Economic Strength Research Articles

Analysis MiHoYo Business Model Competitiveness

People’s purchasing capacity rises along with that of the national economic strength. At the same time, because of the rapid development of the Internet and mobile phones becoming a common commodity, mobile games have gradually gained the spotlight and integrated into people’s daily lives. The industry of mobile games has expanded tremendously, which has led to fierce competition under the promotion of capitalism. Small- to medium-sized enterprises in the game development industry now face strenuous difficulties in moving forward with the expansion. In this article, we appraise MiHoYo Co., Ltd., a digital game development and publishing company based in Shanghai, regarding its development so far in the industry; using theories and methods in business administration, we analyze the competitive advantages of MiHoYo. MiHoYo has released best-selling video games with themes centered around renowned intellectual properties, which form a multi-dimensional matrix of products that enhances its lead in competition; at reasonable prices; MiHoYo’s original intellectual properties have attracted a large number of users with high consumer stickiness. Moreover, MiHoYo has a culture of prioritizing technology and setting clear goals, and it has successfully released promising products while gathering experience in business management. The success of MiHoYo under the challenges posed by the game development industry allows other small- to medium-sized enterprises to see development directions in a new light. Lastly, suggestions are presented for the future progress of MiHoYo.

Bargaining Power in a Globalized World: The Effect of Global Value Chains in Trade Negotiations

AbstractWhat determines the bargaining power of states in international trade negotiations? The literature focuses predominantly on economic strength as the determinant of bargaining power. However, this explanation neglects the reality of modern trade, which is characterized by the globalization of production and high levels of economic interdependence. I argue that this interdependence undermines the effect of economic strength on the bargaining power of states. Specifically, I hypothesize that the effect of economic strength declines when a country's companies rely on inputs for their production from a negotiation partner because they are integrated into global value chains. The more a country's firms are dependent on a partner country, the less that country is able to coerce concessions from the partner country by bringing to bear its economic strength. To test this hypothesis, I use a dataset covering concessions on liberalization of the services sector made by 54 countries in 61 preferential trade agreements. By calculating the relative concessions of each partner, I construct a quantitative indicator of the outcome of trade negotiations. This indicator should reflect the underlying bargaining power of each negotiating party. The results of a regression analysis of these negotiation outcomes mostly support my hypotheses.

Would Europe have become wealthy without colonies? A retrospective analysis of the impact of the supply of goods from colonial countries on the economic strength of the EU

The relevance of this topic is growing due to the desire of European states to clarify their place in the formation and development of the global economy. The purpose of this study was to theoretically analyse the impact of raw materials and goods from the colonies on the development of the economic sector in European countries. This study analysed a range of scientific sources and materials, and the following scientific methods were used: structural-functional and dialectical methods, synthesis, logical, and comparative analysis, and generalisation. The findings of this study proved that without colonial possessions, Europe would not have been such an influential continent as it is in the modern world. The study showed how the European Union has done a tremendous job and gained the status of a fairly developed and rich association. It was shown that for a long time Europe exploited dependent territories, which made it the most influential union. These territories include countries in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and South America. The study proved that the colonies had a special impact on the socio-economic development of not only European countries, but also other countries of the world. The colonial policy pursued by Europe influenced the development of the world economy. The study of the history of European development is ongoing, and therefore this study is of great practical importance for determining how the European economy was formed and developed

Cross-Strait Relations Between Taiwan and Mainland China: The Economic Imbalance and its Implications

The cross-strait relations between Taiwan and China are critical in the Asia Pacific and the world. This study focuses on economic relations and their implications. The main conclusions include: First, the economic gap in output is increasingly larger, thus favouring China. Based on a time series robust least squares model, this study finds that this economic strength will significantly reduce the number of Taiwan’s foreign allies. At the same time, this economic strength also brings military imbalance. Second, by employing the Granger causality tests to examine the causality relations between the stock markets of Taiwan and China, which reflect the economic integrations in areas such as the trade of goods and services and capital flow, this study finds that China is in a dominant position. At the same time, Taiwan is in a dominated position. However, except for tourism, the effects of China’s dominant position as leverage seem limited.

Climate Change Regulations of Corporations in Tanzania: A Case for Dilute Interventionism and Veto Firewall Paradigm

Corporations operating in developing countries generally adopt an obstructionist approach to climate change and environmental regulation, particularly in states with weaker economic bargaining strength. Tanzania is one of the African states suffering the disproportionate impacts of climate change but with a weak regulatory capacity to restrain adverse corporate climate change impacting activities. This article critically analyses the climate change regulatory framework of corporations in Tanzania and proposes the implementation of the Dilute Interventionism Model as an innovative solution for regulating corporate activities in climate change mitigation in the country. The model combines prescriptive and facilitative measures in regulating corporations to mitigate the effects of climate change. The article also identifies the need for Veto Firewall protection to safeguard the independence of the sole independent regulator established to regulate the climate change activities of corporations in Tanzania. This article adopts the Dilute Interventionism Pyramid which depicts the steps required to implement the Dilute Interventionism Model in Tanzania. The challenges to the implementation of the Dilute Interventionism and Veto Firewall Paradigm in Tanzania are also discussed, including resistance from corporations, inadequate funding, and lack of technical capacity and the potential solutions to these challenges are briefly highlighted.

Climate Change and Corporate Regulation: A Critical Analysis of Egypt’s Legal and Regulatory Regime

Corporations operating in African states generally have apathy to climate change/environmental regulation, owing to their weak economic bargaining strength in these states. Egypt is one of the African states suffering the disproportionate impacts of climate change and although it has drawn up several climate policy documents, it has not yet enacted a Climate Change Act and has a weak regulatory capacity to restrain adverse corporate climate change-impacting activities. This article critically analyses the legal/ regulatory regime in Egypt for regulating corporate participation in climate change mitigation and its effectiveness in addressing climate change challenges. It critically analyses the implementation of the Dilute Interventionism Model. It evaluates the required legislative framework, regulator, and technical expertise necessary for its successful implementation. This paper also highlights the importance of the Veto Firewall protection to maintain the independence of the sole independent regulator responsible for regulating the climate change activities of corporations. This paper argues that the Dilute Interventionism Model, in conjunction with the veto firewall paradigm, provides a practical and effective approach to regulating corporations. However, successful implementation will require political will, corporate compliance, and technical capacity. This paper provides policymakers, stakeholders, and interested parties in Egypt and elsewhere with useful insights for addressing climate change challenges.

Dynamic change of international arms trade network structure and its influence mechanism

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic changes of the arms trade network not only from the network structure but also the influence mechanism from the aspects of the economy, politics, security, strategy and transaction costs.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs the Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model and the Separable Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model to analyze the endogenous network structure effect, the attribute effect and the exogenous network effect of 47 major arms trading countries from 2015 to 2020.FindingsThe results show that the international arms trade market is unevenly distributed, and there are great differences in military technology. There is a fixed hierarchical structure in the arms trade, but the rise of emerging countries is expected to break this situation. In international arms trade relations, economic forces dominate, followed by political, security and strategic factors.Practical implicationsEconomic and political factors play an important role in the arms trade. Therefore, countries should strive to improve their economic strength and military technology. Also, countries should increase political mutual trust and gain a foothold in the industrial chain of arms production to enhance their military power.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is to analyze the special trade area of arms trade from a dynamic network perspective by incorporating economic, political, security, strategic and transaction cost factors together into the TERGM and STERGM models.

Marine Product Economy in Terengganu during the Administration of Sultan Muhammad Syah II 1918-1920

This study aims at identifying the economic development that focused on marine products during the administration of Sultan Muhammad Syah II in Terengganu from 1918-1920. During this period, the state of Terengganu showed an auspicious economic development of seafood. The sea product economy includes dried fish, anchovies, budu, belacan, and pickled fish. Qualitative research methods are used based on primary sources such as annual reports, telegrams, correspondence, memoranda, and official reports obtained from the Terengganu Government Secretary's Office, the Terengganu Badariah Palace Office, the Land and Mines Commissioner's Office, and the British Colonial Office, which are analysed using a historical approach. Secondary sources are also used to strengthen the data and research findings, including books, journals, encyclopedias, and theses. The study's findings show the sea product economy to be the leading economy among the Malay community in Terengganu. Seafood products became an essential source of economic strength for the community and state of Terengganu during the administration of Sultan Muhammad Syah II from 1918-1920. This is because marine products are the main export commodity of Terengganu compared to other export commodities, based on the quantity and value of exports every year. The conclusion from the study explains that, although Sultan Muhammad Syah II ruled Terengganu for a period of fewer than two years, from November 26, 1918, to May 11, 1920, His Majesty Sultan Muhammad Syah II placed great importance on the economic development of the community in improving the standard of living and income of the community, most of whom were involved in the sea product economy. The export commodity of many marine products is to meet the needs of the local and foreign markets. Terengganu's Big Boat for trading activities also boosted the seafood economy in Terengganu. This proves that Terengganu is a state rich in marine resources, which have thereby become the highest export commodity product.

Research on the coordinated development model of marine ecological environment protection and economic sustainable development

The rapid development of marine economy has caused unprecedented damage to the marine ecological environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to promote the economic development of the coastal areas under the premise of ensuring the normal development of the marine ecological environment. At the same time, this study analyzes the limitations of the ecological environment protection in the system through the coordination of ecological environment protection and economic sustainable development. This study deeply discusses the coordination between ecological protection and economic development in the South China Sea. And it is assumed that there is a significant correlation between EEP and economic sustainable development, and a coordinated development model of the two is constructed. In the construction of the coordinated development model, first a coordinated development model among systems is established. Then the evaluation index system of coordinated development is built to determine the coordinated development model of ecological environment and economic development. The result analysis shows that the South China Sea ecological protection and economic development present a trend of sustainable development. From the coordination analysis of the two, it can be seen that the coordination degree of the South China Sea ecological environmental protection and economic development has been stable between 0.8 and 0.9 for a long time, and the two have a high degree of coordination. In addition, from the coordinated development trend of the South China Sea economy and ecological environment, it can be seen that in recent years, the coefficient of the coordinated development trend between the two has gradually decreased to below 1. It indicates that the coordinated development of the South China Sea economy and ecological environment has gradually been hindered. The above results show that various resources in the marine water resources ecological environment of the South China Sea will have a direct impact on economic activities as production factors of economic growth. Therefore, in the economic development of the South China Sea, we must strengthen the governance of the ecological environment, promote the ecological civilization and economic development of the South China Sea, and improve China's comprehensive economic strength

Government's implicit guarantee and the credit spread of the quasi-municipal bonds

Breaking the rigid repayment of municipal investment bonds (MIBs) is essentially releasing the implicit guarantee of local governments. We analyze the effects of implicit government guarantees on MIBs’ credit spreads and find that regional economic strength, local government's financial strength, and fiscal balance have significant effects on the credit spreads of MIBs; the effects of implicit government guarantee on the credit spreads of MIBs depend on the regional economic development status; the effects of implicit government guarantee on the credit spreads are significant across different MIBs issued by public welfare institutions, quasi-public welfare institutions, and comprehensive municipal investment companies.

From Cotton and Smoke: Łódź—Industrial City and Discourses of Asynchronous Modernity, 1897–1994

From Cotton and Smoke: Łódź—Industrial City and Discourses of Asynchronous Modernity, 1897–1994

Impacts of Domestic Factors on the Foreign Policy of Pakistan (2008-2018)

Since its foundation, Pakistan's foreign policy has gone through many stages. Political leadership, location, economic strength, philosophical viewpoints, history, ideology, and cultural values all had a big impact on Pakistan's decision-making process when it came to its foreign policy. Due to financial and military support from other nations, Pakistan's foreign policy was reliant on them. Priorities for foreign policy are determined at every stage in accordance with the national interests of major nations. Pakistan's foreign policy was impacted by internal considerations. Due to political and economic instability, Pakistan faced a number of threats from its close neighbours and foreign powers between 2008 and 2018. In addition to domestic considerations, effective foreign policy was also hampered by political clashes among political leaders. Relationships with a rival state (India) and the sole superpower of the world (USA) were hampered by the military establishment and civilian administrations' lack of collaboration.

Geliat UMKM : Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan Berdasarkan PSAK EMKM pada UMKM Laura Pulau Harapan Maninjau

One of Indonesia's sources of economic strength that has endured the epidemic that has been going on since 2020 is MSMEs. MSMEs are a type of industry that can take on labor thanks to labor-intensive business procedures. The UMKM Laura Pulau Harapan is one of the MSMEs found near Lake Maninjau. This MSME works in the food industry and relies on "Rinuak," a raw material source that comes from Lake Maninjau. Fish of the Rinuak variety can be found at Lake Maninjau. Rinuak sales are no longer dependent on the availability of raw materials because MSME companies have transformed it by turning it into several types of cuisine. UMKM Stretching was done by UMKM when processing Rinuak. Laura Pulau Harapan, manager of MSME, thinks that MSME can be grown even further but is limited by the framework issue. This is a result of managers' insufficient awareness of recording prior to the creation of MSME Financial Reports. There is no description of the business performance to date due to the lack of MSME Financial Reports. Managers are unable to manually or systematically record anything. This is because the manager was unable to record and prepare these financial reports and didn't understand how to do so. The team delivering training trains managers so they can record and compile financial reports using the mentoring approach and FGD. Managers have benefited from this training in that they have successfully completed various recording processes.

How do migration decisions and drivers differ against extreme environmental events?

ABSTRACT Migration is often understood to be a livelihood strategy to cope with the effects of environmental threats and climate change. Yet, the extent to which migration decisions differ due to the type, severity, and frequency of environmental events has been little explored. This paper employs household surveys in southwestern Bangladesh to explore this research gap. A multinominal regression model is used to simulate reported future migration decisions (200 sample households) in the context of both rapid-onset (i.e. cyclone and flood) and slow-onset (salinity, siltation, and riverbank erosion) environmental phenomena. Results show: i) previous disaster experience and increasing conflict in the community motivate migration in the near future in the context of slow-onset phenomena (salinity); (ii) economic strength and self-efficacy increase non-migration intention in both contexts of sudden and slow-onset events; and (iii) the extent and pattern of these influences on migration differ across demographics, including education, religion, and age. Importantly, this analysis shows that the relationship between migration decisions and the type, severity, and frequency of environmental events is influenced by socioeconomic conditions. Therefore, this research supports future adaptation planning specifically tailored to the type and exposure of extreme environmental events.

The Impact of Digital Technology on International Relations: The Case of the War between Russia and Ukraine

Background: The concept of a strong state is no longer measured by its military and economic strength, but also by the level of its ability to both defend against cyber-attacks and control cyberspace. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it became clear that modern technology had an active role on the ground. This research focuses on the role of modern technology in conflicts and as a key factor in relations between states. It has been proven that technology has led to the creation of new concepts in international relations - the concept of technological sanctions, electronic warfare, and so on. This paper will focus deeply on studying the impact of technology on international relations, and its role in war, peace and security. The researcher uses the Russian-Ukrainian war to support these ideas. Methods: In this paper, the researcher used an analytical and structural method to provide an in-depth perspective on the impact of new technology on international relations. Moreover, a case study on the war between Russia and Ukraine were deployed to explain how new technology is heavily involved in international relations. To support the ideas discussed in this paper, the author uses legal texts, international conventions, and official reports issued from national and international institutions. Result and Conclusion: In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of how IT has affected international relations has been presented. The researcher found that digital technology is considered a new international distribution of power and driving force in the social construction of war and peace. The paper also found that the war between Russia and Ukraine has proven that new technology is widely used in the conflict. The researcher also found that there is a binding legal framework to regulate the activities of the cyber domain. Moreover, new types of sanctions have been emerging internationally. During the conflict, new means of funding and new types of currency have been also been employed, which is considered a new challenge to international relations. The main finding of the paper is that new technology and cyberspace activities cannot be governed locally. The international community should involve civil actors in the governing and regulatory process of cyberspace.

Research on the Evolution of Global Electronics Trade Network Structure since the 21st Century from the Chinese Perspective

With the development of technology and the widespread adoption of digital technology, the trade volume of electronic products keeps improving. For a country’s trade situation, it is important to study the global trade of electronic products. In this paper, the data on global trade in electronic products from 240–246 countries and regions from 2000 to 2021 are used to create complex network models. Characteristic indicators, such as the network density, average clustering coefficient, average path length, and centrality are used to analyze the evolution of the global electronic product trade network pattern. The results of the complex network analysis show the following: (1) Since 2000, global electronic products have shown a trend of fluctuating growth, showing a state of three-pole differentiation. In addition, the trade volume is unevenly distributed, with the United States and China in the leading positions. (2) The global electronics trade network has significant scale-free and small-world characteristics, with high network density and close ties between countries. (3) There are differences between the closeness centrality and the betweenness centrality of the global electronic product trade network. The core countries are mainly in Europe and North America, while the influence of Asian countries is rising. (4) The global electronic product trade network has a clear division of communities and undergoes dynamic evolution. (5) Global electronic product trade is influenced by natural resources, economic and technological strength, political culture, and other factors. Finally, three policy suggestions are made for the development of China’s electronics trade.

The Joints of Economic Strength According To Ibn Khaldun

Man must work to make the necessities of life. The more actively people try to use knowledge and skills, it will make it easier for themselves to life. The Covid-19 pandemic is very influential for the economy of the community. Many people experience a decrease in income and even job loss, so having extensive knowledge and qualified skills is very important to be able to survive in difficult situations. Ibnu Khaldun in the book of Muqaddimah, describes the various skills that become the joints of economic strength, namely agricultural skills, architectural skills, carpentry skills, spining and sewing skills, obstetrics skills, and medical expertise. People who have special skills and are able to take advantage of opportunities according to current conditions will be easier to get income in meeting their needs.

Coupling coordination and influencing factors of urban spatial accessibility and economic spatial pattern in the New Western Land-Sea Corridor.

The construction of the New Western Land-Sea Corridor is crucial to the economic development of western China and even Southeast Asia. Research analyzes the evolution of urban economic spatial pattern of the New Western Land-Sea Corridor in different years and discusses the coordinated development between economic connection and accessibility and its influencing factors. The research results show that: First, the influence of labor force on the urban centrality of the New Western Land-Sea Corridor is gradually increasing, and the spatial pattern of the urban network has gradually shifted from a unipolar attraction type to a spatial pattern of "one main and multiple subordinates." Second, urban accessibility presents a "core-periphery" spatial pattern, and the coupling coordination degree presents the spatial characteristics of "centro-periphery." The economic correlation strength, spatial accessibility, and the coordinated distribution of the two all have obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics. Third, there are spatial differences in the influencing factors of the coupling coordination degree. Based on this, the research puts forward the development mode of "growth pole," "area," and "axis," attaches importance to the problems of labor force in urban development, and strengthens the level of coupling coordination between regional transportation and economy, to promote the integration of regional transportation, logistics, and economy.

China-Risiken stärker beachten

Abstract Germany should pay more attention to risks in procurement, manufacturing and sales in China. First, China’s population has been shrinking since 2022 and is rapidly ageing; this will cause its economic strength as well as production and consumption opportunities to decrease. Secondly, the threat of a Taiwan invasion is rising and only mitigated by the globally integrated chip industry. Thirdly, China will increasingly shape standards in international payments and Central Bank Digital Currencies. This will raise its power for sanctioning other countries financially. Overall, while Germany should focus on further diversifying its economy, its exposure with regard to China is lower than commonly thought.

Trial by Virus: Colonial Medicine and the 1883 Cholera in Egypt

Trial by Virus: Colonial Medicine and the 1883 Cholera in Egypt Christopher S Rose Introduction On June 22, 1883, consular health authorities in the Egyptian port city of Damietta contacted the Maritime Health and Quarantine Board at Alexandria with the news that cases of severe gastritis ending in fatality had been reported.2 These were telltale symptoms of cholera, a highly contagious and lethal disease whose appearance in one of the main ports serving ships transiting the Suez Canal would be a cause for concern. A multinational commission was dispatched and confirmed the grim news: cholera had returned to Egypt after an eighteen-year absence. Although the appearance of cholera was never welcome, it appeared at a particularly delicate time for Egypt; Great Britain had invaded the previous year to suppress an anti-government revolt and had restored the Khedive Tewfiq (whose government was indebted to British and French banks) to the throne. The 1883 epidemic was a trial by fire—nay, trial by virus—for the Anglo-Egyptian government, which had been established less than a year earlier. In this article, I show that the approach taken by the Anglo-Egyptian government’s response to the cholera outbreak represented a shift in imperial attitudes toward the control of epidemic disease, layered upon imperial attitudes regarding health, hygiene and care of the body in a colonial setting. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Egyptian state had invested substantially in health to boost the nation’s economic and military strength, and to address European concerns about the potential for diseases to be transmitted along trade routes. In the process, a certain amount of negotiation was required with the Egyptian population as consumers of medical services, regarding how treatment would be delivered, by whom, and where. During the 1883 epidemic the new Anglo-Egyptian administration introduced new policies and attitudes about what constituted modern medical practice, the appropriate relationship between medical provider and consumer, and the ways in which the consumer was expected to behave. I argue that this is a key moment of transition in which public health in Egypt came to bear the hallmarks of the paradigm known as “colonial medicine,” in which personal hygiene practices and the acceptance of medical care were seen as necessary markers of modernity and progress—even when such restrictions came at the expense of nearly fifty thousand Egyptian lives. Imperialism and health in Egypt It is something of a cliché in Egyptian history to begin the narrative of the “modern” period with the three-year partial occupation by the French army under Bonaparte (1798–1801). While it is no longer universally accepted that the French incursion represents a definitive rupture from the Ottoman/Mamluk past, the multivolume Description de l’Egypte produced by the French expedition containing descriptions of health, medicine and pharmacology at the turn of the nineteenth century, albeit filtered through an imperial lens, remains a useful benchmark against which to gauge subsequent developments in public health over the course of the nineteenth century.3 Laverne Kuhkne, whose Lives at Risk remains one of the key surveys of Egyptian public health prior to the British period, has observed that, Metropolitan French condescension aside, the level of health services available in Egypt in 1800 was probably comparable to that of contemporary rural France, in that both were fairly rudimentary and quality care was largely restricted to elites who could afford to travel to seek care or hire a private physician.4 In the 1820s, Egypt’s Ottoman viceroy Mehmet Ali (1805–1848) contracted a Frenchman, Antoine-Barthélémy Clot, to develop a military health service following a devastating outbreak of plague, and a high incidence of syphilis among enlisted men serving in Syria. Clot insisted that military and civilian health were intertwined, and oversaw the creation of medical corps intended to treat both populations, educated at two medical schools—one for women—whose graduates were sent to work in a network of hospitals, clinics and dispensaries throughout the Nile Valley.5 However, Clot’s rigid insistence on Europeanizing medical practice in Egypt ran into its first obstacle when the national medical corps, accompanied by military officers and sent into the...