Economic Spheres Research Articles

Prevalent Workplace Sexual Abuse of Ready-Made Garments Female Workers in Bangladesh: Understanding the Pseudo Dynamics of This Offence from Socio-Criminological Perspective

Safe workplace for women is a matter of great concern, even with the increasing rate of their participation in the economic sphere of Bangladesh. In spite of extensive empirical research focusing on infectious crime as sexual harassment across various spheres of human existence, even in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, sexual harassment remains a painstaking global thorn in the flesh. Though the prevalence of sexual harassment is at its peak, a significant proportion of society normalizes this as a custom and manifests it by keeping silent about sexual harassment against RMG female workers. The primary objective of this study is to understand the victims' experiences and the major factors behind the sexual harassment at ready-made garment factories in Bangladesh. This study utilizes qualitative research methodology employing purposive snowball sampling of 20 working women and 5 KII in-depth interviews, aiming to delve into the underlying factors of this behavior from a socio-criminological perspectives.

Мониторинг готовности будущих экономистов к использованию искусственного интеллекта в банковской сфере

In the context of the digital transformation of modern society, the study of the problem of introducing artificial intelligence into all spheres of life, including the sphere of economics and finance, is extremely relevant. The purpose of this article is an attempt to analyze the readiness of future economists in the school-university system to use artificial intelligence in the context of developing digital financial literacy. The authors studied the nature of the influence of artificial intelligence on the formation of basic competencies necessary in the era of digitalization of economic education, through the prism of the views of the younger generation. The importance of various aspects of the digital transformation of society, which are in the focus of attention of global cooperation organizations (UNESCO, World Bank, etc.) in the interests of sustainable development, is noted. Using Google-Forms tools, a sociological survey was conducted among students of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Omsk branch) and students of specialized economic classes at Gymnasium 19 in the city of Omsk on the topic “The attitude of future economists to the use of artificial intelligence in the banking sector.” The results of the analysis of the obtained empirical data made it possible to state the complex and ambiguous nature of the influence of artificial intelligence on the young generation of future economists in the conditions of total digitalization. Along with the positive attitude of young people towards the prospects for the introduction of artificial intelligence, the risks of a decrease in natural intelligence against the backdrop of digitalization reaching all spheres of life have been identified. This, in turn, requires the formation of value guidelines and the development of a strategy for the continuous development of future economists in the digital society in the context of the active implementation of artificial intelligence.

Экономическая динамика и эколого-экономическая устойчивость арктических регионов России

This paper explores the environmental and economic resilience of the regions within the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). We define a region's environmental and economic resilience as its capacity to withstand external shocks, independently restore the balance between its economy and environment, and transform while maintaining or improving the balance between its environmental and economic systems. The study's relevance stems from the rapid industrialization of the Russian Arctic in recent years and the constraints on investment in environmental technologies, green production, and management. The study discusses an analysis of macroeconomic, environmental, and economic indicators of the Russian Arctic regions, examining their interrelations during the pandemic crisis and under the pressure of Western sanctions. From 2018 to 2022, the anthropogenic impact on the environment in the Russian Arctic gradually declined, although the situation varied for individual indicators depending on trends in the regional sectors. Regions were identified that lead in environmental and economic resilience as well as those showing increased anthropogenic impact despite declining industrial production. A multidimensional classification of regions in the Russian Arctic was developed based on indicators characterizing the state of the environmental and economic spheres. Clusters of regions with high, low, and limited levels of environmental and economic resilience were identified. The study revealed that the macroeconomic situation in these regions is more dynamic than their environmental and economic conditions. Macroeconomic indicators in the Arctic regions demonstrate different trends during periods of external shocks. Overall, the Russian Arctic economy was sensitive to the 2020 crisis; the 2022 sanctions had a negative impact on economies focused on Western markets, and in 2023, macroeconomic dynamics slowed down across all regions of the Russian Arctic. Further research is necessary to understand the factors influencing the environmental and economic resilience of the Russian Arctic regions under current conditions.

Contemporary discourse on neocolonialism: an analytical review of research

The article provides an overview of contemporary research on neocolonialism. The work examines the history of the term "neocolonialism", as well as the main features of neocolonialism in the 21st century, including: the transformation of the nature, forms and methods of colonial influence, and changes in its scale. The main reasons for the interest in the problems of neocolonial studies are outlined, including a general change in research optics, the emergence of new forms of colonial dependence, etc. The prerequisites for the emergence of neocolonial studies in sociological science are indicated. The analysis of foreign studies demonstrates, on the one hand, the preservation of interest in traditional topics related to the colonial legacy in African countries, since they are still in the most vulnerable position compared to other former colonies, and on the other hand, an exit to a broader topic related to cultural neocolonialism in the context of globalisation, as well as the transformation of technology into an instrument of colonial influence. Modern domestic studies of neocolonialism have their own specifics, expressed, firstly, in the dominance of the economic interpretation of neocolonialism, secondly, they are often devoted to the study of the relationship between neocolonialism and globalisation and capitalism, thirdly, in the works of domestic authors special attention is paid to the position of Russia in the system of global neocolonialism. Based on the analysis of scientific discourse, the authors developed a typology of neocolonialism forms, that divides all forms into two large groups - traditional and new. Traditional forms include, first of all, economic and political neocolonialism. New forms include cultural and educational neocolonialism. The intensification of the digitalisation process and the increase in environmental risks at the beginning of the 21st century allow us to say that such forms of neocolonialism as environmental and digital are becoming increasingly important. Particular attention in the article is paid to environmental neocolonialism as a new, special form. The reasons for the growing interest in it and its impact on the political and economic spheres are also considered. The thesis of turning the green agenda into a new form of ideology, with the help of which the G7 countries implement policies that are beneficial to them, is discussed. The authors conclude that it is necessary to identify specific interests and values behind modern environmental initiatives.

Особенности торговой политики Китая: текущее состояние и направления развития

This article analyzes the current state, main instruments, and directions of development of China's trade policy in the context of the confrontation between the two global economic leaders, China and the USA. Understanding the meaning that China embeds in the concept of "trade policy" will enable Russia to perceive the logic of China's decisions and effectively build cooperation with China in the economic sphere and the related ones. The aim of this study is to identify the peculiarities of China's trade policy. To achieve this, the article examines the main indicators and instruments of China's trade policy, considers the current viewpoints of Chinese economists on trade policy, and analyzes activities concerning its implementation. Particular attention is given to the methods China uses to increase its influence in the global economy. The findings demonstrate that through its trade policy, China aims not only to enhance its economic power but also to shape new global rules and standards, reflecting its aspiration for leadership in international economic relations. China’s tariff system and the enforcement of non-tariff measures effectively protect its domestic market from foreign competition and encourage investments in the development of competitive high-technology production on the global market. The article shows that in China, the concept of "trade policy" encompasses a broader set of tools and measures than the commonly accepted tariff and non-tariff measures. Within its trade policy framework, China addresses a range of tasks, from the internationalization of the national currency to uniting developing countries and gaining priority in setting technical standards for goods and services. It is shown that China has been working in this direction for several decades, specifically since the early 2000s.

ҚАРЖЫ-САУДА ЛЕКСИКАНЫҢ СЕМАНТИКАЛЫҚ ДАМУЫ: ҚОР, ҚҰН ЖӘНЕ ТАУАР СӨЗДЕРІ

The richness of the vocabulary of the Kazakh language can be traced in the abundance and diversity of the vocabulary. Especially the large number of words related to finance and economics in the Kazakh language indicates that the Kazakh people have long been well versed in economics and finance. Among the Turkic peoples and languages, the Kazakh language is distinguished by the rich variety of skins and wool, a variety of names for clothing, food, ores, minerals, expensive fabrics, materials, jewelry and the preservation of words of indigenous Turkic origin. The article analyzes the terms and individual names of the financial and economic sphere used in the active vocabulary of the Kazakh language. The very first meaning and etymology of some financial, economic and trade terms in the Kazakh language is given on the basis of data from modern Turkic languages, starting from ancient and medieval Turkic written monuments. Materials from unrelated languages were also used for semantic connections between words and for additional evidence. In this research paper, among the Kazakh financial and economic vocabulary, native words are presented, mainly common to the Turkic languages. In particular, the history of semantic change of active words such as “kor”, “kun” and “tauar” is considered, conclusions about their origin are made.

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TOURIST DESTINATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

In the present period, tourism has become one of the priority areas of development of economic and cultural spheres of life in many countries of the world. Actions in this direction are actively taking place in Kazakhstan, considering the identification of the main development factors specified in the strategic and programmatic planning documents. The purpose of the study: to develop methodological approaches and practical recommendations for managing the process of developing tourist destinations with the active participation of the main tourism entities in order to promote them as a tourist destination in tourism. The basis of management of the tourist destination is to bring the tourist product of the region to the market and ensure its competitiveness in order to achieve a high level of well-being and quality of life. At the same time, the organizational and economic relations arising in the process of managing the development of the tourist destination are the mechanisms for realizing the tourist and recreational potential in the regions and promoting the tourist product. The article deals with the evaluation mechanisms of the management system of tourist destinations.

Инновационные технологии в государственном управлении: цифровизация процессов и их эффективность

The article analyzes innovations and trends in the framework of digital transformation from the point of view of economic, political, managerial and social spheres. The authors consider the trends of converting offline services to an online format, as well as the software and hardware support necessary for this transition. The aspects of optimizing work processes in all these areas when using information and digital technologies are studied. Conclusions are drawn about the need for the development and wide-spread transformation of offline services into a digital format.

Ekonomiczne determinanty popytu na ubezpieczenia na życie – ujęcie regionalne

Insurance has various functions in the economic and social spheres. Life insurance is a specific type of insurance, offered in the form of individual or group insurance. Research on insurance market at regional level is undertaken relatively rarely. The aim of the study presented in this paper is to identify economic factors determining the level of demand for individual and group life insurance on regional insurance markets. Dynamic econometric models for panel data (GMM estimator) with demand expressed in gross written premium per capita (life insurance density) have been used in the analysis. The research was carried out on the basis of data at voivodship level for the period of 2017–2021 from Statistics Poland and the Polish Financial Supervision Authority. The regression analysis demonstrated that an improving economic situation of the region and households’ growing disposable income positively affected demand for life insurance, while a poor situation on the labor market (indicated by the unemployment rate) had a reverse effect. Individual insurance demand responded stronger to changes in disposable income and the unemployment rate, whereas group insurance demand was more sensitive to changes in the region's economic situation. The level of insurance consumption observed in a given period is determined by that observed in the previous period, which indicates the phenomena occurring on this market are of a relatively stable character.

Параллельный импорт как актуальная проблема правового обеспечения государственного регулирования предпринимательской деятельности

The significance of this research topic emerges from the evolution within the legal framework support-ing state regulation of entrepreneurial activities, alongside significant shifts in the economic sphere of state affairs. These shifts prompt a legislative response to new challenges. A focal issue is the cessation of partnerships between Western corporations and the Russian market, coupled with the rise of «parallel imports». This phenomenon entails the legal purchase of goods listed by the Ministry of Industry and Trade from abroad, even if they originate from countries that lack amicable ties with Russia. The purpose of the study is to consider one of the urgent problems of legal support for state regulation of entrepreneurial activity – the legislative technique of legalizing parallel imports. Materials and methods. The research materials were normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, monographic studies and scientific articles by domestic theorists and practitioners on the legal support of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity. The main methods of scientific research include the normative and comparative legal method. Results and conclusions. It should be noted that the system of legal regulation of parallel imports and exemption from liability of the business sector for its implementation has formed a number of problematic issues in practice. In particular, according to legislative innovations, the ban on the use of intellectual property objects through their parallel import is a thing of the past, however, the wording and legal structure of the changes that have entered into force are of concern, the literal interpretation of which allows us to conclude that at the moment any entrepreneur can freely adapt the methods of acquiring intellectual property objects of foreign rightholders for further resale whose product is subject to parallel import, which does not correspond to the main objectives of the law. In general, considering the controversial nature of parallel imports, it should be concluded that this procedure is not new to international legal doctrine and is applicable in the civil turnover of many countries. The purpose of legalizing parallel imports is seen in providing support to the domestic business sector through limiting a number of economic benefits for foreign producers, which is temporary.

Surveillance, Disinformation, and Legislative Measures in the 21st Century: AI, Social Media, and the Future of Democracies

In contemporary society, the internet, particularly social media, has become a significant area where individuals spend considerable amounts of time engaging in various activities. Concurrently, the growing utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a critical component of the propaganda that is disseminated online within economic, social, and political spheres. AI encompasses a broad range of applications, including data collection for microtargeting and the dissemination of diverse forms of disinformation. Additionally, AI can be effectively employed to detect and remove content from social media platforms that contradicts democratic principles, such as disinformation or hate speech. This study reviews the existing literature on the use of AI in political propaganda, examining not only how AI has become an integral part of propaganda strategies, but also how it is utilized to counter propaganda that violates democratic values. It explores the legislation in various countries that enables (and mandates) the removal of propaganda content contrary to democratic principles from social media platforms with the assistance of AI, and it discusses perspectives that highlight the potential conflict between these practices and the principle of freedom of expression.

A framework for digitalising tax revenue collection for the informal economic sphere in Zimbabwe

A framework for digitalising tax revenue collection for the informal economic sphere in Zimbabwe

In search of a predictable past

The article is a reflection on reading the book by Academician A.V. Torkunov and Professor V.V. Degoev “Russian History: State. Civilization, External World” (Moscow: Aspect Press, 2024) in connection with the problems raised in it in the spheres of economy, state and society structure in Russia, up to the problems of its foreign policy. In their voluminous work, involving the methodology of historical sciences and related disciplines, the authors paid attention to the issues of human relations with society and the state in Russia, which, as elsewhere, were not always friendly and have never been simple. Reading the monograph encourages reflection on the patterns of development of Russian statehood over a huge period of time from the second half of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century, — from the formation of the Kyiv state to the First World War, - including the periods of Ancient Rus’, medieval Muscovy and the Russian Empire.

Дерогація, аброгація, нуліфікація: поняття, особливості та приклади застосування

The article analyzes the legal concepts of derogation, abrogation and nullification, which are tools for regulating relations in society and international relations. It is determined that the derogation means the partial cancellation of the law or its individual provisions, for the purpose of temporary deviation from obligations during emergency situations. Examples of the derogation include the actions of Ukraine during armed aggression by the Russian Federation and the actions of European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Abrogation (abolition) means the cancellation or change of an outdated law or agreement. The term has its roots in Roman law, where various forms of abrogation existed. Over time, repeal has evolved into a legal tool that allows governments to repeal outdated laws or make changes without having to maintain the application of the previous rule. Contemporary applications of abrogation include criminal procedure law, where proceedings can be dismissed if charges are not proven, and international procedures, such as pardons or amnesties, which allow convicts to be released without overturning the sentence. It has been established that the term "nullification" is used both in the legal and economic spheres, and means the deprivation of documents of legal force or the recognition of securities as invalid. The historical practice of nullification is considered, starting from the formation of the confederation of North American states, attempts to conclude a new union treaty between the republics of the USSR in 1991, and centrifugal tendencies in the European Union. In modern conditions, as the example of Ukraine with Russia shows, the nullification of treaties can serve to protect national interests in response to external challenges. In conclusion, the author concludes that these legal mechanisms are important for ensuring legal stability and adaptability, allowing to respond to emergency situations and social challenges without violating the basic rights and freedoms of citizens.

The Sustainability of the Therapeutic Cannabis Sector in Colombia

The medical cannabis industry in Colombia is recognized as an emerging industry, and the development of the regulatory framework stimulated the interest of entrepreneurs in creating companies for medicinal purposes. The objective of the work was to examine the key components of the sustainability of the therapeutic cannabis sector in Colombia. In this sense, the study with a mixed approach and analytical scope included a review of the theoretical aspects and regulatory framework. A statistical analysis was carried out to determine the perception of potential clients of the medicinal cannabis industry. A downward projection was found in the number of licenses granted. In conclusion, the therapeutic cannabis sector in Colombia shows promising potential, and its long-term sustainability requires addressing the gaps identified in the implementation of policies, improving social inclusion, promoting innovation for the development of high value-added products, and ensuring environmentally sustainable practices. From a social perspective, the industry promises to generate employment and boost rural development. Environmentally, the industry could contribute to reducing deforestation associated with illicit crops. The sustainability of the sector is an achievable goal, but it will require coordinated efforts in the regulatory, economic, social and environmental spheres to materialize its potential.

Employment, labor and social protection in a hybrid enforcement regime

The features of the hybrid law enforcement regime in the field of employment, labor and social protection are considered. Russia and the whole world have entered an era of turbulence, when customary and even emergency legal regimes that have been developed over decades do not allow us to respond effectively to challenges, regulate public relations and protect the rights and freedoms of legal entities in response to changes in the current situation. The traditional systematic approach to legal regulation using blocks of legislation formed in advance as a reaction to the situation changing in one direction or another often does not justify itself and each time requires a creative and individual, rather than template, approach from the law enforcement officer to the selection of used tools and norms of different legal regimes , which requires active rule-making to fill emerging gaps. Avoiding complex legal regulation adds originality to rulemaking and law enforcement in the early 2020s, the general direction of which is to accelerate the creation of rules of conduct in the field of labor, employment and social protection by increasing the role of the Government, speeding up the lawmaking process, expanding regional rulemaking, and giving greater legitimacy to the instructions of officials in comparison with documented acts. The legislator has consistently optimized the legal technique of preparing and adopting laws that meet the needs of operational support of a special military operation with labor legal means. The growth of regional rule-making in the field of social protection requires the elimination of shortcomings and unification at the federal level. A noticeable phenomenon was in a number of cases the replacement of written administrative acts with instructions from a senior official. The legal regimes formed in this way - aimed at countering the spread of the coronavirus COVID-19, accompanying the conduct of a special military operation, etc., can be called hybrid or constructed – assembled from various legal elements and do not form systems sufficient to achieve an integration-entropy balance. Moreover, for this design, elements of normatively established special legal regimes are used, which, however, have undergone significant transformation - a self-isolation regime instead of mandatory quarantine measures, special measures in the economic sphere instead of special economic measures established by presidential decree; mobilization – but partial. All this points to the 2020s as a period of hybrid law enforcement, when elements of other emergency regimes are used to construct the current law enforcement regime, but not in combination, while avoiding measures that entail a radical and total violation of civil rights and freedoms. At the same time, accelerated law-making clearly indicates that the array of norms that have been created over decades is insufficient to regulate the current agenda.

Образ самарского предпринимателя М. Д. Челышова

The process of formation and development of entrepreneurship affected all spheres of economic and socio-cultural sphere of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, which contributed to the formation of a new layer of business community, actively involved in the activities of local government and the first Russian parliament. In the present article an attempt to reconstruct the biography of one of the prominent entrepreneurs of Samara province M. D. Chelyshov, who in addition to economic activity, participating in the work of the city Duma, city head and deputy of the III State Duma was engaged in solving urban, regional and national problems, which allowed to determine the characteristic features of his personality.

Some issues regarding the principles and criteria of lawful restriction of human freedom

The article is devoted to the study of the content and peculiarities of implementation of the principles and criteria for limiting human freedoms. The author concludes that the principle of freedom should be studied through the following aspects: axiological, theoretical and practical. The first one involves maximum absolutisation of the principle of freedom for its further deployment in social relations. The theoretical dimension involves the study of the specifics of the content, types, features, and nature of freedom as a legal principle, which allows for a better understanding of it and its more harmonious implementation in legal relations. The practical dimension involves studying the problems of implementing the principle of freedom, the degree of its presence in various branches of law, and the specifics of its restrictions. The article notes that the principle of proportionality means that restriction of freedom can only be a means, not an aim, freedom is always the highest value for law and its restrictions as the ultimate goal are inadmissible, but only as a regulatory means to ensure rights and freedoms, national security, healthcare, public order, etc. The principle of public welfare as a criterion for restricting freedom is more complicated, since there are two doctrines: classical liberalism, which puts freedom above all else and limits state intervention, and social liberalism, which insists on the welfare of all and therefore more active state intervention in the economic life of society. The author concludes that restrictions on freedom must be in the general public interest in the economic, social and political spheres. The author notes that limitation of the principle of freedom is a reduction of its scope, but not a restriction of its content. By restricting freedom, its content remains unchanged, otherwise it will lose its legal value. The article provides the author’s definition of restriction of the principle of freedom as a lawful interference by the State with the capabilities of a person, which is expressed in setting limits for a possible model of behaviour in a certain territory, individually or for certain groups of persons. The author emphasises that one of the key problems with the implementation of measures restricting human freedom is excessiveness. An important public interest allows for the restriction of freedom to achieve it, but other interests and values may suffer. The principles of minimum possible restriction and priority social value should apply here.

ECONOMIC CRIME IN THE FIELD OF REAL ESTATE

The scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive study of criminal law issues of economic crime in the field of real estate. The research paper examines a range of theoretical and practical issues of economic crime prevention and substantiates a number of provisions and conclusions that are new in conceptual terms and are important for legal science and law enforcement practice. The article proves that each state has a system of measures that protect each individual and society as a whole from offenders and restore justice. Insufficient research into the problems of economic crime and the validity of measures to prevent it has an extremely negative impact on the economic sphere of the state. The urgency of the problem is also growing due to the long-overdue need to improve the legal acts regulating the prevention of economic crime. A study of the state and trends of economic crimes has shown a sharp increase in their number under martial law, especially serious crimes. The article establishes that a significant part of economic crime is latent crime, the main reasons for which are the reluctance of the victims (mostly due to circumstances beyond their control) and, in most cases, the inability to report a crime committed against them, mainly in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. The authors studies and characterises two main levels of prevention of economic crime: general social and special criminological.

May 1968 Protests in France in the Collective Memory of the European Commission Politicians

Introduction. The May 1968 protests are an important place of remembrance in the history of Europe. Methods and materials. The author uses the methods of studying collective memory to analyze the image of the May protests in the collective memory of the European Union. The article analyzes how former members of the European Commission recall the events of 1968 within the framework of The European Commission 1958–1973: History and Memories of an Institution project and how the May protests are woven into the history of European unification. The project was implemented in the early 2000s with the aim of compiling an oral history of the European Union and the European Commission in particular. Analysis. The author summarizes the image of the protests and highlights the general features of the description of the events of 1968. Based on examples of interviews with Fausta Deshormes La Valle, Odile Benoist-Lucie, Franz Froschmaier, and Raymond Barre, the article summarizes a comprehensive picture of the crisis year of 1968, which affected both the political, social, and economic spheres of life in Europe. Results. The memory of the protests, actualized through the interviews, correlates with the first reaction of European politicians in 1968. A significant difference is the selectivity of memories. Politicians in interviews do not recall the violence that the protests caused or the eclecticism of the slogans of the rebel students; the positive image of the protests dominates. The common motif present in most of the interviews is the feeling of young people’s disappointment in the ideals of a united Europe. The May protests are presented as a turning point in the history of Europe, which prompted European politicians to act and further deepen the integration.