Economic System Research Articles

Оптимизация региональных планов адаптации к изменению климата в Арктической зоне России на основе прогностического моделирования

Based on the Russian Arctic example, an attempt was made to update the developed regional plans for adaptation to climate change, taking into account currently available scientific knowledge, observational data, climate scenarios and the results of mathematical modeling of natural and socio-economic systems — recipients of climate risks. The authors using the developed methods have calculated the geocryological risk index for the macro-regions of the Russian permafrost zone, as well as the vulnerability index of economic systems for municipalities of the Russian Arctic.

Government policy innovation in spurring nascent entrepreneurship during pandemic

In mixed economic systems, government policies are essential for addressing market failures and economic challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has had notable impacts on nascent entrepreneurship. To assess government policy effects on nascent enterprise growth, we analyzed data from 39 Asia-Pacific countries using a Panel Quantile Regression via Moments (MM-QR) approach, covering 2006–2020. Our findings indicate that nascent enterprises generally respond positively to policies promoting entrepreneurship, but that special government measures during the pandemic had an inconclusive impact. Our analysis identifies credit market deepening as a crucial factor for promoting nascent enterprises. Thus, policymakers should focus on expanding credit market access to support nascent enterprise growth. This study offers key policy insights for promoting entrepreneurship in mixed economic systems.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROJECT BASED LEARNING TERHADAP PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA

This research aims to examine the implementation of the Project Based Learning model in improving students' learning outcomes in Economics for Class X at SMA Negeri 1 Lahusa during the 2023/2024 academic year. The design used is a Classroom Action Research (CAR) design. The research instruments employed are student observation sheets and teacher observation sheets. Based on the research findings and discussions, it is shown that: (1) The results from cycles I and II indicate a significant improvement in student learning outcomes, which have reached an optimal level. (2) The Project Based Learning model can enhance students' learning outcomes in Economics, particularly in understanding economic issues related to human needs, scarcity, and economic systems. (3) In cycle I, the students' average score was 72.03, exceeding the minimum completeness criteria set by the education unit, which is 65. The percentage of student learning mastery in cycle I was 65.3%, which is categorized as not meeting the target optimally according to the learning objectives. Therefore, cycle II was conducted, resulting in an average score of 86.15 with a mastery percentage of 92.3%, categorized as very good. These results demonstrate significant improvement. The recommendation from this research is that teachers should consistently encourage and motivate students to be more active and think critically in understanding the concepts being studied, allowing teachers to act as facilitators who guide, summarize the taught material, and evaluate students' learning outcomes.

Automatic characterization of capillary flow profile of liquid samples on μTADs based on capacitance measurement

Capillary flow profile of liquid samples in porous media is closely related to the important properties of liquid samples, including the viscosity and the surface energy. Therefore, capillary flow profile can be used as an index to differentiate liquid samples with different properties. Fast and automatic characterization of capillary flow profile of liquid samples is necessary. In this work, we develop a portable and economical capacitance acquisition system (CASY) to easily obtain the capillary flow profile of liquid samples on microfluidic thread-based analytical devices (μTADs) by measuring the capacitance during the capillary flow. At first, we validate the accuracy of this method by comparing with the traditional method by video analysis in obtaining the capillary flow profiles in μTADs of cotton threads or glass fiber threads. Then we use it to differentiate liquid samples with different viscosity (mixture of water and glycerol). In addition, capillary flow profile on μTADs with chemical valves (chitosan or sucrose) can also be obtained on this device. Lastly, we show the potential of this device in measurement of hematocrit (HCT) of whole blood samples. This device can be used to catalog liquid biological samples with different properties in point-of-care diagnostics in the near future.

(Re)Incorporating “the Tangible” in Industrial Path Development Analyses: The Role of Sociomaterial Contingencies in Explaining Potential Emergence of Hydrogen Production in Western Norway

Studies of industrial path development, a literature strongly influenced by evolutionary economic geography and systems of innovation theorizing, have an analytical focus on how interplays between actors, networks, and institutions, what we term social contingencies, shape industrial development in geographic areas. Tying into earlier calls in the literature, we argue that the emphasis on social contingencies has led to limited analytical attention to how material contingencies are also influential in shaping how and where industries develop. Based on this, we develop an analytical framework for studying sociomaterial contingencies for industrial path development in geographic contexts. Consequently, and echoing early path development theory, we argue for considering the breadth of dimensions underpinning industrial path development and their interplay, considering both intangible and tangible explanators without reducing either of these categories on behalf of the other. We discuss our approach in an exemplifying discussion of potential industrialization of hydrogen production in Western Norway to illustrate how assessment of sociomaterial contingencies adds analytical utility to the industrial path development literature.

Political economy of peace and war

This essay discusses two questions: (i) what has been the dominant influence on international relations, economics, or politics, and (ii) what economic or political relations are most conducive to war and peace? The first pits those who claim that it is the political relations of states which shape their economic relations against those who claim that it is the economic relations of states which shape their political relations. This leaves open the question of what kind of economic or political relations are most conducive to peace and war. Economists have mainly seen economics as pacifying otherwise belligerent political structures, but this was not true of Marxist-Leninists, for whom ‘capitalism means war’. Political scientists have generally advocated supranational structures to tame the ‘international anarchy’, but this is not true of those peace theorists for whom the international structure can be self-policing if its constituent parts are democratic. This essay explores the different historical phases of these debates, spanning from the eighteenth century till today. It concludes that politics has always been dominant in setting the economic agenda and that democracies are drifting towards an economic system similar to that of the despotisms they condemn.

ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP UKRAINE–EU: RETROSPECT AND CHALLENGES OF FURTHER ENHANCED COOPERATION

Ukraine has been a priority partner of the EU since the signing of the Association Agreement in 2014. It was the significant financial and economic support of the EU as a whole and, in particular, of individual EU member states that became a key tool for avoiding catastrophic consequences in the financial and economic system of our country at the beginning of a full-scale war and for the current financing of the state budget deficit. Today, the European Union's support for Ukraine is extremely significant, although it is accompanied by a number of problematic issues that require an in-depth study of certain aspects of economic partnership in terms of finding ways and directions to improve the use of the potential of bilateral economic relations with the European Union as a whole and with individual EU member states.The methodological basis of the study is based on general scientific and special methods of economic theory, in particular, methods of theoretical generalization and comparative analysis for a comprehensive consideration of the research issue, and statistical methods of analysis. In the course of the study, the statistical materials of the European Union and the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine on foreign trade in goods were used.Modern scientific views on the content and prospects of Ukraine's economic partnership with the EU are studied. The key stages of the development of Ukraine's economic partnership with the European Union are summarized and schematized, with details of the areas of sectoral cooperation. The main indicators of trade relations and their role in the economies of the studied countries are analyzed. The key obstacles to further deepening of the economic partnership are substantiated, the elimination of which should be the primary goal of our country on the way to European integration.The obtained results can serve for further study of trade relations and their role in the economies of the studied countries.

KONSEP KEADILAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

Justice is a condition in which ideal moral truth is achieved, both in the context of objects and individuals. Justice becomes a very crucial principle especially in an effort to overcome the economic and social injustices that often arise in the conventional economic system. Islamic economics as a distinct field of study, emerged as a response to the perceived shortcomings of the conventional economic system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of justice in the perspective of Islamic economics. This research uses the literature study method to examine the concept of justice in the perspective of Islamic economics. This method involves collecting and analyzing data from various relevant literature sources such as books, journal articles, and other publications that discuss justice and Islamic economics. The concept of justice in Islamic economics creates balance and equality in various economic transactions. The concept of justice in the perspective of Islamic economics is a crucial element that must be upheld to build trust and harmony in every economic activity, as well as to ensure that every individual can contribute to collective welfare without pursuing personal interests alone

On the Historical Lessons of Reform and Opening-Up

The reform and opening-up initiative has left us with many valuable historical lessons. This paper mainly discusses the historical background of reform and opening-up, Deng Xiaoping Theory, historical lessons, and explores the reform and opening-up in the new era, in light of the decisions made at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee. Comprehensive deepening of reform in the new era must adhere to the principle of upholding the Party's overall leadership and the people-centered approach. While focusing on promoting economic system reform, it is essential to coordinate and plan reforms in other fields to fully advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization.

Financial Literacy and Sustainable Entrepreneurial Competitiveness: North Meruya Community Service Implementation

This community service aims to help the Financial Literacy Assistance Program to Create Entrepreneurial Competitiveness for Beginners and gain benefits from their presence in the family environment in utilizing used goods (trash). Micro, small and medium enterprises are an important element in supporting the national economy as a whole. Micro businesses are the driving force of the economic system in Indonesia which can survive during an economic crisis. This type of business helps the government in creating jobs and reducing poverty levels, through micro businesses creating new work units that use new workers who can support household income so that they remain productive in unstable economic times. Continuing the previous program, in 2024 Community Service activities will again be carried out for MSMEs in the North Meruya sub-district environment. This learning activity is related to mentoring MSME activists in North Meruya (also known as Meruya Ilir). North Meruya Village is one of the sub-districts located in Kembangan sub-district, West Jakarta City, Special Capital Region of Jakarta Province, Indonesia. One way to assist MSMEs is to provide education on financial literacy

Climate Variability and the Resilience of Smallholder Tea Production in the East Usambara Mountain Farming System, Tanzania

The complexities of climate change are well-known, and it has immediate and long-term consequences on the environment and natural resources. This global concern adversely affects sustainable development sectors and economic systems including the agricultural sector. The tea sector is among the largest export crops contributing to earnings and revenues. Its production has been declining, and the reasons behind this decline remain unclear. This study proposed to explore the influences of climate variability on the current productivity trend of smallholder tea farmers in Tanzania. The study involves quantitative data analysis, collected from 1990 to 2020 including monthly precipitation, temperature statistics, and Greenleaf production gathered as secondary data from the Tea Research Institute of Tanzania and the Tea Board of Tanzania. The study found that rainfall and temperature change significantly influence smallholder farmers' tea production in the East Usambara Mountains. The optimal climate elements (temperature and precipitation) positively improve smallholder farmers' tea production. In contrast, extreme climate variability triggers negative effects on tea production when precautions and adaptation measures are not considered. To summarize, it is recommended that farmers engage in different programs and training sessions to enhance their perception and adaptability to climate change.

Investigating the Relationship Between the Dynamics of the Structure of Intermediate Consumption and Output of Industries: Cross-Country Analysis

This paper examines one of the main prerequisites of the inter-industry balance methodology on the proportional dependence of the output of industries and their intermediate consumption. The statistical base of the study is the world input-output tables collected for the period from 2000 to 2014. According to the results of the work, it was revealed that the prerequisite of a proportional change in the vector of intermediate consumption with a change in output is not consistent. However, significant positive relationships were found between intermediate consumption and the output of industries. On the basis of the identified relationships, we conducted a clustering procedure on industries, where, in particular, clusters with strong, medium, and weak relationships between intermediate consumption and output are distinguished. Thus, the paper proposes to expand the input-output methodology by introducing proportionality coefficients for changes in the intermediate consumption of an industry with a change in its output. Proportionality coefficients are proposed to be obtained on the basis of regression equations built on statistical data from the input-output tables. It should be especially noted that in addition to obtaining point forecasts of intermediate consumption for each industry when its output changes, it is also possible to obtain probability distributions for the gross output of each industry, their value added, wages, taxes, and profits through Monte Carlo simulations based on the constructed regression equations, which will facilitate a scenario analysis of the development of the considered economic system. The results of this work can be useful to executive authorities in planning large state economic projects as well as in assessing the impact of external shocks on the countryʼs economy.

Disposable electrochemical aptasensor with mesoporous carbon spheres modified screen-printed dual-working electrodes for Pb2+ and Hg2+ detection

Electrochemical biosensing combined with screen-printed paper technology provides an effective strategy for the quantitative analysis of metal ions, particularly suitable for in-situ determination. In this study, a disposable, economical and user-friendly screen-printed dual-working electrodes (SPDEs) aptasensor system for the determination of lead ions (Pb2+) and mercury ions (Hg2+) was described. The sensor system consists of dual-working electrodes, a counter electrode and a reference electrode fabricated using screen printing technology. The aptasensor demonstrates high sensitivity and selectivity towards Pb2+ and Hg2+, owing to the larger specific surface area (1334.7 m2/g) and excellent conductivity of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNs). Additionally, the specific recognition ability and high affinity of G-quadruplex and T-Hg2+-T structures for Pb2+ and Hg2+, respectively, further enhance the performance. Under optimized experimental conditions, the aptasensor achieves a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.088 ng/mL for Pb2+ and 0.0007 ng/mL for Hg2+ (S/N = 3), a wide linear range (0.1–1000.0 ng/mL for Pb2+ and 0.001–100.0 ng/mL for Hg2+), and high accuracy (relative standard deviation, RSD≤10.0 %) and selectivity. Importantly, the SPDEs aptasensor can detect Pb2+ and Hg2+ in a sample without competition and interference, achieving accuracy comparable to that of commercial inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These advantages make the SPDEs aptasensor highly suitable for practical applications in environmental monitoring, food safety, and clinical diagnosis.

Sharia Economic Dispute Resolution: Case Study in the Religious Court of JAKPUS Related to Murabahah

This research aims to analyze the resolution of sharia economic disputes in case studies at the Central Jakarta Religious Court regarding Mudharabah. The method used is descriptive qualitative by studying related sources. The results of this research are that resolving sharia economic disputes related to murabahah in the Religious Courts requires a careful approach. The results of this research are that sharia economic dispute resolution provides better legal protection for the parties, and strengthens public trust in the sharia economic justice system. It is proven that the public prefers the Religious Courts which have executorial rights compared to the National Sharia Arbitration Board (BASYARNAS)

The labor market as a component of the economic security system of Ukraine

The labor market as a component of the economic security system of Ukraine

The model of economic cooperation systems in the context of implementation of the “One Belt One Road” initiative

The model of economic cooperation systems in the context of implementation of the “One Belt One Road” initiative

Economic Understanding of Society: A Comparison of Marx and Weber

This paper explores the economic understanding of society through a comparative analysis of Karl Marx and Max Weber, two foundational figures in sociology. Marx’s theory of historical materialism posits that economic structures, comprising the forces and relations of production, fundamentally determine societal organization and development. His model emphasizes the primacy of the economic base in shaping the superstructure, which includes culture, politics, and ideology. Marx's perspective on capitalism focuses on class struggle, exploitation, and the transformative potential of revolutionary change. In contrast, Weber offers a multidimensional approach that incorporates cultural and ideological factors into the analysis of capitalism. His concept of the "Protestant Ethic" illustrates how religious values influenced the development of capitalist economic systems, while his broader framework of rationalization and bureaucracy highlights the complex interplay between economic and non-economic elements in modern society. Weber’s view of social stratification as a combination of class, status, and party further contrasts with Marx’s more economically centered analysis. This comparative study reveals the distinct methodologies and conceptual frameworks of Marx and Weber, enriching the understanding of economic structures and their implications for social organization and change.

Driving Green: Waste Sorting and Circular Economy in Rural China

ABSTRACT In today’s world, information plays a critical role in shaping individual behaviors toward the environment. Drawing on the externality theory, this study examined how information sources influence rural residents’ willingness and behaviors toward domestic waste sorting in three cities of Jiangsu Province, China. Using survey data from 1,058 rural residents in the Taihu Lake Basin, we demonstrate that information sources significantly promote waste sorting behaviors by reducing information asymmetry. This, in turn, reduces domestic waste and increases recycling and resource recovery, all of which are central to a circular economy. Moreover, we found a substitution effect between official and unofficial sources of information. Further heterogeneity analysis revealed that only authorized information from the government significantly contributes to waste sorting behaviors among rural residents, especially among those who doubt its environmental benefits. These findings underscore the importance of leveraging information tools to guide green behavior and promote a truly circular economic system.

Inequality in the Distribution of Wealth and Income as a Natural Consequence of the Equal Opportunity of All Members in the Economic System Represented by a Scale-Free Network

The purpose of this work is to examine the nature of the historically observed and empirically described by the Pareto law inequality in the distribution of wealth and income in an economic system. This inequality is presumed to be the result of unequal opportunity by its members. An analytical model of the economic system consisting of a large number of actors, all having equal access to its total wealth (or income) has been developed that is formally represented by a scale-free network comprised of nodes (actors) and links (states of wealth or income). The dynamic evolution of the complex network can be mapped in turn, as is known, into a system of quantum particles (links) distributed among various energy levels (nodes) in thermodynamic equilibrium. The distribution of quantum particles (photons) at different energy levels in the physical system is then derived based on statistical thermodynamics with the attainment of maximal entropy for the system to be in a dynamic equilibrium. The resulting Planck-type distribution of the physical system mapped into a scale-free network leads naturally into the Pareto law distribution of the economic system. The conclusions of the scale-free complex network model leading to the analytical derivation of the empirical Pareto law are multifold. First, any complex economic system behaves akin to a scale-free complex network. Second, equal access or opportunity leads to unequal outcomes. Third, the optimal value for the Pareto index is obtained that ensures the optimal, albeit unequal, outcome of wealth and income distribution. Fourth, the optimal value for the Gini coefficient can then be calculated and be compared to the empirical values of that coefficient for wealth and income to ascertain how close an economic system is to its optimal distribution of income and wealth among its members. Fifth, in an economic system with equal opportunity for all its members there should be no difference between the resulting income and wealth distributions. Examination of the wealth and income distributions described by the Gini coefficient of national economies suggests that income and particularly wealth are far off from their optimal value. We conclude that the equality of opportunity should be the fundamental guiding principle of any economic system for the optimal distribution of wealth and income. The practical application of this conclusion is that societies ought to shift focus from policies such as taxation and payment transfers purporting to produce equal outcomes for all, a goal which is unattainable and wasteful, to policies advancing among others education, health care, and affordable housing for all as well as the re-evaluation of rules and institutions such that all members in the economic system have equal opportunity for the optimal utilization of resources and the distribution of wealth and income. Future research efforts should develop the scale-free complex network model of the economy as a complement to the current standard models.

Forms of Modernization of Islamic Education in Türkiye in the 19th Century AD

Discussion of the modernization of Islamic education in Türkiye is nothing new. This remarkable writing about Turkish history in every perspective, makes the specificity of this article about the history of education born in Turkey. The learning method for educational modernization carried out in Turkey shows that it has been going on for a long time because of modernization for other Muslim countries that have been paying attention to education for a long time. Based on this article, it is discussed, in order to trace the background to the emergence of educational modernization in Turkey. This is to find forms of modernization as was done during that time in the field of education. So the birth of educational modernization is the impact of this situation that occurs in the social, political and economic system in Turkey. The factors of European expansion, rigid bureaucratic systems, the progress of European countries were the culmination of social change in Turkish society, giving rise to the Modernization of Education. As a result, policies and orientations emerged that brought progress to Turkey in the timing and future of exchanges. Educational modernization is a school model established by the government and society to use the curriculum implemented in schools. The treatment is carried out by adding modern science, let religious sciences be in their position, and disappear and then reappear and ultimately integrate religious knowledge with modern science is a progressive action in advancing education. Education in the form of Turkish modernization began in the 18th century, continued in the 18th century, 19th century to 20th century; Establishment of schools, empowerment communities, curriculum development, and rationalization of liberation in Turkey.