Economic Threshold Level Research Articles

INDUSTRY-WIDE EFFORTS IN CIRCUMVENTING THE SCOURGE OF BAGWORM INFESTATION IN MALAYSIA- WHAT HAVE GONE WRONG AND WHAT SHOULD BE DONE

Bagworms have been infesting oil palm ever since the commercial planting which started more than a century ago. It was previously reported as occasional pests of other crops and ornamental trees. In the early years of commercial oil palm planting, reports of damaging incidence of bagworms, or any other leaf-eating caterpillars were almost negligible. Serious outbreaks of the bagworms began mainly in late 195Os and the scourge remains to the present day, despite the many advances in management and control of bagworms which has been developed over the years. Many of the control practices, especially in the use of broad-spectrum insecticides is believed to be the reason for the recurring bagworm outbreak. The application of these insecticides caused a direct impact in reducing the population of natural enemies (parasitoid and predators) of the bagworms, hence potentially increasing the pest numbers to an outbreak level. Bagworms outbreaks can actually be managed through established methods of census and detection, and control as it reaches a certain economic threshold level. The persistent spraying of broad-spectrum insecticides (i.e. cypermethrin), coupled with the lack of awareness on the consequential effects of a disrupted ecosystem, have possibly caused serious bagworm outbreaks currently experienced in this country. The current recommended option to conserve the natural enemies is by using Bacillus thuringiensis for spraying, or use of acephate, whenever trunk injection is required. Awareness campaign on this issue should therefore be more dynamic, continuous and follow up census should not be neglected. The formation of a task force for bagworm within the endemic regions of infestation is deemed a crucial factor for successful control. Complacency in not conducting regular census and control, lack in the establishment of beneficial plants for the natural enemies and repeated usage of broad-spectrum insecticides are deemed as prerequisites to an outbreak situation which brings serious losses to the oil palm industry. Keywords: Bagworms, outbreaks, insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, natural enemies.

Efficacy assessment of soft and hard acaricides against Varroa destructor mite infesting honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies, through sugar roll method.

The parasitic mite Varroa destructor is amongst the most serious problems of honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) around the world including Pakistan. The present study estimates the mite density through powdered sugar roll method and evaluates the effectiveness of five miticides (fluvalinate, flumethrin, amitraz, formic acid, and oxalic acid) on A. mellifera colonies in German modified beehives. The results indicated that by treating the bees with one strip and two strips of fluvalinate per colony; the mite population remained below the economic threshold level (ETL) for 14 days and 25 days, respectively. Treatment of flumthrin @1 strip and @ 2 strips per colony resulted in mite population suppressed for 14 days and 39 days, respectively below ETL. Application of Amitraz @ 2 mL per 1.5 L water after every three days interval on sealed brood effectively controlled mites below ETL for 21 days. Formic acid @10 mL per colony applied through plastic applicator proved effective (below 3 mites per bee sample) for 24 days and oxalic acid applied through shop towel method resulted in mite population control for fifteen days. Use of powdered sugar roll method for easy sampling of Varroa mites and application of acaricides on precise economic threshold level during different seasons of the year for integrated management of Varroa mite is hereby advocated by current studies.

Insecticidal efficiency of native plant extracts against whitefly (Bemasia tabaci) on cotton crop

Abstract Cotton is one of the major cash crops of Pakistan. A collaborative study was conducted by Sangtani Women Development Organization, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan and Women University Multan under Better Cotton Initiative project to provide an eco-friendly and economical control of white fly, aphid, jassid and thrips. For this purpose, ten locally available leaves of the plant trees were selected and their extracts were made with the help of methanol. White fly population is studied and when it’s reached at Economic Threshold Level, the extract of plant leaves were sprayed at 2%, 4% and 6% concentration. The data was taken after 24, 48 and 72 hours of spray to check the efficiency of different plant extracts at different concentration. After data analysis result were incorporated and our results shows that And when the data of these tested plants were analysis, it is clear from our data that at 2% concentration all tested plants extract showed good potential as an insecticide against Bemasia tabaci but among these Delbergia sissoo showed excellent mortality rate of B. tabaci When these plants were tested at 4% concentration then our results reflect that Melia azedarach and Eculypatus camaldulensis are most effective against B. tabaci and at 6% concentration Calotropis gigantean, Melia azedarach and E. camaldulensis have the most effective insecticidal effect against adult population of the white fly of cotton crop followed by Accaia nilotica and Black serruss. Plant extract have the potential to become an integral part of Integrated Pest management (IPM) as a repellent and as well as an insecticide. Keyword: Eco-friendly control; Insecticides; IPM; Plant extracts; White fly http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80014

Impact of imazethapyr and its ready-mix combination with imazamoxto control weeds in blackgram

The bio-efficiency of imazethapyr and its combination with imazamox or pendimethalin in comparison to hand weeding against weeds, their effect on growth, yield and phytotoxicity on black gram and residual effect on succeeding mustard crop were studied during 2014–15 and 2015–16. Hand weeding twice resulted in the highest overall weed control efficiency followed by pre-emergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha, preemergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/ha and pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha. Hand weeding twice and pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha were comparable to pre-emergence imazethapyr + imazamox 70 g/ha for seed yield. With every increase of one weed per square metre, the blackgram seed yield was reduced by 2.1 kg/ha. Similarly with every g/m2 increase in weed weight, the blackgram yield was subjected to fall by 5.1 kg/ha. The economic threshold levels i.e. No/m2 and g/m2 with the weed management practices studied varied between 8.3–42.0/m2 and 3.5–17.6 g/m2. Weed persistence index (WPI) was lowest and crop resistance index (CRI) was highest in the hand weeding twice treatment. Post-emergence application of imazethapyr 70 and 80 g/ha and imazethapyr + imazamox 70 and 80 g/ha caused mild toxicity during 2014 and had therefore lower crop resistance index. Efficiency index was the highest under hand weeding followed by preemergence application of imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha, pre-emergence imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha and pre-emergence imazethapyr 80 g/ha. Weed index indicated 55.4% reduction in yield of blackgram due to weeds. Preemergence imazethapyr 80 g/ha, imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha, imazethapyr 70 g/ha and imazethapyr + pendimethalin 1000 g/ha had higher overall impact index than hand weeding due to lower cost. Residual effect/phytotoxicity was not observed on succeeding crop of mustard during 2014 and 2015 as well.

Criteria for Decision Making and Economic Threshold Level for Wild Radish in Wheat Crop

ABSTRACT: Weed competition limits wheat yield by reducing the availability of essential resources for its growth and development. In this sense, this study aimed to estimate the economic threshold level (ETL) of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) in competition with wheat cultivars. Treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme. The factor wheat cultivar consisted of early (BRS 328), medium (BRS 177), and late (BRS Umbu) cycles and the factor wild radish population ranged from 0 to 564 plants m-2 (10 populations) for the cultivar BRS 328, 0 to 472 plants m-2 for the cultivar BRS 177 (11 populations), and 0 to 724 plants m-2 for the cultivar BRS Umbu (10 populations). The early-cycle BRS 328 presented a higher competitive ability when compared to the medium-cycle BRS 177 and late-cycle BRS Umbu. Yield losses of wheat grains due to wild radish interference can be satisfactorily estimated by the rectangular hyperbola model using the variables plant population, shoot dry matter, soil cover, and leaf area of the weed. ETL values varied as a function of the cultivar cycle, being higher for the cultivar BRS 328 (early) > BRS 177 (medium) > BRS Umbu (late). Wild radish is competitive in wheat crop, requiring at least 1.6 plants m-2 for control to be justified.

Efficacy of Cyantraniliprole HGW86 10% OD Against Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood Under Field Conditions

Efficacy of cyantraniliprole HGW86 10 per cent OD, a newer insecticide, is reported against the young flush of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood dring 2016–17. Results revealed that cyantraniliprole HGW86 10 per cent w/v OD @ 60 g a.i. ha−1 was significantly effective in reducing the population of both the pests below the economic threshold level (ETL of 10 thrips tapping and 10 per cent infestation, for thrips and leaf miner, respectively). Pooled mean for two seasons showed that that cyantraniliprole @ 70g a.i. ha−1 was significantly superior to control with the lowest thrips population of 7.83 thrips per taping and was at par with cyantraniliprole @ 60g a.i. ha−1 (8.77 thrips per tapping). In case of citrus leaf miner, significantly lowest per cent infestation of 12.26 in cyantraniliprole OD @ 70g a.i. ha−1 and 13.63 in cyantraniliprole @ 60g a.i. ha−1 was recorded over a period of 30 d as compared to control with 46.56. The outcome of this investigation suggests to citrus growers an alternative to conventional insecticides currently registered for use in citrus against insect pests.

Economic Injury Level of Canjiqueira in Native Pastures in Pantanal of Nhecolândia

ABSTRACT: Pantanal plain has large extensions of land formed by many types of landscapes suitable to extensive livestock system. Open grasslands and lowlands are formed by forage such as grasses and forbs widely consumed by cattle. However, climatic and human factors can promote the dissemination of invasive shrub species such as canjiqueira (Byrsonima cydoniifolia A. Juss) making it necessary, in many cases, the human intervention to control the invasion. The present work had as objective to determine the economic threshold level to control canjiqueira through two methods: tractor driven blade and link chains pulled by tractor in different invasion levels plants per hectare. Economic Threshold proved to be a tool for efficient and effective management for making decisions of when and how to do the control of canjiqueira in natural pastures of Pantanal of Nhecolândia.

Grain Yield Losses and Economic Threshold Level Of GR® F2 Volunteer Corn in Cultivated F1 Hybrid Corn

ABSTRACT: Volunteer corn is competitive with cultivated corn and the degree of interference varies according to their density and origin. This study aimed to determine the grain yield losses of GR® F1 hybrid corn as a function of the interferences with GR® F2 volunteer corn densities from individual plants and clumps, and determine the of economic threshold (ET). Two experiments were carried out in the field in a randomized block design with four replications and eight volunteer corn densities between 0 and 12 individual plants or clumps m-2. Each clump consisted of seven corn plants adhered to a piece of the rachis in the same point. The rectangular hyperbola model fitted to the percentage of grain yield losses of corn, generating the parameters for determining ET, which was calculated as a function of cost (US$ ha-1) and efficiency (%) of corn control, the price paid for corn (US$ kg-1), and corn grain yield (kg ha-1). Grain yield losses ranged from 2.7% to 34% for densities of 0.5 and 12 individual plants m-2 and 6.1% to 42% for 0.5 and 12 clumps m-2, respectively. The joint analysis of the results of experiments showed that from density of 2 m2 clumps are more competitive than individual plants and causes higher yield losses on cultivated corn. The average ET was 0.44 individual plants m-2 and 0.19 clumps m-2. However, from these densities, the control should be performed. Increases in corn grain yield and price paid, higher corn control efficiency, and a decrease in control costs promote a reduction in ET of volunteer corn in corn.

Insects associated with green gram (Vigna radiata L.) in Langtang, Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

Green gram is a ‘wonder’ or ‘super’ food with health benefits. It is one of the shortest growth duration grain legumes that are also suitable as catch crops. Leguminous crops generally attract insect pests because of their high nutritive value. Hence, a survey of insects associated with green gram (Vigna radiata L.) treated with insecticide and fungicide was conducted in Kwanpe, a suburb of Langtang in Plateau State, Nigeria from July to September during the 2014 cropping season. Four treatments of dimethoate (an insecticide) were applied (at 0, 300, 500, and 700 g a.i./ha) in four replicates arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. A total of 40 insect species belonging to 4 orders and 8 families were captured. Species known to be pests in other legume crops encountered were 22. There were few predatory species. There were no statistical differences in pest species populations in treated and untreated green gram plots. It is recommended that there is no need to engage synthetic chemicals in the production of green gram in this locality. Regular insect surveillance is however required as a monitor for pest species populations in order to set economic threshold levels in this Southern Guinea Savanna ecological zone for the highly valued crop.

ASSESSMENT OF THE DAMAGE AND CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SOME CEREAL APHID SPECIES INFESTING WHEAT PLANTS IN EGYPT

This work aimed to assessment the damage caused by the infestation with some cereal aphid species on wheat plants at Sharkia Governorate during 2017/2018 season. The results showed that the relationship between the yield of wheat plants and infestation of aphid was in negative correlation. The damage economic threshold level for aphid was 29.57 individuals/100 plant tillers, the economic injury level was 36.28 individuals/ 100 plant tillers. To assesse the efficacy of the tested insecticides against aphid under field conditions showed that chlorpyrifos was the most effective followed by thiamethoxam + abamectin and Beauveria bassiana. The residual effects of the tested insecticides were 100, 86.67 and 79.73% for the previous tested insecticides, respectively. The general effect of reduction percentages indicated 98.59, 69.75 and 79.73%, successively for the same tested insecticides in the first season (2016/2017). While the residual effect showed 80.77 to Beauveria bassiana , 86.9 to thiamethoxam + abamectin and 100 to chlorpyrifos .On the other hand , the general effects in the second season (2017∕2018) were Beauveria bassiana ( 80.77), thiamethoxam + abamectin (70.7) and chlorpyrifos ( 99.06 ).

Population Density, Economic Threshold and Injury Levels of Tetranychus urticae and Petrobia tritici Infesting Wheat Plants at Sharkia and Beheira Governorates, Egypt

Assessment of the economic damage threshold (ETL) and economic injury level (EIL) of the two tetranychid Tetranychus urticae and Petrobia tritici infested wheat (Giza 168) were studied during 2016/2017 season at Sharkia and Beheira governorates. Also, the population density of both mite species were estimated. Results cleared that the values of (ETL) were less than (EIL) level. The (ETLs) values of T. urticae on wheat plants at Beheira and Sharkia (as x1 &x2 peaks results) ranged 4-4.33 and 4.33-10 individuals /leaf, while the (EIL)values ranged 4.33-5 and 10.33- 13.33 individuals /leaf in the two localities, respectively. In the same trend the ETLs of P.tritici on wheat plants at Sharkia and Beheira (as x1 &x2 peaks results) ranged 3.33-4.00 and 3.33 individuals. /leaf, while the EILs ranged 5-5.33 and 3.67-5.33 Individuals / leaf in the two localities, respectively. In addition, the results of population density of the two-mite species showed that, there were two peaks for each species at the two localities. Statistical analysis detected a positive insignificant correlation between the population of the two mite species and average temperature while it was insignificantly negative with average of R.H. %. The relatively high effect as partial regression (E.V. %) for tested climatic factors of 5.18% was recorded for average temperature on P.tritici at Sharkia governorate, while the relatively high multiple correlation for the two tested climatic factors together was 17.07% recorded on P. tritici at Beheira governorate.

Population dynamics of early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus Snellen on sugarcane as influenced by weather conditions

A field experiment on population dynamics of early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus Snellen on sugarcane was carried out during 2016-17 crop season at the research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Karnal. Studies on population dynamics revealed thathighest incidence (3.81 per cent in CoH 160, 4.60 per cent in CoH 119 and 3.12 per cent in CoS 767) of C. infuscatellus was recorded during 24th SMW. Correlation of C. infuscatellus population with various environmental factors revealed that there was a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (Tmax.) and had a non-significant and positive correlation with minimum temperature (Tmin.) and sun shine hours (SSH) (r= 0.513, 0.287 and 0.452) on CoH 160, (r= 0.504, 0.321 and 0.431) on CoH 119 and(r= 0.537, 0.276 and 0.445) on CoS 767, respectively whereas it has non-significant and negative correlation with relative humidity (morning), relative humidity (evening) andrainfall (r= -0.172, -0.206 and -0.147) on CoH 160, (r= -0.147, -0.172 and -0.130) on CoH 119 and(r= -0.187, -0.223 and -0.160) on CoS 767. Multiple regression analysis of C. infuscatellus population with weather parameters showed that there was 77 per cent (CoH 160), 75 per cent (CoH 119) and 76 per cent (CoS767) variability in dead heart formation due to various environmental factors. The population dynamics revealed by this study have far reaching significance in pest management strategy as integrated control measures may be focused only during the period wherein population exceeds economic threshold level (ETL).

Analysis of Different Management Strategies for Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) Based on a Population Dynamic Model

Weed species present high competitive capacity, rapid adaptability and herbicide resistance, hindering their effective control across worldwide cropping regions. Since field-conducted experiments are very time-consuming and usually expensive, mathematical population-based models are valuable tools to test and develop long-term weed management programs. Within this context, the objective of this paper is to formalize analytically the possible seed bank dynamics of the Lolium rigidum, subjected to different control strategies. The first focus is on studying in detail the effects of integrating constant actions, promoting more environmentally and economically sustainable scenarios. From the same perspective, an alternative to applying time-variant programs is introduced. The proposed control guarantees that the weed population is sufficiently small or, alternatively, is kept below a given economic threshold level in a ten-year planning horizon. Furthermore, an optimization criterion is adopted for distributing necessary efficiency into diverse integrated options. Numerical simulations are included to illustrate the analytical findings.

Assessment the Damage on Sugar Beet Plants Caused by the Infestion with Beet Fly, Pegomyia mixta (Vill) in Sharkia Governorate

The present work was conducted during two successive seasons 2016 / 2017 and 2017/2018 in Diarb – Nigm district, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt to study assessment the damage of yield of sugar beet to infestation of Pegomyia mixta (Vill). The results showed that, the relationship between the yield of sugar beet and infestation of P. mixta was negative correlation i.e.; the increasing larval infestation caused the decreasing yield vice versa. The economic threshold level for P. mixta was 3.7 larvae /plant and the economic injury level was 4.1 larvae / plant in the first season, while, in the second season, the economic threshold level for P. mixta was 3.9 larvae / plant and while, in the second season the economic injury level was 4.0 larvae / plant.

Host plant resistance through physico-chemical characters against major insect pests of okra occurring in the Gangetic plains of eastern India

Okra production in the tropics is threatened by attack of insect-pests, fruit and shoot borer (FSB), jassid and whitefly causing severe loss in marketable yield particularly in the Gangetic plains of eastern India. No developed varieties/hybrids are free from attack of these pests. However, improved lines of okra have potential to broaden the genetic variability may improve resistance to these pests. Therefore, the population dynamics of these pests were recorded from 24 advance breeding lines/varieties of okra during peak infestation period over two consecutive years. Morphological leaf traits and biochemical parameters were assessed as potential mediators of resistance. The population of these pests reached above economic threshold levels during the month of September. Significant genotypic differences in terms of infestation of these pests were observed. Negatively correlated physico-chemical characters might be considered as important indices for selection of genotype tolerant to these pests. As indicated by the low infestations, the tolerance of BCO-1 to FSB, whitefly and that of Arka Anamika to jassid is based on both antixenotic properties of the genotypes. The donor parents BCO-1 and Arka Anamika should, therefore, be introduced into okra breeding programs to enhance tolerance against these pests.

LOSS ASSESSMENT AND THE ESTIMATION OF ECONOMIC INFESTATION LEVELS OF TUTA ABSOLUTA (MEYRICK) IN TOMATO CROPS AT EL- SHARKIA GOVERNORATE

experiment was carried out for two successive seasons (2016 and 2017) at EL- Sharkia governorate. In both seasons tomato; plant alsa variety were cultivated to obtain different levels of infestation by Tuta absoluta of tomato crop were sprayed periodically with King chem 5.7% WG (Emamectin benzoate). Results showed simple correlation r values obtained were strong significantly negative indicating a strong negative relationship between the density of infestation (Tuta absoluta) and the corresponding crop yield of tomato produced. The simultaneous effect of some tomato pests (Tuta absoluta, Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae) infestation on the crop yield indicated that the three factors were responsible for 73% and 93% of variability in the average weight of crop yield in 2016 - 2017 respectively. This study aims to the determination of economic infestation threshold level and economic injury level of Tuta absoluta to be used as a tool for controlling Tuta absoluta under Field conditions. Data indicated that (General Equilibrium Position (G.E.P.)) between 55 to 61 larvae / 20 leaves, Economic Threshold Level (E.T.L)] between 57 to 72 larvae / 20 leaves, [Economic Injury Level ( E.I.L)], 78 to 103 larvae / 20 leaves at this level of infestation control measures must be applied.

A Bayesian classification approach for predicting Gesonia gemma Swinhoe population on soybean crop in relation to abiotic factors based on economic threshold level

Predicting of insect pest population with accuracy and speed when given large data set will make a major contribution to the success of integrated pest management. Naive Bayesian classification has been proposed for predicting the insect pest Gesonia gemma Swinhoe on soybean crop. The Naive Bayesian classifier works based on Bayes’ theorem and can predict class probabilities that a given tuple from the dataset belongs to a particular class. The dataset includes abiotic factors as features along with the class feature (pest incidence) are separated as training data and testing data, then the model was built on the training set by finding the probability for each of its features in relation with the class feature. The Naive Bayesian classification from the trained model, best fits the testing data with 90% accuracy, thus the proposed approach can be very useful in predicting the pest G. gemma on soybean crop.

On-farm demonstration of insecticide for the control of pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner) on chickpea in Bale zone, Ethiopia

Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) is the world’s second most important grain legumes after common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) among food legumes grown for production worldwide. Ethiopia is considered as a secondary center of genetic diversity for chickpea. Field experiment was conducted at two districts with the objectives to demonstrate different insecticide for the control of pod borer on chick pea and to give awareness on the use and effectiveness of the insecticide against pod borer on chickpea. The experiment was conducted using one chick pea varieties; Habru (more preferred) and two insecticide Diazenon (1.2l/ha) and Karate (400 ml/ha). The result revealed that both insecticides are effective against pod borer even if they have slight percent larval reductions at both districts. The pod borer damage reduction by different treatments ranged from 71.87 % to 90.63 % and 58.33 % to 66.66 % compared to that in control at Ginir and Goro, respectively. Diazenon resulted maximum seed yield 2610 kg/ha and 2200 kg/ha at Ginir and Goro, respectively. The plot sprayed with Diazenon gave the maximum net return birr 75,348/ha and 61,120/ha at Ginir and Goro, respectively. It is recommended that these insecticides are suggested to the growers for management of the pod borer population below economic threshold level under field conditions.

Evaluation of fipronil nanoformulations for effective management of brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in rice

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we report the development, characterization and bioefficacy evaluation of fipronil nanoformulations against brown plant hopper (BPH); Nilaparvata lugens in rice. Nanoformulations were characterized for nanosizing and stability under variable conditions. Bioefficacy of nanoformulations were evaluated under field condition at farms of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during Kharif 2015. At milking stage BPH populations were above economic threshold level; followed by foliar application of fipronil nanoformulations at four doses (viz., 30, 45, 60 and 90 g a.i./ha) along with commercial formulation of fipronil. The mean mortality clearly indicated that all the insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over untreated control where, highest mortalities were observed in nanodispersions followed by monolithic dispersion and commercial formulation of fipronil. Treated plots 7 days after application @ 60 g a.i./ha has shown 93.47%, 86.89% and 80.47% reduction BPH population in nanodispersion, encapsulated monolithic dispersion and commercial formulation treated plots respectively. In comparison to commercial formulation @ 60 g a.i./ha yield has increased by 0.56 t ha−1 (28.76%) and 0.26 t ha−1 (14.04%) in nanodispersion and monolithic dispersion.

71 Overview of arthropod pests of typical livestock production systems.

An overview of insect and acari pests of typical livestock production systems will be presented. Pests of livestock are often specific to the individual production system, and are responsible for decreases in production of meat, milk, wool, and work in addition to vectoring disease-causing pathogens to both livestock and people. Mismanagement or lack of management for common pests causes many species of flies to increase past the economic threshold levels. The horn fly, Haematobia irritans, is a pest of pastured beef and dairy cattle. The rapid lifecycle and blood-feeding nature of this fly causes large populations to quickly develop which alter the normal behavior of cattle, causing loss in production (weight gain, calf weight, milk production, and mastitis). Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, are associated with humans and numerous livestock production types as they feed on blood and develop in various decomposing environments, including fouled hay around feeders and rotting vegetable matter. Stable flies are known to blood-feed on several hosts, including cattle, pigs, dogs, and people. Other flies (house fly Musca domestica, little house fly Fannia canicularis, and other fly species) are associated with manure pits common to pork and poultry production facilities. Management practices alone are often unable to prevent pests from reaching economic threshold levels. Speculative guesses will be made for common production systems, as current livestock production methods change, for future pests and their potential impact on livestock, husbandry techniques, and their economic impact for producers. Concluding remarks will highlight the current research needs in livestock-arthropod interactions.