Economic Shortages Research Articles

Pengaruh Variasi Campuran Bahan Bakar Oli Bekas (used oil) dan Minyak Jelantah Terhadap Unjuk Kerja Kompor (burner)

As the era progresses, conventional fuel becomes more expensive This causes people to experience fuel difficulties daily cooking needs due to economic shortages. hence the used oil and used cooking oil is an alternative energy. but oil is needed special treatment so that it can be used as fuel. make an alternative stove fueled by economical used oil could be the solution. Method Experimental is a quantitative method used to determine variables independent (treatment) to the influence of the dependent variable (outcome) in the condition which is under control. The research uses three variables, namely the independent variable, fixed variable and dependent variable. which is where testing is carried out with water boiling test method. The fastest start-up time data is obtained by the material Burn used cooking oil in 5 minutes and take the longest to get oil used with a time of 6 minutes. shortest boiling time obtained used cooking oil, namely 5.28 minutes. and for thermal data efficiency for each material burn ranges from 14% to 26%. fuel consumption ranges from 0.526kg to 0.615kg. The boiling point of water is 99.93℃. From the variations of the three fuels used in testing, namely used oil, used cooking oil, and used oil with mixture of used cooking oil, used cooking oil is a type of fuel the most optimal with a thermal efficiency value of 26%, fuel consumption 0.615 kg/hour. better match the blower speed to the nozzle hole.

Micro Knowledge as a Driver for Systemic Emergencies Management: The Case of Xylella in Italy

AbstractDuring emergency production systems, supply chain stakeholders’ interactions, media activities, government actions, community behaviors are stressed bringing, all, to a high-risk perception about safety. For agri-food products, it became in a variation of consumers’ purchasing behaviors, guided by uncertainty and influenced by trust. The extant knowledge about consumers’ willingness to buy for agri-food products in emergency condition does not provide evidences during a phytosanitary warning. The proposed study, considering the Xylella fastidiosa phytosanitary emergency as case study, aims to fulfill this gap analyzing the possible variations of consumers’ perception and willingness to buy of Apulian olive oil in the era of Xylella emergence by adopting a multi-perspective and systemic approach. For achieving this scope, the study follows a Process-Person-Context-Time perspective for conceiving a systemic psychological model based on the Bronfenbrenner ecological model. Seven hypotheses were tested through Structural Equation Modeling thanks to a survey in a representative sample of 779 Italian consumers. Results showed that Italian consumer’s willingness to buy the post-Xylella olive oil can fluctuate due to the hypothesized system vulnerability: family, friends, and colleague such as trust in farmers and the credibility of Italian food market are impactful; trust in processors, transporters, and government and media is not. The findings, from theoretical and sectorial perspectives, provide new knowledge on the topic, empirical evidences, and a multi-systemic model able to analyze consumers’ behaviors, understand and stimulate the search for new (or more appropriate) marketing and communication strategies to face Xylella serious economic shortages, and to act a requalification of territory at all.

Development of public transport perception by its users during the pandemic: qualitative study from Czechia

Since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, the transport sector has faced new challenges connected with decreasing use of public transport and passengers' concerns about possible contagion. Using focus groups and data collection by telephone interviews during the different phases of the pandemic, we investigated passengers' current concerns connected with public transport and what measures would help alleviate their fear of using it again. Our findings show that the pandemic has amplified passengers' sensitivity to phenomena they perceived negatively already before the pandemic, such as overcrowded vehicles, odours, or inadequate cleaning of vehicles. An appeal to people's own responsibility, appropriate communication by key institutions, increasing sanitation standards and promotion of contactless services are crucial for a safe travel feeling during and after the pandemic. The technological solutions, such as cashless payments, real-time-information for adequate guidance of users, more sophisticated ventilation systems etc. gained even more significance during the COVID-19 pandemic. In spite of various measures taken in the PT system, users reduced their PT trips substantially. The fear of COVID-19 contagion has been one of the reasons, although the fear of PT use has not been greater than the fear of contagion in other situations, such as shopping. One of the reasons for passengers´ decline was also the PT service reduction in frequency or number of connections. On the other hand, PT operators have been exposed to an enormous pressure to ensure sanitary requirements and had to overcome economic shortages due to a decreased demand and increased costs, so they had to find a viable balance between a necessary supply and safe operation during the COVID-19 waves. The study brings an overview of measures and changes in PT demand and gives a complex view on the development of attitudes and experience with PT use in the Czech Republic during the different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results bring recommendations to PT providers, transport authorities and other institutions dealing with mobility and public health. Implementation of such measures can minimize the risk of contagion by COVID-19 or other respiratory infections and will help further development of public transport as a sustainable transport mode in the post-pandemic era.

Accuracy of FIB-4 and APRI scores compared to transient elastography for liver fibrosis in patients with HIV and HBV co-infection.

Due to economic shortages and concern about occupational exposure to HIV, liver biopsy and transient elastography (TE) are rarely available in patients with HIV/HBV co-infection in China, where HIV/HBV co-infection is prevalent. The accuracy of FIB-4 and APRI for predicting liver fibrosis was compared with TE results in a series of 460 HIV/HBV co-infected patients. FIB-4 and APRI scores were strongly correlated to liver stiffness measurement scores by TE, and the correlation index was 81.4-96.3. An FIB-4 index >1.5 had a positive predictive value of 95.2% to consider fibrosis with a sensitivity of 85.7%. An APRI index >0.5 had a positive predictive value of 98.2% to consider fibrosis with a sensitivity of 76.0%. A FIB-4 value <1.5 or APRI <0.5 were concordant with TE results to exclude fibrosis in 94.4% and 96.8%, respectively. A FIB-4 value >1.5 or APRI >0.5 were concordant with fibrosis diagnosed by TE in 77.6-89.4% and 70.7-80.9%, respectively. In areas with limited resources, FIB-4 and APRI indexes were accurate, simple and inexpensive methods for assessing liver fibrosis in patients with HIV/HBV co-infection.

"Neznesiteľná" farnosť ako spôsob perzekúcie kňaza v Hornom Uhorsku na začiatku 20. storočia: Prípad Karola Antona Medveckého v Bacúrove

The aim of the article is to present the process of persecution of Slovak Catholic priests in Upper Hungary at the beginning of the twentieth century. Hungarian bishops punished politically active priests by making them forcibly serve in the poorest parishes across all the Hungarian dioceses. It was a strategic way of Hungarianizing the Hungarian church hierarchy, which involved bullying them to morally and socially breaking non­-Hungarian priests. The article presents the priest Karol Anton Medvecký, who was in a dispute with the Bishop of Banskå Bystrica, Wolfgang Radnai. The bishop left Medvecký to work in the parish of Bacúrov for almost ten years, despite many requests for a transfer. The priest in the parish faced unsatisfactory building conditions, thefts from their parishioners, crop failure, economic shortages and isolation. In addition, Radnai did not even provide Medvecký with the position of pastor and paid him late. The bishop kept his own promise and did not transfer Medvecký to a more &#8216;bearable&#8217; parish. He only left Bacúrov after the founding of Czechoslovakia, when the bishop no longer had official power over him. After the First World War, the situation changed when Medvecký, as a ministerial secretary, personally oversaw the expulsion of Bishop Radnai from Czechoslovakia.

Ideal immigrants in name only? Shifting constructions and divergent discourses on the international student-immigration policy nexus in Australia, Canada, and Germany

ABSTRACT The proposition that international students are not only sojourners but future immigrants has become well established in public policy. While education and immigration policy have become more intertwined, they continue to be analysed as separate spheres of influence. This paper compares Australia, Canada, and Germany, which between them host nearly 20% of all globally mobile students and where a nexus between international student and immigration policy has emerged. Using critical discourse analysis, a comparative case study design and based on a systematic literature review of over 300 studies published from 1990 to 2018, the findings revealed three ostensibly paradoxical discourses, which are discussed using the new term ‘discursive pairings’. First, international students are selected for success but remain vulnerable to policy shifts that may exclude them and cause them to ‘fail’. Second, international students are retained to fill economic shortages, but face difficulties being accepted on the labour market. Third, international students help build national reputation yet have been known to be exploited and subject to discrimination. The contradictions that emerge in the discourses bring into question the ‘ideal immigrant’ framing of international students, demonstrating that their role, acceptance, and ability to integrate into host countries is far from assured.

Addressing Workforce Shortages Through Equitable Design of Education and Opportunities

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the inequities in the healthcare landscape and has also exposed workforce shortages that exist at multiple levels in the healthcare atmosphere. In addition to the supply chain and economic shortages over the last calendar year, the healthcare industry has been ravished by labor shortages, disrupting patient care and education for students in many ways. The American College of Medical Colleges predicts a shortage of 122,000 physicians by 2023. Furthermore, rural areas experience greater disparities in workforce shortages than urban areas, and the demand for workers in both rural and urban areas alike will increase as the baby boomer generations age and head towards retirement. This policy position paper will highlight various existing programs for addressing workforce shortages, creating an effective recruitment strategy, getting youth interested in pursuing careers in healthcare, how to offer stipends for students working as direct support professionals, and looking into possible policy recommendations for addressing workforce shortages. After reviewing these areas, we summarize a wide variety of strategies for employers to implement in creating a more effective workforce including investing in workforce development programs and creating more opportunities for youth.

398. Multicenter Evaluation of Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients Treated at Rural vs Urban Hospitals in the United States

BackgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has revealed socioeconomic and healthcare inequities in the US. With approximately 20% of the population living in rural areas, there are limitations to healthcare access due to economic constraints, geographical distances, and provider shortages. There is limited data evaluating outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 positive patients treated at rural vs. urban hospitals. The aim of the study was to evaluate characteristics and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients treated at rural vs. urban hospitals in the US. MethodsThis was a multicenter, retrospective cohort analysis of adult (≥ 18 years) hospitalized patients from 241 US acute care facilities with >1 day inpatient admission with a discharge or death between 3/6/20-5/15/21 (BD Insights Research Database [Becton, Dickinson & Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ]), which includes both small and large hospitals in rural and urban areas. SARS-CoV-2 infection was identified by a positive PCR or antigen during or < 7 days prior to hospital admission. Descriptive statistics were completed. P value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsOverall, 42 (17.4%) and 199 (82.6%) of hospitals were classified as rural and urban, respectively. A total of 304,073 patients were admitted to a rural hospital with 12,644 (4.2%) SARS-CoV-2 positive. In comparison, a total of 2,844,100 patients were treated at an urban hospital with 132,678 (4.7%) SARS-CoV-2 positive. Patients admitted to rural hospitals were older compared to those treated at an urban hospital (65.2 ± 17.3 vs. 61.5 ± 18.7, P=0.001) (Table 1). Patients treated at an urban facility had significantly higher rates of ICU admission, severe sepsis, and mechanical ventilation. ICU length of stay was significantly longer for patients admitted to an urban hospital compared to a rural hospital (8.1 ± 9.9 vs. 6.1 ±7.2 days, P=0.001) (Table 2). No difference in mortality was observed. Table 1. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients treated at rural vs. urban hospitals. Table 2. Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 patients treated at rural vs. urban hospitals. *Patients with available data. ConclusionIn this large multicenter evaluation of hospitalized patients positive for SARS-CoV-2, there were significant differences in patient characteristics. There was no observed difference in mortality. These findings are important in evaluating the pandemic’s impact on patients in rural and urban healthcare settings. Disclosures Karri A. Bauer, PharmD, Merck & Co., Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Kalvin Yu, MD, BD (Employee) Vikas Gupta, PharmD, BCPS, Becton, Dickinson and Company (Employee, Shareholder) Laura A. Puzniak, PhD, Merck & Co., Inc. (Employee)

EU migrant retention and the temporalities of migrant staying: a new conceptual framework

Challenges of weak economic growth, population decline, and labour shortages led many countries across the world to introduce immigration policy changes in order to attract foreign migrants. This paper focuses on Japan (Tokyo) and the UK (Birmingham, Edinburgh and Glasgow) given common concerns over long term demographic trends and the burgeoning lack of labour supply in particular sectors of the economy through use of foreign labour. The paper shifts the focus from efforts focused on attracting and selecting foreign labour to the retention of such individuals. Drawing on research with EU migrants in Japan and the UK, the paper highlights how staying may occur after a period of mobility, rather than only being of relevance to those who never left their home region. The paper develops a new conceptual framework, which helps to identify different dimensions that shape migrant staying as a temporal process. It is highlighted how staying is shaped incrementally and facilitated or undermined over time in relation to the reciprocal importance of diverse assets, anchors and the changing biographies of migrants and the places in which they live – as well as the relational aspects of migrants’ ‘linked lives’.

Social Networks: The Survival Strategy Of Indonesian Migrant Workers In Hong Kong

Transnational migration performed by Indonesian women today is a social transformation in labor participation. This phenomenon is also encountered in the lives of women who decide to become Indonesian migrant workers in Hong Kong. This research aims to analyze and identify the self-actualized survival ability of Indonesian migrant workers in Hong Kong. In addition, this research also investigates the social capital practiced by Indonesian migrant workers in Hong Kong. The descriptive qualitative method was employed as the research method by using an interpretive approach. Data collection in this research utilized purposive sampling on nine Indonesian women migrant workers which was conducted in May 2019 and located in Tsim Tsa Shui, Kowloon district, Hong Kong. By applying the concept of social capital from Fukuyama, research results discovered that the existence of migrant workers network is established in the circle of relatives and families, which becomes the formation basis of social capital. Social capital possessed by Indonesian migrant workers is admitted to be composed of three main elements, firstly, trust in the form of social security to support the continuity of existence of women as migrant workers in Hong Kong, specifically when facing problems. The second element is reciprocal, which is based on the economic shortages experienced and the common feeling and experience of being a migrant worker in Hong Kong. The last element is social interaction, which prioritizes practical and economic interactions by choosing the closest district to where they live and using social media to communicate with each other.

Attitudes towards professions as an indicator of social changes

Analysis of attitude towards various professions (attractiveness or prestige) is a integral part of studying the choice of profession. The dynamics of the attitude of young people to the studies indicates that it is clearly connected with the current situation and changes when new phenomena arise in it. Thus, in the data of the 1960s echoes of recent events are noticeable - the launch of the first Soviet "Sputniks", the Yuri Gagarin's flight. The connection with the demand for professions, one way or another related to science and technology, is obvious: the attractiveness of the occupations of scientists and engineers is great. During the years of economic difficulties and shortages, attention was drawn to the rise in the attractiveness of the professions of a seller, an accountant, which had previously been among the lowest rated. Then the time came when the leaders were professions of a bank employee, a lawyer, a businessman, a foreign trade worker, and scientists, teachers fell lower and lower on the scale of attractiveness. In the 2010s, a civil servant joined the leaders. The opinions expressed in each subsequent year belong to a different cohort of young people. Analysis of the dynamics over a long period of time also allows one to draw conclusions about the characteristics belonging to different generations. At the same time, it is found that in order to interpret the data, it is necessary to consider the attitude towards classes in connection with the accumulated experience of the family as well. Family experiences are translated into educational and vocational orientations of children. This is confirmed by data on motivation and the actual choice of education and profession. The conclusion that the formation of youth orientations is associated not only with the perception of the current situation, but also with the social experience of previous generations, is based on the materials of over 50 years of data.

The geopolitical dimensions of the TurkStream pipeline

The empirical goal of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the geopolitical dimensions of the TurkStream pipeline, with special consideration given to its determinants as well as a diagnosis of the geopolitical implicationsof its geographical extent. To explore this problem, the following hypotheses are offered. First, the inauguration of the second branch of the TurkStream pipeline in the beginning of 2020 will strengthen the monopolistic positionof Russia as a supplier of natural gas to the countries of the European Union.This will increase the dependency of the EU on Russia and severely hamper itsability to formulate a unified, cohesive energy policy. Second, two factors that underlie the geopolitical importance of the TurkStream pipeline are Turkey’s and Southern Europe’s natural gas needs on the one hand and the political and economic interests of Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine on the other. Third, theTurkStream project should be seen as an instrument that serves to build a tactical partnership between Turkey and Russia – a partnership underpinned by the strategic interests of both countries in the Middle East. Fourth and finally, Russia’s gradual withdrawal from directing its natural gas through Ukraine will generate serious economic problems and potential energy shortages in that country. In the long term, this pressure is geared toward forcing Ukraine to re-evaluate the pro-Western trajectory of its foreign policy.

Conflict, Convergence, or Coexistence: The Strategic Logic of Education in Reframing World Order

This paper is international relations of a sort, in the avalanche of education to the global conflict and conflict resolution. Education takes position of conflict resolution in the spheres of re-framing world order. The paper derives its theoretical underpinnings in the agenda setting of the relevant of ‘Education’ to conflict prevention in 21st century conflicts, which are beclouded with global concern over the interrelated effects of climate change, the economic crises, energy depletion, food and water shortages, natural disasters and conflicts of all sorts which have devastating effects on humanity and the future of the planet – earth. The findings of the study support the thesis that the emerging processes of educational transformation is prevalent in contemporary political commentary and analysis in resolving numerous global conflicts. It is under this trajectory that my proposition stands to assert that educational planning must go beyond the traditional mechanism to consider the unpredictable nature of our times; in being flexible and rapid in implementation and responsive to local needs. Considerably, it is on this that training and research in sustainable development and skills for peaceful inter-human relatives, good governance, the prevention of conflict and peace building are priorities elaborated in this paper. The paper therefore, is a highlight for conflict prevention within the education sector and other relevant bodies, analyzing the root causes of conflict and the role education can play in reframing World Order in 21st century.

China's social deprivation: Measurement, spatiotemporal pattern and urban applications

Expanding numbers of homogenous geographical units with social and economic shortages and disadvantages (defined as social deprivation in the literature) have emerged in many cities around the world, particularly in developing countries. Consensus has been reached on the acknowledgement of social deprivation as a major challenge for humanity and sustainability. It therefore requires strong knowledge to measure, identify, and target the deprived units at different scales. Based on census data at prefecture city level from 2000 to 2010, this paper employs the principle component analysis to formulate a family of indices to measure China's social deprivation. In particular, one integrated social deprivation index (ISDI) and five sub-indices (general socioeconomic deprivation, disadvantaged population, education deprivation, housing deprivation, and occupation deprivation) are developed. The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve confirms that the ISDI is valid and efficient in social deprivation measurement. Social deprivation shows obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity across the 333 cities in China. It roughly presents the geography that cities with lower ISDI are mainly distributed in eastern and northeastern China, while cities of higher social deprivation are generally located in the central and western regions. Comparisons between 2000 and 2010 indicate that only the capital cities remain at lower levels in the five domains. Many cities have experienced increased levels in certain domains. Quantile regression is finally utilized to explore the applications of ISDI in three major urban issues (urban policy performances evaluation, environmental inequalities assessment, and social injustice evaluation). Social deprivation is negatively associated with urbanization indicators at 5 representative quantiles (the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantile), annual mean PM2.5 concentration at first 10 percentiles and urban public green spaces (UPGS) at almost all percentiles. These results respectively donate that urbanization policy has played a positive role in eliminating social inequalities, the least deprived 30 cities in China could be exposed to higher PM2.5 concentrations, and the highly deprived cities have fewer urban public green spaces. Our study demonstrates that the ISDI has promising applicability in addressing urban issues in China. The methodological framework is not restricted in China and can be employed to other developing countries around the world. This paper is believed to offer new insights into habitat research.

INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND THE FREEDOM OF THE POOR

This article provides a discussion of economic growth and development, including new perceptions that have arisen. It covers the trending issues of inclusive growth, global poverty and the miraculous economic growth of the East Asian economies. The article identifies the major determinants of economic growth and the key objectives of economic development. It also acknowledges the fact that inclusive and sustainable economic growth is crucial for long-term poverty reduction, and that for growth to be effective in reducing poverty it must be broad-based, targeting the poor or those formerly bypassed by development. Although most regions of the world are achieving rapid economic growth, poverty, unemployment and food shortages seem to be persisting. Inequality and social exclusion are even rising in many countries. Women remain most affected globally in all forms of afflictions. Despite the global advocacy for inclusive growth by the World Bank, IMF, WTO , WHO and OECD, many developing countries are yet to appreciate the concept and to achieve holistic sustainable growth that benefits all people. Asia seems to have witnessed more stable and inclusive growth than other developing regions in the past four decades.

Street theatre as propaganda: mass performances and spectacles in Petrograd in 1920

The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution aimed to destroy the old imperial state and to build a new homogeneous socialist society. When the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917, their party contained no more than 350,000 people in a country of 140 million. Turned overnight into the ruling party, the Bolsheviks aimed to use the power of mass propaganda in order to establish their founding mythology and disseminate their ideas to an overwhelmingly rural and illiterate population. A reason why culture was of such constant concern to the Bolsheviks was because since October Revolution the sphere of culture and ideology was also the sphere of legitimisation of the state. By 1920 culture in all its forms was seen not just as a tool of informing or persuasion of the new society, but now also of its control. The spectacles and mass performances of 1919–1920 constituted the new mythology of the Bolshevik Revolution. Instead of presenting a vision of the future, they provided trusting viewers and participants with an improved version of the Bolshevik past and present – they carried them into Utopia, and showed them the mythical path to it. At the time of economic shortages and starvation, they gave people hope and faith in a bright, Bolshevik, future.

Riflessioni teoriche e proposte operative per l'integrazione dei migranti

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of integration policies adopted for migrants in contemporary societies. In particular, this paper highlights the need to promote operations and strategic paths of training to guarantee the social integration of migrants and the reduction of uncertainties of natives, even during economic crisis and shortages of the welfare systems.

Expanding Markets: A Brief Analyses on the Legal Systems of Brazil and Hong Kong for the Establishment of a Foreign Company's Office

In the awakening of the 21st century, Asia and South America have become important emerging players in the world economy. Two continents that during the 1990s faced severe economic shortages, like the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the Brazilian financial crisis of 1999, rose once again and achieved a prominent position in the new global economic order. On November of 2014, an issue of the traditional Forbes Magazine contained an editorial criticizing the Brazilian legal environment for starting up and maintaining a business. One of the main points of the text was the “obstacles course” of procedures required for actions such as incorporating a company, registering propriety, paying taxes and dealing with constructions permits. In one point of the text, the author states that “Hong Kong and Singapore are models that Rousseff (the Brazilian President) should examine”. Since Hong Kong is widely known for its successful pro-business environment, and is considered one of the world's most laissez-faire economies, from a legal perspective what are those lessons that Brazil should examine?

Gospodarka niedoborów i alienacja pracy w reżimie biurokratycznym. Przypadek ZSRR i PRL.

This article attempts to present the question of the economic shortages and their connection with the alienation of labour in the post-capitalist bureaucratic regimes in Soviet Union and Poland. To analyse the problem I start with material conditions which were basis for the reproduction of the Stalinist power, that is bureaucratic planning, control over the labour and production process by the party apparatus, and I also try to describe the impact of these factors towards the working class. The main sources for my study are the writings of the Hungarian economist Janos Kornai to analyse the roots of the phenomenon of the good hunger and its social costs, and also the Trotsky's analysis of Stalinist bureaucratism. To show the problems of the alienation of labour I use the works of Bob Arnot (about the “negative workers' control”), or Vladimir Andreff (arrhythmical production process). The Polish authors, such as Malgorzata Mazurek or Blazej Brzostek, were also helpful.

The Economy of Economics. For an Axiological Reflexive Reform

Like most mature specialized and technicized (i.e. decontextualized, autonomized, reductionist and positioned) sciences, Economics has acquired a metaphysical aura of a keeper and preacher of objective, absolute and invariable truths about human actions and incentives. The resulting “epistemological blindness” conceals the inconsistence of rudimentary explanation of the development and evolution of human race and the obvious misrepresentation of human nature. The entire history proves that human actions are grounded in anything other but simple economic selfish interests. The self-controlled and self-restrained conduct necessary for long term perspective of large masses of people, the abominable genocide wars, the magnificent world wonders, could be only the creations of thymotic beings nurtured by coordination and cooperation.In a century under the auspices of ecological disaster, economic shortages and global wars, Economics could not shun the political problems of social distribution and social justice if it any worth at all. A reform for explicit incorporation and employment of political values and goals, a necessary scientific revolution, is mandatory for the progress of economic science.