURCED IN INDONESIA

<p>One of the digital economy transactions is the transaction on YouTube monetization received by video creators based on viewers in a source country. Overseas video creators do not pay Income Tax (PPh) in Indonesia on income from Youtube videos sourced in Indonesia because there is no physical presence of the video creator in Indonesia and no identified income as a tax object on which the Indonesian tax authorities impose PPh on the overseas video creator. This condition creates legal uncertainty, injustice, and loss of benefit for Indonesia as a source country due to the loss of potential PPh revenue from the digital market. Currently, Article 32A of the General Provisions and Tax Procedures (KUP) Law has provided a formal tax law to be able to appoint other parties as PPh withholders. However, the implementation is not yet possible because the material tax law is not yet sufficient to designate other parties, such as Google, which are not domiciled and have no permanent establishment in Indonesia as PPh withholders. To achieve legal objectives, the PPh Law as material tax law needs to be strengthened to provide legal certainty in the PPh withholding on foreign video creators and create justice and benefits for Indonesia as one of the source countries for video creators' income. Strengthening the PPh Law is conducted by amending the provisions of Article 26, Article 2 paragraph (4), and Article 4. The amendment to the PPh Law does not result in revisions of the P3B Indonesia and other countries since the allocation of taxation rights for royalty income from the source country has been regulated in the P3B. Furthermore, the government could make implementing regulations regarding the PPh withholding by other parties on income from the utilization of content copyrights received by YouTube video creators.</p>

Revealing consumption behaviors in the sharing economy: what leads consumers to replace traditional channels?

PurposeAdvances in information technology and the increasing digitalization of the general public have favored the growth of the sharing economy. The sharing economy is based on transactions of idle resources between individuals to satisfy cogent needs. Notwithstanding the great interest in this emerging phenomenon, it is still not clear which factors are driving the shift in consumer consumption behavior from the traditional economy toward this new economic model. Grounded in self-determination theory, we contend that what is needed is a holistic approach that considers the three elements involved in sharing economy transactions, namely (1) consumer motivations, (2) web-based platforms and (3) types of assets exchanged.Design/methodology/approachTo conduct our study, we used the Flash Eurobarometer 467 database titled “The Use of the Collaborative Economy,” collected by the European Union with Flash Eurobarometer datasets and openly available to the public. Consequently, our study aims to provide results based on a large-scale quantitative analysis involving a large number of individuals and multiple sectors.FindingsOur findings provide empirical evidence of the positive effects of the shift in consumption behavior toward the sharing economy brought about by (1) consumers’ intrinsic motivations, (2) the quality of the platform and (3) the human asset-based categories of products offered.Originality/valueThis research seeks to advance understanding of the factors that facilitate the adoption of the sharing economy, and we provide managers and policymakers with suggestions regarding the factors they may leverage to further favor the spread of this economic model.

Monetary Policy Instruments and Stock Market Returns Volatility in Nigeria

The study examines monetary policies instruments impact on stock market volatility in Nigeria for the period of 1993-2022. The study identified the independent variables, namely; reserve requirement (RR), cash reserve ratio (CRR), discount rate (DR) and money supply (MS) which were analyzed in relation to stock market volatility proxied with all share index volatility (ASIV). The data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, correlation matrix several diagnostics tests (VIF, validity test, ADF and Johansen tests) and the multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that RR, CRR and MS have significant effect on ASIV while DR has insignificant effect on ASIV in Nigeria. It was concluded that reserve requirement, discount rate and money supply exert significant effect on Nigerian economy. Thus, it thereby recommended that management of CBN should put modalities in place to aggressively control ASIV in Nigeria. CBN should put measures in place to increase CRR. This will provide banks opportunity to fund economic transaction in the Nigerian economy, thereby reducing ASIV.

A new sociology of humans and machines.

From fake social media accounts and generative artificial intelligence chatbots to trading algorithms and self-driving vehicles, robots, bots and algorithms are proliferating and permeating our communication channels, social interactions, economic transactions and transportation arteries. Networks of multiple interdependent and interacting humans and intelligent machines constitute complex social systems for which the collective outcomes cannot be deduced from either human or machine behaviour alone. Under this paradigm, we review recent research and identify general dynamics and patterns in situations of competition, coordination, cooperation, contagion and collective decision-making, with context-rich examples from high-frequency trading markets, a social media platform, an open collaboration community and a discussion forum. To ensure more robust and resilient human-machine communities, we require a new sociology of humans and machines. Researchers should study these communities using complex system methods; engineers should explicitly design artificial intelligence for human-machine and machine-machine interactions; and regulators should govern the ecological diversity and social co-development of humans and machines.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ ТОВАРІВ ПРИ ЗДІЙСНЕННІ ЕКСПОРТНО-ІМПОРТНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ

In the course of export and import operations, the identification of goods plays an important role in ensuring the correct execution of customs declarations, compliance with customs regulations, and determining the rate of customs duties and other payments. Identification is a preliminary stage of the classification of goods and is important in shaping the flow of goods, accelerating customs procedures and improving their efficiency. It should be noted that a purely commodity-based approach to the classification of goods will be somewhat different from the customs approach, as the customs approach must adhere to the basic rules of interpretation of the explanations, exceptions and notes to sections and groups, terminology, and must take into account the properties, signs, indicators and methods of determination that are accepted as determinative and recommended when identifying classification groups. Despite the existence of many scientific works on the topic of this study, the essence of identification as a component of the process of export-import operations in Ukraine has not yet been clarified, aspects of the current state of functioning have not been identified, and ways of modernisation and means of identification of goods in export-import operations have not been proposed. The purpose of this study is to analyse the current state of affairs and to provide recommendations on how to create effective and reliable procedures for the identification of goods in order to improve export-import operations and ensure compliance with legislation and technical regulations. Thus, the identification of goods in the course of export-import operations is a set of actions of customs officials aimed at controlling the information on the customs value of goods transported across the customs border of Ukraine, with mandatory verification of accompanying documents for such goods and information on the counterparties to foreign economic transactions under which certain export-import operations were carried out.

Using Short Time Series of Monofractal Synthetic Fluctuations to Estimate the Foreign Exchange Rate: The Case of the US Dollar and the Chilean Peso (USD–CLP)

Short time series are fundamental in the foreign exchange market due to their ability to provide real-time information, allowing traders to react quickly to market movements, thus optimizing profits and mitigating risks. Economic transactions show a strong connection to foreign currencies, making exchange rate prediction challenging. In this study, the exchange rate estimation between the US dollar (USD) and the Chilean peso (CLP) for a short period, from 2 August 2021 to 31 August 2022, is modeled using the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) and calculated with the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method, respectively. Additionally, the daily fluctuations of the current exchange rate are characterized using the Hurst exponent, H, and later used to generate short synthetic fluctuations to predict the USD–CLP exchange rate. The results show that the USD–CLP exchange rate can be estimated with an error of less than 5%, while when using short synthetic fluctuations, the exchange rate shows an error of less than 10%.

FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS AS AN OBJECT OF ACCOUNTING AND TAXATION

In the article, the authors justify the expediency of further research on transactions with financial investments, taking into account their importance in the activities of enterprises of various forms of ownership in the conditions of martial law and the specifics of the post-war recovery of Ukraine. The main tasks of the organization of accounting of financial investments are determined. Proposals have been made to improve the efficiency of the accounting process at enterprises. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the achievements of foreign and domestic scientists in the field of accounting and taxation of economic transactions. In the research process, general scientific methods and methods of cognition were used: theoretical generalization, analysis, synthesis, classifications. Grouping and comparison methods were used to determine the essence of financial investments as an accounting object. Techniques of concretization and abstraction were used to highlight features inherent in investments. The dialectical method, induction and abstraction became the basis of proposals for improving the efficiency of the accounting process at the enterprise. Thus, the study of financial investments as an object of accounting allowed: carry out a critical review of the concept of "investment" in economic literary sources and determine the essence of this economic category; specify the main tasks of accounting for financial investments; determine proposals for improving the efficiency of accounting for financial investments in large companies, taking into account the use of the automated SAP ERP program.

The Importance of Box Office in Theatre Production

The paper focuses on the discussion and revelation of the importance of the box office in a theatre production. In the theatre, the box office or ticket office, as it is called in most cases, is a place where tickets are sold to the public for admission to an event or performance. The box office exists in all theatres and is very functional, especially if the theatre is determined to make a profit and stay functional. The box office does not serve as the point of ticket sales alone; it is the theatre’s accounting department and also a reference point in the calculation of the number of persons that attended a particular theatre production. In a theatre production, the box office holds great economic importance; it is the point of economic transaction in the production. It serves the role of record and bookkeeping of the number of persons that attended/attended a theatre production. This is why the study concludes by saying that no matter how the theatre structure may be, the box office cannot be pushed aside on the production day, as it is a major factor in the arms of theatre.

Use of e-Wallets and Their Impact on SME Business Transactions

Currently, worldwide there is an accelerated digital transformation, which will continue in time with the same trend, becoming an everyday part of human life. The appearance of covid-19 has had a strong impact on several aspects of life, especially in the way of acquiring products and/or services, which, due to the fear of receiving money from a person infected with the virus, led people to look for other options to carry out their economic transactions without physical contact, such as the use of electronic wallets. However, many entrepreneurs still do not use this type of technology in their businesses. The purpose of this research is to determine the impact of the use of electronic wallets in the commercial transactions of SMEs. To this end, we worked with entrepreneurs in the town of Otuzco in the La Libertad Region of Peru. It was observed that they only carried out transactions using the cash collection and payment method and did not use technological tools such as electronic wallets. This is applied research with a quasi-experimental design, cross-sectional and quantitative approach, with a sample of 88 SMEs divided into a control group (23 SMEs) and an experimental group (65 SMEs). The survey was used as a data collection technique, and a program was developed to promote the use of electronic wallets in the entrepreneurs of the city of Otuzco, obtaining as a result a positive impact on the commercial transactions of these SMEs. The results show that 96% of the merchants were reluctant to use electronic wallets for fear of being affected by computer crimes. After the training, 98% of the merchants monitored recognized the importance of their use in their regular commercial transactions. In conclusion, it was found that training on the use of electronic wallets and continuous monitoring have a positive impact on the level of commercial transactions, boosting the competitiveness of businesses by increasing sales, streamlining operations, and reducing financial costs. The research is of interest because it shows the importance of disseminating programs in the use of technological tools such as digital wallets in small businesses to achieve a positive impact on the improvement of their economic activities.

Akuntansi Belis dalam Adat Perkawinan Masyarakat Kabupaten Sikka

This research aims to describe the identification, measurement, presentation and disclosure of belis accounting in the marriage customs of the Watugong Village community. This research data was obtained from interviews, observations, documentation and literature studies regarding the stages of belis in the marriage customs of the Watugong village community. This research produces data that can be used as information and consideration in making decisions regarding accounting. The results of this research: identification in Accounting is said to be relevant because in the buying process economic transactions can be identified; This research shows the process of measuring belis, measured using fair value, which is in accordance with the market price set at that time; The researcher presents a journal description and a summary of profits or losses from both parties, which can be used as reference material for future purchasing processes, documentary evidence and economic considerations.

Transactional pathways: Institutional possibilities for status and wealth under racial/caste capitalism

I introduce the concept of transactional pathways, coined by anthropologist Jane Guyer, to trace the institutional processes that contribute to uneven and unjust patterns of wealth and status distribution under systems of colonialism and racial/caste capitalism. Transactional pathways employ historical perspectives to reveal how divergent economic institutions and sources of valuation relate to social hierarchies. This approach links everyday economic transactions with patterns of wealth accumulation that are based not only on class, but intersectional social groups including race, caste, and/or ethnicity. Transactional pathways account for the fact that not only do different groups receive different amounts of valuable resources because of uneven distribution, but they have variable access to the symbolic power required to define which resources are deemed valuable in the first place and to monopolize them accordingly. The article briefly surveys foundational concepts from the economic anthropology literature before detailing transactional pathways. It introduces the case of attempted formalization of waste collection and recycling in Delhi, India, using the related concepts of thresholds and conversions to analyze key moments when wealth and status accumulation becomes especially possible in institutionally plural contexts.

RESTITUTION OF ILL-GOTTEN WEALTH AS A WAY TO FIGHT CORRUPTION

The main goal of judicial reforms implemented in Uzbekistan is to protect the rights and legal interests of subjects, to give wide privileges and freedoms to the activities of participants in economic transactions. Civil legal instruments, like other areas of law, play an important role in ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of subjects. In particular, the demands for compensation for damages and the return of unjustified wealth are distinguished by their own characteristics among civil legal instruments aimed at the protection of rights in the restoration of violated rights and protection of material interests.

KONSEP KEADILAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

Justice is a condition in which ideal moral truth is achieved, both in the context of objects and individuals. Justice becomes a very crucial principle especially in an effort to overcome the economic and social injustices that often arise in the conventional economic system. Islamic economics as a distinct field of study, emerged as a response to the perceived shortcomings of the conventional economic system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of justice in the perspective of Islamic economics. This research uses the literature study method to examine the concept of justice in the perspective of Islamic economics. This method involves collecting and analyzing data from various relevant literature sources such as books, journal articles, and other publications that discuss justice and Islamic economics. The concept of justice in Islamic economics creates balance and equality in various economic transactions. The concept of justice in the perspective of Islamic economics is a crucial element that must be upheld to build trust and harmony in every economic activity, as well as to ensure that every individual can contribute to collective welfare without pursuing personal interests alone

Antakng as a Unit of Value in the Life of Dayak Benuaq Tonyooi Community in West Kutai

This paper aims to explain the shift that has occurred in antakng as a customary value standard in the Dayak Benuaq Tonyooi community. Using a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, observations, and document studies, this research was conducted in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan. The results showed that antakng, which has traditionally served as ceremonial object and used as a unit of value for Dayak people, and also functions as a standard of exchange, has now been replaced and converted into a unit of currency (rupiah). Currently, the value of 1 antakng is equivalent to IDR 400,000 (four hundred thousand rupiah). This transformation occurred due to the scarce availability of antakng (urns) and as a form of rational choice from the community to continue conducting economic transactions and maintaining customary practices in the midst of changing times. Antakng converted to money or rupiah is now used as the unit of value for paying wages and fines, and is applied in the settlement of cases in West Kutai. This research recommends the need for preservation efforts and the establishment of clear regulations regarding the use of antakng in the customary context, in order to preserve traditional values amid the challenges of modernization.

The reality of an economic transaction in tax law: problems of proof

The article is devoted to the problems of proving the reality of an economic transaction in tax legal relations. The concept of the reality of an economic transaction is absent in the Tax Code of Ukraine. However, in practice, this concept is widely used by controlling authorities during tax audits. In the way of recognizing the economic transaction as unrealistic, the controlling authorities create the prerequisites for adding to the taxpayer the amounts of liabilities that, from the point of view of the controlling authorities, were understated by the taxpayer. A significant part of cases on appeals of tax notices-decisions concerns the results of tax audits in which the transaction was recognized as unreal, so in appeal cases the question arises of proving (and vice versa, refuting) the reality of economic transactions. The available array of information on this issue needs to be organized, researched, compared and recommendations formed, in order to achieve a greater degree of legal certainty. The reality of an economic transaction is a necessary requirement for displaying the results of the transaction in the taxpayer’s tax records. The criteria of reality have been developed by judicial practice, but they need to be detailed and clarified in order to achieve legal certainty. It is the controlling body that must prove the unreality of the business transaction, however, if it provides such evidence, the tax payer has the duty to refute them. The article determines the distribution of the burden of proving the reality of economic transactions, determines the place of private law and criminal law prejudice in proving the reality or unreality of transactions. The significance of the presumption of legality of the transaction for tax legal relations is clarified, the importance of primary documents in the process of proof in such disputes is investigated, it is determined the line between the principle of individual responsibility of the payer and the doctrine of “due diligence”, recommendations are provided for supervisory authorities and taxpayers regarding proof in this category of disputes.

지역사회 거주 노인의 디지털리터러시가 인지기능에 미치는 영향

Purpose : This study was conducted to understand the impact of digital literacy on cognitive function among elderly individuals residing in the community, and to provide foundational data for developing nursing intervention programs aimed at enhancing the cognitive function of these community-dwelling elderly individuals. Methods : A total of 9,920 older adults were selected and analyzed using 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans data. Data was analyzed by Descriptive Statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression using SPSS Statistics 29.0 program(IBM). Result : Interaction with others(r=.27, p<.01), hobbies·leisure(r=.24, p<.01), economic transaction(r=.17, p<.01) and internet search(r=.25, p<.01) are positively associated with cognitive function. The estimated regression model of cognitive function was statistically significant(F=77.278, p<.001). Major factors influencing cognitive function were observed as demographic character(gender, age, religion, employment, educational level, economic status) and digital literacy(Interaction with others, internet search, economic transaction). These factors explained 8.8% of cognitive function. Conclusion : To improve the cognitive function in the community dwelling elderly, it is necessary to develop and apply digital literacy programs.

РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ РИСКОВ КРЕДИТОВАНИЯ

The topic of this study is relevant and practically significant, the authors of the article consider the role of determining and occurrence of credit risk for the modern system of financial and economic transactions, identifying the causes of credit risk, factorial influence on the emergence of the category "credit risk", the use of certain methods of regulating credit risk. The purpose of the study is to develop measures to identify and regulate credit risk in order to ensure the profitability of financial institutions. As a result of the research, the following methods were applied: description, comparison, and economic calculation. As a result, a method is proposed for regulating the profitability indicators of banks, taking into account the degree of risk influence in order to obtain a more reliable result of financial and economic activities. The object of research: the object of research is the category of "credit risk", the factors influencing it. The subject of the study is the study of methods and techniques for regulating credit risk. Research objectives: - familiarization with the features of the lending system; - identification of the essence of credit risk, the danger of its influence; - making proposals to stabilize credit risk; - study of techniques for regulating the risk of lending. The authors' proposals on risk management and profitability regulation can be recommended for implementation in the practical activities of banks in order to maintain their financial stability.

Digital Currencies in Light of Artificial Intelligence, Effects and Negatives: Iraq is An Example

The digital monetary system in the modern era is based on money. It occupies a leading position in economic studies and in all current economic transactions. It is a digital cash system, an advanced system for electronic money that was invented by unknown parties in 2008. The main goal behind its invention was to get rid of the capitalist system and the official authorities’ control over the issuance of digital currencies and to come up with a new technology that, with its technological confidence, replaces the role of control and supervision in central banks, that is, in light of artificial intelligence. Dealing with it has been banned in Iraq because it leaves effects and problems on the economic level that cannot be easily overcome. This topic was addressed through two sections. The first dealt with research into encrypted digital currencies in terms of their economic nature, while we devoted the second section to researching and clarifying how to invest in them and their negative and positive economic effects digital currencies electronic money, artificial intelligence.

Legality of Bitcoin in the Perspective of Fiqh Muamalah

This study investigates the legality of Bitcoin from the perspective of Fiqh Muamalah through qualitative analysis and literature review. Fiqh Muamalah, an Islamic jurisprudential framework, regulates economic transactions according to Sharia law. The research examines whether Bitcoin, as a digital currency, aligns with Islamic legal and ethical standards by analyzing scholarly articles, religious texts, and fatwas issued by Islamic scholars. Key considerations include Bitcoin's nature as a currency, its speculative role, and potential for illicit activities. Findings reveal diverse scholarly opinions, with some viewing Bitcoin as permissible under specific conditions, while others raise concerns about its speculative nature and lack of intrinsic value. This study aims to provide comprehensive insights into Bitcoin's legality within Fiqh Muamalah, offering valuable information for policymakers, financial institutions, and Muslim investors.