Economic Terminology Research Articles

What determines transfer of carbon from plants to mycorrhizal fungi?

Biological Market Models are common evolutionary frameworks to understand the maintenance of mutualism in mycorrhizas. 'Surplus C' hypotheses provide an alternative framework where stoichiometry and source-sink dynamics govern mycorrhizal function. A critical difference between these frameworks is whether carbon transfer from plants is regulated by nutrient transfer from fungi or through source-sink dynamics. In this review, we: provide a historical perspective; summarize studies that asked whether plants transfer more carbon to fungi that transfer more nutrients; conduct a meta-analysis to assess whether mycorrhizal plant growth suppressions are related to carbon transfer; and review literature on cellular mechanisms for carbon transfer. In sum, current knowledge does not indicate that carbon transfer from plants is directly regulated by nutrient delivery from fungi. Further, mycorrhizal plant growth responses were linked to nutrient uptake rather than carbon transfer. These findings are more consistent with 'Surplus C' hypotheses than Biological Market Models. However, we also identify research gaps, and future research may uncover a mechanism directly linking carbon and nutrient transfer. Until then, we urge caution when applying economic terminology to describe mycorrhizas. We present a synthesis of ideas, consider knowledge gaps, and suggest experiments to advance the field.

Exploring the Dynamics of Miscommunication between Arabic and English in Economic Discourse

The main goal of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex and diverse dynamics of miscommunication that occur during economic discussions between Arabic and English languages. By exploring this topic, the study aims to shed light on important questions about the origins of these misunderstandings and their effects on economic interactions. To achieve this objective, the research will draw upon valuable insights from previous agreements, intercultural bargaining, and global economic relations. It is crucial to emphasize that economic misunderstandings in conversations arise from various factors, including differences in language structure, disparities in cultural backgrounds, and varying contexts. These elements contribute to the confusion surrounding economic terminology, such as sentence structure, vocabulary and meaning difficulties, and contrasting communication styles. The research also examines the influence of cultural nuances and investigates how past events, cultural practices, and societal legacies shape the understanding of economic terms. The importance of effective communication in promoting trust and facilitating successful economic collaboration cannot be overstated. It goes beyond the economic implications of unfavorable trade terms and strained international relations. This research delves into the challenges faced by interpreters and negotiators, highlighting how technology can either alleviate or exacerbate the issue of miscommunication. Ultimately, it serves as a reminder that managers' misunderstandings play a pivotal role in economic dialogues. In today's interconnected global economy, clear and precise communication is essential for productive negotiations and the maintenance of long-lasting international business relationships. To address this, we propose proactive measures such as supporting training programs, leveraging technology wisely, and demonstrating a strong commitment to intercultural communication. The study underscores the significance of adopting effective communication strategies to navigate complex economic conversations and uphold harmonious global economic relationships in an ever-changing world.

Abbreviations in modern German economic terminology: structural and translation aspects

Abbreviations in modern German economic terminology: structural and translation aspects

Basic translation methods English-vietnamese and Vietnamese-English on the topic of economics

Translation is a difficult skill in language learning in general and in learning English in particular. Translation on economic topics is often considered an interesting topic, attracting many readers; however, it is a challenging subject due to economic terminology, sometimes influenced by translation methods. This article is based on translation theories to explore translation methods from English to Vietnamese and Vietnamese to English on the topic of economics. It aims to provide insights into translation and propose some basic translation methods, along with examples of translated texts related to the “Economics” topic, to enhance vocabulary in economic terms and refine translation skills for learners.

ASSIMILATION OF COMMERCIAL AND ECONOMIC BORROWINGS OF TURKIC ORIGIN IN ENGLISH: ETYMOLOGY AND SEMANTIC EVOLUTION

Linguistic interactions arise from the intricate interplay of linguistic, cultural, and historical factors, constituting a pivotal facet of intercultural communication. Of particular intrigue are the Turkic lexical components, actively woven into the linguistic fabric of diverse languages. This research article undertakes the comprehensive examination of trade and economic vocabulary within the English language, encompassing elements either stemming from Turkic origins or acquired via the conduit of Turkic languages. The article delves into the nuanced exploration of the catalysts, pathways, and timelines governing the infiltration of Turkicisms into the domain of trade and economic terminology. It intricately dissects the trajectories of morphological and word-formation assimilation, elucidating their pivotal role in lexicon augmentation and the evolution of language.
 A paramount emphasis is accorded to etymological inquiries and the meticulous tracing of lexical lineages. An integral facet of this scholarly investigation revolves around the discernment of the influence exerted by Turkic-origin trade and economic lexicon on the molding of English language vocabulary. The article conducts a rigorous examination of the etymological underpinnings and semantic metamorphosis inherent to words such as ‘kiosk’, ‘magazine’, and ‘bazaar’ within the purview of the English language, alongside an exploration of their counterparts’ functionality within the Turkish language.
 Through a comparative analysis of diverse languages, it becomes evident that the phenomenon of lexical borrowing is a universal linguistic phenomenon. It stands as a defining element imbued with linguistic significance, determining the absolute or relative chronology of their integration into various linguistic systems. Turkicisms, assimilated into the lexical-semantic framework of the recipient language, augment the corpus of lexical units within the English language and other linguistic contexts. They illuminate the mechanisms governing their assimilation and the degree of adaptation, all while considering the unique lexical and phonetic potential inherent to each language.
 It is noteworthy that Turkic borrowings encompass not only words of direct Turkic origin but also lexical elements introduced into English via other intermediary languages, including Arabic and Persian. These have left their imprint on English lexicographic sources. Hence, the term ‘Turkism’ encompasses words integrated into the English language, whether through direct Turkic influences or indirect channels via Turkic languages, with all sharing a common Turkic phase within their historical trajectory.

Studing of English economic terminology: prospects and challenges for students of economic faculties

The article examines current aspects of English language learning by students of economics faculties. It particularly focuses on the transition from general literary vocabulary to specialized professional terminology. The research combines several methods: analysis of modern approaches to studying professional terminology, assessment of the effectiveness of various English teaching methods in economics faculties, and surveys involving both applicants and instructors. The author substantiates the importance of cultivating professional competence through terminology acquisition and the utilization of authentic materials such as the Harvard Review and Forbes. Proposals include integrating modules dedicated to studying English terminology within professional disciplines and introducing optional English courses to compensate for the shortage of hours allocated to English language instruction in senior courses. Survey results highlight studentsʼ keen interest in mastering English professional terminology and their willingness to engage in project-based learning. Identified challenges include the high cost of educational materials and curriculum overload, with suggestions to leverage internet resources and modern educational tools. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of a comprehensive approach to English language education for economics students, particularly highlighting the importance of honing English skills in professional contexts theyʼll encounter in their careers. Prioritizing the study of English-language professional terminology within the curriculum is deemed crucial for economics students. This specialization offers an alternative to the communicative approach, bridging the gap between general language proficiency and mastery of economic language. Recommendations encompass implementing interdisciplinary approaches to teaching English terminology and fostering collaboration among instructors to enhance studentsʼ language and professional skill development. Furthermore, emphasizing innovative teaching methods, such as interactive technologies and virtual resources, is deemed instrumental in heightening student engagement and activity in the learning process. These approaches are considered vital in enhancing studentsʼ ability to comprehend and employ English terminology effectively.

A Comparative Study of LIQUID Metaphors in English and Romanian Economic Language

Abstract This article discusses the economic terminology of English and Romanian from the perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, focusing on the way in which the two languages employ lexical items from the semantic field of liquids in relation to the economy. The approach used here is both quantitative and qualitative. Thus, the study analyses the dictionary distribution in the two languages of words and phrases that fit the LIQUID metaphor of the economy, and tries to formulate statistical conclusions regarding the importance of this metaphor in shaping the vocabulary of the subject. The results of the quantitative analysis are illustrated with examples from economic publications, with an emphasis on those cases where English and Romanian do not share the same conceptual metaphors, and which could thus prove problematic for learners of Business English as well as for professionals working with the two languages. Metaphor researchers studying English and Romanian generally agree that English is more metaphorical in the way it discusses economic phenomena. However, dictionaries and newspaper articles may differ in the extent to which they follow this prediction, with the latter showing a higher density of metaphorical language than the former.

Tracking diachronic sentiment change of economic terms in times of crisis: Connotative fluctuations of 'inflation' in the news discourse.

The present study focuses on the fluctuation of sentiment in economic terminology to observe semantic changes in restricted diachrony. Our study examines the evolution of the target term 'inflation' in the business section of quality news and the impact of the Great Recession. This is carried out through the application of quantitative and qualitative methods: Sentiment Analysis, Usage Fluctuation Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, and Discourse Analysis. From the diachronic Great Recession News Corpus that covers the 2007-2015 period, we extracted sentences containing the term 'inflation'. Several facts are evidenced: (i) terms become event words given the increase in their frequency of use due to the unfolding of relevant crisis events, and (ii) there are statistically significant culturally motivated changes in the form of emergent collocations with sentiment-laden words with a lower level of domain-specificity.

The New Economic Theory of the Family": Critical Notes by a Lawyer

The article gives the author’s assessment of modern approaches of economists to the family and family relations. The study was based on the "new economic theory of the family", at the origins of which was the American economist G. Becker. The article notes that a purely economic approach to the family and family relations ignores the subjective element, makes the approach to love and altruism, as the initial elements of family relations, extremely reductive, not to mention the use of economic terminology (value, benefit, efficiency, rarity, etc.). to family law phenomena. As a conclusion, it is emphasized that the arguments of economists are very significant for taking into account the share of a spouse who does not work, but keeps a household, when dividing property during a divorce, when determining the amount of alimony, etc. However, outside of property relations, the economic approach does little to give both law and other humanitarian disciplines.

FORMATION OF TERMINOLOGICAL COMPETENCY IN FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN THE ECONOMICAL FIELD OF STUDY

The article reveals the peculiarities of the formation of technological competence in future specialists of the economic direction. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the formation of technological competence of future specialists in the economic direction. The study used general scientific technological competencies of future specialists. An analysis of the literature on the research problem was carried out to study the state of its development and prospects for research, systematization and generalization of conclusions. The work based on such a study outlines the concept of "terminological competence of future specialists in the economic profile." The current state of formation of the studied competence among students of economic education is considered. Students of economic education use the presented exercises for developing the specified competence. Ways to improve the formation of the terminological competence of economist students involve the comprehensive use of scientific and educational texts, terminological dictionaries from various economic fields of knowledge, and mass media materials. The process of forming the terminological competence of future economists takes place thanks to the presence in the economic terminology, which is developed and obeys the laws of language. The article systematizes the main parameters in the evolving economic terminology, which adhere to the laws of language: polysemy of terms; determinologization of terms resulting from their usage in various scientific fields, including economics; introduction of term components into synonymous paradigms; functioning of specialized terms as part of homonymous paradigms; introduction of professional terms into paronymous paradigms; functioning of term components within antonymous paradigms; inclusion of economic terms in word-formation nests; presence of both outdated terms and neologisms in the terminological system; increase in the use of term components in educational and scientific texts. This topic is quite promising, and further research is needed to address the issue of using specific national economic term components instead of extensive use of foreign terms.

DEUTSCHE WIRTSCHAFTSTERMINOLOGIE: STRUKTUR-SEMANTISCHE BESONDERHEITEN

In the modern world, with the deepening of the internationalization of the economy and the growing interaction between different countries, there is a need for effective use of language tools to ensure quality and accurate translation of economic terminology. German language is particularly important in this regard, as it is one of the key languages of the European Union and has great significance in the field of economics. This article discusses the structural and semantic peculiarities of German economic terms and terminological phrases; it also characterizes word formation tools and their role in defining the meanings of economic vocabulary and facilitating its translation into the Ukrainian language. The structural and semantic peculiarities of German economic terms and terminological phrases are quite complex and require careful study. German economic terminology is provided with various terms used in the fields of banking, accounting, finance, insurance, taxation, and other areas of the economy. The peculiarity of German economic terminology lies in its structural and semantic characteristics, which include both lexical and morphological peculiarities. Terminological phrases have a stable character in terms of their semantic specification. One of the ways to determine the meaning of an economic term is to use knowledge of methods and means of word formation. The peculiarity of the German language lies in its large number of word formation tools, such as suffixes, prefixes, infixes, suffixal abbreviations, and others. The use of these tools allows for the creation of new terms and terminological phrases that reflect new realities in the economy. This article is useful for those interested in linguistics, especially in the field of economic vocabulary. It can also be helpful for translators and those involved in translating texts from German to Ukrainian.

THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSLATION

THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSLATION

"THE MONEY IS A LIQUID METAPHOR IN ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY – A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH, SERBIAN AND ROMANIAN*"

In this paper we deal with the MONEY IS A LIQUID metaphor as linguistically instantiated in economic terminology in English, Serbian and Romanian from the perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, as propounded by cognitive linguists (Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Lakoff 1987; Kövecses 2002; etc.). The main aim of this cross-cognitive and cross-linguistic analysis is to establish whether the three languages share the same conceptualisations of some important financial concepts based on the LIQUID metaphor, or alternatively, whether they exhibit any crosscultural differences. Since the mind is embodied and our bodily experience with liquids (water in particular) is universal, we expect to find little difference across the three languages.

Концептуальная метафора как средство формирования межкультурной компетенции у студентов экономических специальностей

The article looks into the use of metaphors in English economic discourse and examines ways to turn conceptual metaphor analysis into a learning tool for students of business English.
 We studied coverage of the economic impact of the 2020-22 pandemic on the tourism industry and the role that the conceptual metaphor «economy is a patient» plays in English economic discourse about these events. In our research we used corpus, semantic, conceptual and contextual analysis.
 The findings show that the conceptual metaphor «economy is a patient» has been common in English economic discourse. Moreover, writers have frequently incorporated economic terminology into extended metaphors, highlighting the interplay of primary dictionary and contextual meaning in what is considered “dead metaphors”. The research proves that even trite metaphors can still have a persuasive effect on the reader creating powerful images in his/her mind’s eye. It also becomes clear that when writers use conventional metaphors, they are fully aware of their figurativeness.
 From our perspective, using conceptual metaphor analysis methods in a business English class helps to achieve a number of teaching goals: it gives students useful insights into the origins of economic terminology, makes them culturally competent, helps them develop communicative skills. Therefore, it can be a useful learning tool.
 The research contributes to the study of metaphor in modern economic discourse. The findings of the research could be used to develop ways to help students to acquire a number of important communication and professional skills.

LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN THE TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM OF IVAN FRANKO’S ECONOMIC WORKS

The article deals with systemic lexical and semantic relations in economic terminology. The role of synonyms in economic terminology is determined. The semantics and stylistic nature of lexical synonyms in the language of Ivan Franko’s economic works are traced. It has been determined that Ivan Franko’s scientific language is characterised by a high concentration of synonymous lexical means. Logical and stylistic synonyms are relevant for the texts under study. The most significant synonymic units are duplicate terms. From the point of view of stylistic differentiation, the presence of synonymic series with common, bookish, and colloquial components in the texts of Ivan Franko’s economic works is recorded and described. The stratification of lexical and semantic relations fixes the component fullness of synonymous pairs and series, and also states the activity of the phenomenon of duplication. The components of synonymous pairs and rows are: a) duplicate terms, b) terms and commonly used book lexemes, c) terms, commonly used book lexemes and colloquial lexemes. The article traces antonymic relations between the components of Ivan Franko’s individual scientific language. In the system of language, antonyms reflect the verbalised cognition of opposites in nature and in social life, and thus, economic phenomena. Antonymy is most clearly manifested in the lexicon. This feature is also evidenced in the scientific language: the register of terms as the basis of its vocabulary includes antonyms. The existence of antonymic relations in terminology is due to the nature of cognition of reality and linguistic means of expression. It has been found that the adjacent use of antonyms within the same sentence or microcontext clearly shows their nature as verbalisers of opposite meaning and often creates a stylistic intra-textual contrast. The attention is focused on the fact that antonyms are less functionally loaded in the language of Ivan Franko’s economic works than synonyms. The analysis of the antonymic relations between the components of the dictionary of Ivan Franko’s economic works shows that the phenomenon of antonymy is less significant for the language of the studied works compared to the phenomenon of synonymy.

Структурно-семантичні характеристики термінологічної лексики в художньому творі та особливості її перекладу (на матеріалі роману Джона Грішема «Фірма»)

The article substantiates the importance of the problem of adequate translation of English economic terms into the Ukrainian language, as they carry a serious semantic load in artistic works. The source of the factual material was John Grisham’s novel «The Firm». The purpose of the work is to show on the material of an artistic work how professional and terminological vocabulary is used as one of the means of artistic imagery and to conduct an analysis of the structural and semantic characteristics of the terminology and the peculiarities of its translation into the Ukrainian language. The total volume of the sample is 786 terms, of which 458 are English economic terminological combinations. As a result of the analysis, it was established that English economic terminological phrases are formed according to two- and three-component models, characterized by different degrees of usage in the language. The most productive model of the syntactic method of term formation is adjective + noun. It is noted that, in general, economic terms have the same ways of translation from English into Ukrainian as all other terms. The main problem of translation of English economic terminological combinations is their ambiguity not only among different branches of science, but also within the economic field itself. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the main techniques used in the translation of non-equivalent economic terminology from English to Ukrainian are calque or word-for-word translation and descriptive translation, transcription or transliteration is less often used.

Economic terminology of the Uzbek language: Sources and methods of development

By the authors of the paper analyzing several properties of the economic terminology of the Uzbek language. In particular, data are given on the research of terms in various fields in Uzbek and world linguistics, interpretations of special terms in the works of linguists, and also considers the systemic characteristics, sources and ways of developing the economic terminology of the Uzbek language. Also paid attention to the process of development of the economic terminology of the Uzbek language based on the internal language potential, namely the methods of affixation, composition, abbreviation, semantic and others. Substantiated the role of borrowing in the development of the language in general and in the enrichment of economic terminology in particular. Considered the views of linguists from different countries on this issue. The opinions of the authors are substantiated by examples, which analyzed during the study.

TERMINOLOGICAL VOCABULARY AS A COMPONENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF STUDENTS OF ECONOMIC MAJORITIES

The article is devoted to the study of terminological vocabulary as the main component of training of students of economic specialities in the process of studying in high institutions and its importance in the communication of future specialists. It is noted that when teaching students economic terminology, one should rely on the communicative approach as the main way and purpose of teaching students professional speech. Communicative-oriented learning involves the formation of students' communicative competence, which is considered to be formed if future specialists use the Ukrainian language to independently acquire and expand their knowledge and experience. It is noted that the process of learning terminology takes place in three stages: the first involves mastering a certain number of terms, examples of their functioning and recognition in phrases, selection and semantisation in the text. The main goal of this stage is to master the terminological vocabulary and actively use it in the process of independent expression. The second stage of teaching terminology is designed to provide the learning process with modern professional vocabulary and special texts selected according to certain criteria. The main objective of the second stage is to develop specific terminological skills and abilities related to the mastery of these units. The main goal of the third stage is to master the highly specialised terms of the economic speciality, as well as professional language turns of phrase. The objectives of this stage are: to develop skills and abilities to use highly specialised terminological units in speech; to get acquainted with the structure of the terminological system of the sublanguage of economics, to develop skills and abilities to analyse the morphological structure of a derived term. Attention is focused on the importance of selecting educational materials and the need for teachers of the Ukrainian language for professional purposes to find the most effective methods that will facilitate better mastering of professional terminology by future economists. The structure of methodical work and the main stages of formation of terminological skills are proposed.

"THE MONEY IS SOLID METAPHOR IN ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH*"

Within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, as propounded by cognitive linguists (e.g. Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Kövecses 2002), in this paper we deal with the MONEY IS SOLID metaphor as linguistically instantiated in English economic terminology. Whereas money in its physical form comes in the shape of notes and coins that are tangible, visible and solid, we show that money in its more general and more abstract meaning is frequently structured conceptually by means of the MONEY IS SOLID metaphor, which is firmly grounded in our knowledge of the behaviour of solid matter. Based on a corpus of money-related terms collected mainly from several English dictionaries of economics and finance, the aim of our research is to determine and examine the various conceptual mappings the metaphor under discussion rests on.

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY

Introduction. The lexical system of any language consists of a great deal of terminology. Consisting of many subsystems organized by different domains, the economic terminological system is complex by nature. Moreover, new English terms describing new phenomena and economic processes are increasingly coming into existence. Due to the fact that language development is constantly improving, the study of the processes of economic terminology formation remains pressing.