Economic Renewal Research Articles

Comparison of Mediterranean and Ukrainian Migration Impacts on V4 Countries

Today’s Europe still resonates with the migration crisis connected with the arrival of migrants from Africa and Asia. Despite its massive impact on Central Europe, the significant migratory flow from Ukraine avoids considerable media attention. This article compares the effect of the Mediterranean migration and Ukrainian migration on V4 countries before the Covid-19 pandemic. There is an significant disproportion in the volumes of the compared migratory flows favouring the Ukrainian migration. However, Mediterranean migration became a substantial issue in elections in particular V4 countries. Our analysis focuses on the causes of different perceptions of both migratory flows and their impacts on recipient countries at the social and foreign policy levels. According to our research, different perceptions of the flows by the people and politicians are connected to the level of immigrants’ cultural and linguistic proximity and their potential integration. As the current situation suggests, the stabilisation of the political situation in Ukraine will take a more extended period, and the subsequent social and economic renewal will take another period. We assume the migratory flows from Ukraine will continue in the following years. Similarly, the Mediterranean migratory flows are likely to continue, probably with the shifts in their intensity, depending on their home countries’ situation and the Schengen regulatory measures. All of the above-mentioned issues put pressure on recipient countries to create a long-term immigration strategy that would enable them to manage the migration flow-related problems without societal destabilisation. The submitted interdisciplinary article uses the theoretical basis of migration studies (immigration policies, push and pull factors) and international relations (neorealism). The methodology of the text is anchored in the analysis of the relevant literature and statistical sources. The title of the article suggests the use of the comparison method.

СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВО У СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНІ

In very unstable socio-economic relations, which have developed in the world and in Ukraine, there is a transition to a new level of management, that’s why there is a need to apply the latest tools in state social policy, which is extremely important in the conditions of a defensive war. Social entrepreneurship is a new, innovativebusiness venture that influences change. A social entrepreneur has a specific cause that they care about, and they develop a business model around making a positive impact. The main goal is to create lasting social change through business. The dualism of the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is based on the application of principles, tools and technologies of commercial entrepreneurship, as well as the use of innovative methods of doing business. The article highlights that one of these tools is social entrepreneurship, which at the same time contributes to the development of the economy and focuses attention on solving important social problems. The fundamental difference between social and traditional entrepreneurship is clarified. Like entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs aim to create a sustainable business with staying power. However, whereas an entrepreneur’s goal is to maximize profits, a social entrepreneur’s main concern is impact. They create economic value: by creating jobs, producing income, and nurturing an entire network of business partners-suppliers, shipping companies, lenders, and utility companies-social entrepreneurs contribute to the economic renewal of the region or country where they live and operate. Socially entrepreneurial activity takes place across all fields, from health to climate change and education, and across all sectors, from non-profit to commercial and governmental. The main problems that hinder the development of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are highlighted, in particular: no separate organizational and legal form is provided for the implementation of a social enterprise, the absence or insufficiency of knowledge and skills in managing such a business; narrow and unprepared market, low level of motivation.

Strategic Tasks of State Support for the Post-War Development of the National Economy

The article highlights the main issues of government support for the post-war development of priority sectors of the national economy that are of strategic importance for sustainable economic development and national defense capabilities; and substantiates the corresponding instruments of fiscal support using the example of titanium industry. In the study, the strategic tasks of government support for the post-war development of national economy are considered from the standpoint of a comprehensive solution to the problems of forming an innovative foundation for economic renewal, ensuring the technological change, creation of a complete cycle of deep titanium processing and titanium production in Ukraine which will meet the needs of domestic demand and the entry of domestic producers into world markets. Ensuring changes in educational sphere in accordance with the real economy’s demand for technical specialists and professionals is seen as a part of a comprehensive industrial policy approach, and fiscal instruments for this purpose are proposed.
 The need to expand the list of instruments of government support for the development of strategic industries is substantiated. The list should include both measures of tax support for investment projects with significant investments provided for by current legislation, as well as grants, innovative transfers from the government budget, measures to support the export of innovative titanium products, and innovative corporate income tax benefit to stimulate innovations, training tax allowance to support business investment in human capital. Proposals to extend the instruments for financing priority sectors of Ukraine’s economic revival do not contradict the norms of EU legislation in the field of government aid.
 Possible measures for ordering the regulatory framework of the proposed in the article direct budgetary and indirect government support instruments for the innovative development of strategic sectors of the economy are outlined. In particular, changes to the Tax Code of Ukraine on the introduction of innovation and training allowances for corporate income tax, changes in the minimum useful life of innovative equipment, and tax credit recognition of VAT amounts in the acquisition prices of technology property rights and in the import of technology under a technology transfer agreement, as well as to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of January 24, 2020 No. 28 “On the provision of financial government support” in terms of increasing the volume of loans and reducing the cost of their servicing for business entities in the titanium industry.

Mission impossible? A strategic approach to improving the recruitment and retention of further education and training teachers in England

PurposeThe Further Education and Training (FET) sector is being positioned as a centrepiece of the government's post-pandemic recovery. However, issues of capacity and staff churn are threatening the potential success of this strategy. Unfortunately, there has been almost no strategic analysis of teacher churn in the English FET system or of the derivative issues of recruitment and retention, both of which jeopardise the sector's capacity to deliver high-quality teaching and improve workforce skills. This paper examines these issues for policymakers and sector leaders and makes suggestions on how these can be redressed. A call for a more joined-up FET sector is presented.Design/methodology/approachThis is a follow-up paper to a report published by the Education and Training Foundation in 2022 on teacher recruitment in the English FET sector. This paper pulls together all of the most recent research on the English FET sector on teacher recruitment and retention and frames these against the DfE's Skills for Jobs policy commitments. It also analyses a number of proposed solutions, reflecting on their merits and potential consequences.FindingsAn updated profile of FET institutions within the college, private training and adult subsectors is offered, showing how the FET sector in England has been in steady decline, which is juxtaposed against the rhetoric of industrial productivity and economic renewal. Four variables, namely funding, institutional numbers, staffing and learner numbers are examined to explore this disparity. A more in-depth analysis of recruitment and retention research follows, showing that pay, job insecurity and status are the factors influencing the decision to start an FET career. Strategies for remedying the “crisis” are assessed, including the role of national campaigns and professional bodies.Research limitations/implicationsThe first point for any research programme is to draw together the research data and themes that have been previously discussed in order to build a platform for future investigation, which is what this paper does. There are clear steers on where future research might be located: staff well-being, professional status, recruitment methods and what is meant by an FET career. These are factors that affect the desirability of FET work and the sector's ability to recruit high-quality candidates. The consequences of not doing this research is the likely continuation of the status quo, which is unsustainable for the FET sector and potentially catastrophic to UK productivity. Practical implicationsPolicymakers and sector leaders are presented with analysis and advice on the impact of teacher shortages and the factors that contribute to this. The evidence to support these factors is explored and solutions discussed in light of this evidence. A research agenda is suggested including an appeal for professional organisations and FET stakeholders to work together to solve the recruitment and retention crisis. The power of research to enlighten and inform is one of several conclusions proposed.Social implicationsAddressing the factors that corrode staff professionalism and increase teacher attrition is an essential component of a wider discourse to improve the desirability of an FET career. Issues of status and esteem are interwoven in this analysis, as are the implications of not recruiting talented teachers and assessors. This includes staff well-being – a rare topic in FET journal papers – as well as organisational culture and importance of the FET mission, which is considered to be embedded in an ethic of public service. This mission is linked via the Augur Report to the sector's transformational properties to raise social mobility.Originality/valueThere is no precedent for this paper. It is the first article that has provided a comprehensive examination of teacher recruitment and retention issues affecting the whole FET sector in England. Whilst its comparative analysis builds on the Education and Training Foundation (2022) earlier report, it uniquely draws on other contemporary research that triangulates and discusses these findings, including setting out a new agenda for change and future research. In doing so, new issues are introduced for discussion including professional status and staff well-being.

Exiting the periphery: Possible pathways towards a socio‐economic and institutional de‐marginalization of places

AbstractWhat are the economic, social and institutional mechanisms that make it possible for peripheral areas to regain centrality? To address this issue, this paper takes stock of the current scientific debate on peripheries. Our reasoning is based on a general assumption according to which simple geographic features do not determine per se socio–spatial divisions. Peripheral areas are not natural. By contrast, they are the outcomes of more or less intentional processes that imply hierarchical and power relationships, unequal allocation of economic resources, and reliance upon relational patterns and social norms. Therefore, it is essential to observe how and whether multidimensional socio‐economic changes occur within peripheral areas, deconstructing their marginality. In this regard, this paper highlights four main endogenous mechanisms upon which a de‐marginalization process may rely: (1) transformation in the features of the local institutional make‐up; (2) emergence of collective actions and ‘self‐governance’ processes at the local level; (3) renovation of elite groups; and (4) establishing economic renewal and innovation.

Issues of Person’s Information and Communication Activities Development in the Modern World

Understanding the main directions of the development of socio-political processes under the influence of the active implementation of digital techno-logies is becoming an increasingly urgent problem for Ukraine, in particular in the field of law. Solving questions about how processes of human socialization and communication and various forms of its organization take place in the digital environment, that is, under the influence of the latest information and communication technologies (ICT), how the means of perception of meaning in Internet communication change and how virtualization affects modern people day-to-day practices, make it necessary to carry out extensive humanitarian examinations. In the field of application of digital technologies, the methods of their implementation of all social and economic projects “entails” the fundamental reform of all systems of education, accounting and communication of citizens, which in itself will lead to the need for a political, legal and economic renewal of our lives.

Derrumbamiento del poder soberano y transculturación del sistema hacienda en Todas las sangres de José María Arguedas

This article analyzes the transformations of the hacienda system in the Peruvian highlands during the second half of the twentieth century through the novel Todas las sangres written by José María Arguedas. Departing from Michel Foucault’s work and his distinction between sovereign power and biopolitics, the article analyses different social formations that evolve from the hacienda system through processes of transculturation. By analyzing fragments of the novel where the biopolitical project that hides behind one of these social formations is revealed, the goal of the article is to discover how Arguedas articulates an ideological critique toward the implementation of foreign models of productivity in the Peruvian highlands through an ending that leaves in suspense the role of local communities and their epistemologies in the political and economic renewal of Peru.

Urban vulnerability to the risk of flooding in the Annaba metropolitan region

Water can be a boon as well as be scarce or cause floods. Indeed, floods account for more than 80 per cent of natural disasters recorded in the world between 1996 and 2006, causing damage (human, economic, etc.) on the one hand and changing the image of the city on the other hand. In a developing country such as Algeria, which has been confronted with a ‘crisis of the past, a crisis of the present and a crisis of the future’, it is difficult to see how this situation can be resolved. The aim of this study is therefore to warn of potential future risks, particularly floods, through an in-depth analysis of the vulnerability of natural risks in urban areas in Algeria — in particular the Annaba metropolitan region. The rate of urbanisation of flood-prone areas remains high in the greater Annaba area. The State’s new orthodoxy is largely based on reducing the vulnerability of goods and people to flood risk, which should not be systematically synonymous with the unbuildability or freezing of territories subject to risk. The challenge is to control the urbanisation of the most exposed areas, while allowing the urban and economic renewal of already urbanised or least exposed areas.

The state in the post-war industrial recovery and economic renewal: historical parallels and approaches for Ukraine

In 2022, Ukrainians are experiencing the most tragic events since the Second World War - the full-scale invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine has led to numerous casualties, the destruction of cities, and the disruption of infrastructure and industrial facilities. Since the first days of the war, the dependence on the industrial imports (primarily for military purposes) became obvious, as well as the fact that the ensuing socio-economic crisis cannot be overcome with domestic resources alone - both now and even after the end of the war. This prompts the search for mechanisms to ensure the stability and recovery of Ukraine's economy. The purpose of the article is to generalize the global experience of prioritizing the industry in the state policy of the leading countries of the world under the conditions of severe tests, to illustrate the implementation by the state of the functions speeding up economic recovery; and to propose conclusions and recommendations for Ukraine. The article shows the place of industry in the policy of recovery, gaining economic independence and increasing the country's power. Using historical examples, the authors demonstrated that during 300 years the state has influenced the industry through targeted political levers and institutional frameworks, generating the optimal results of measures aimed at restructuring to overcome the consequences of wars, epidemics and crises. It is substantiated that under the severe ordeals, the state has played a leading role in economic recovery, implementing a number of functions - administration and moderation, stimulation and catalysis, integration and cooperation, entrepreneurship and consumption, conservation and protection - to speed up the development of national industry as a source of the stabilization of employment, domestic and foreign investment, inflation, foreign trade and the financial sector, contributing to national social balance and well-being. The authors propose a conceptual approach to the functions of the state during post-war recovery of Ukraine's economy, ensuring economic stability and growth based on the national industry.

The regional implications of just transition in the world's most coal-dependent economy: The case of Mpumalanga, South Africa

IntroductionSouth Africa has had an extraordinarily heavy reliance on coal to fuel its economy, and it is one of the highest carbon dioxide emitters per capita globally. Current moves aligned with COP26 and recently announced Western support for a Just Transition Partnership to support decarbonisation in South Africa and replace coal fired power stations with renewables are to be welcomed. That said, the majority of South Africa's coal mines, thermal power stations and the currently important coal export industry are located in Mpumalanga's Coal-Belt, an area which has and will continue to experience significant social and economic trauma as mines close and workers needs to be reskilled. There are currently over 100,000 workers in the coal and related industries in this region.MethodsThis paper draws on international and South African evidence of the effects and responses to mine closure, regional resilience theory and evolutionary economic geography theory to analyse the implications and prospects for economic renewal as the coal industry winds down. Evidence is sourced form secondary material including government and industry policy statements and media articles, while primary material was sourced from key informant interviews.ResultsTransitioning this region of South Africa from its virtual mono-economy based on coal presents challenges which this paper highlights. While support from international sources to help make this transition into renewables will be of considerable benefit, significant challenges need to be addressed to ensure that difficulties are overcome, and the risks of the resource curse experienced in many developing countries are minimized.DiscussionProcesses may need to be put in place to ensure that the ambitious goal of transitioning from coal to renewables can be achieved, finances and management well-targeted, and a sense of security given to outside investors to help fund the transition, but also broader economic diversification. In parallel to ensure the “transition is just” mechanisms also need to be put in place, by the state and the investors, to ensure that those citizens unable to transition are empowered and engaged in their community to stem the risk of the inevitable frustration and social disturbance that exclusion from the economy and living with declining services creates. Whom should be putting these processes into place also needs consideration given that existing organizations are already struggling. Though not an easy task, it is hoped that this paper sheds some light on the various issues and encourages consideration of the ways to address them.

Bank supervision between risk reduction and economic renewal

ABSTRACT This paper investigates specific challenges of Covid for balancing economic growth and financial stability as they apply to paradigms, programmes and policies of bank regulation and supervision at the European Commission and European Central Bank. It finds that dominant paradigms of risk reduction and control remained intact, despite a temporary programme of regulatory relaxation to spur credit growth. The ECB and the Commission were united on state aid, regulatory loosening and promoting credit creation. However, while the Commission sought credit for businesses, much of the credit went into the European housing sector, with ECB support.

Розвиток інвестиційно-інноваційного середовища в Україні та шляхи його відновлення в повоєнний час

The article examines the prerequisites for the development of the investment and innovation environment in Ukraine and suggests ways to restore it in the post-war period. The structure of investment and innovative development is determined and a characterization of its components is presented. A characterization of solving the general economic problems is given and the possibility of solving them at the expense of the State budget of Ukraine is analyzed. The necessity of attracting capital from international partners is substantiated. Some effective ways of using investment and innovation capital at Ukrainian enterprises are proposed, taking into account the importance of restoring and developing strategically important sectors of Ukraine in terms of economic renewal of Ukraine. For the purposes of research, methods of studying and generalizing the information, general theory of systems, system analysis and analysis of statistical data were used. The authors emphasize that the stabilization and development of the economy through the investment and innovation process will allow changing the structure of the State budget of Ukraine, increasing budget revenues and reducing costs, thereby more effectively managing the processes of resolving the economic crisis caused by russian aggression, as well as directing the funds that should be received to the budget as a result of the reparation procedure to restore the country’s economy. It is important to remember that there is no way to restore the economy in a short time, since the economy itself is an interconnection of many factors, therefore the authors substantiate that the economic development strategy should include, first of all, the restoration of infrastructure, the construction of new factories, investments in key industries of the economy of our country, and development of the creative industry. This can be implemented primarily due to changes in legislation for potential investors from abroad and domestic entrepreneurs in Ukraine, directed towards developing and supporting the small and medium-sized businesses. The conclusions made in this article can be used by economic entities to develop and establish guidelines for the activities of Ukrainian enterprises.

Ensuring environmental protection and economic renewal through organic production certification

A popular trend in the development of society, contributing to the provision of a healthy diet, preserving the environment, minimizing harmful emissions, is the focus on the production and consumption of organic products. A common way to confirm the organic properties of certain products is to certify their production and circulation. Production and export of organic products is largely realized at the expense of the countries of Eastern Europe, where the volume of areas suitable for organic production exceeds 3 %. The military aggression of the Russian Federation has become a threat to environmental and economic security, a challenge to the global system of food supply, environmental well-being. To preserve the environment and restore the economy, organic production is important, ensuring its certification in accordance with generally accepted standards. The object of this study is the certification of organic production and circulation of organic products. The importance of certification in enabling the effective work of organic market participants is analyzed. The would-be branches of organic production, the mechanism, the main stages, the features of its implementation, as well as the results, have been established. The analysis of the main standards for compliance with which certification of production and circulation of organic products was carried out. Certification bodies that have the right to issue inspection certificates for export to the EU have been identified. It was established that certification of organic production greatly contributes to the practical provision of environmental conservation, guaranteeing minimization of the level of use of synthetic, harmful substances and their emissions, stimulating participants in the agricultural business to be more attentive to the preservation of the environment and natural resources.

Advancing urban regeneration projects for sustainable development and intellectual capital

The study aims to investigate how urban regeneration projects contribute to achieving sustainable development through an intellectual capital (IC) perspective for driving growth within urban communities and improving quality of life. Literature has shown that urban regeneration projects help support urban change. The IC helps drive sustainable development and competitiveness of regions, cities and communities. Urban regeneration projects contribute to better quality of life and drive social and economic renewal of urban communities. This exploratory study proposes a research framework addressed to join urban regeneration projects with IC view on cities and urban communities. This paper can contribute to the extant literature focused on the relationship between urban regeneration processes and the role of intellectual capital as driver of sustainable development. This qualitative study, using a multiple case study methodology, provides a comparative analysis of two urban regeneration projects that help the redevelopment of urban environments and support human and social capital within communities. The findings show that urban regeneration projects significantly contribute to revitalising urban spaces, supporting the components of IC that drive social and economic growth of communities.

Measuring, Modeling, and Forecasting the Mental Wealth of Nations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the deep links and fragility of economic, health and social systems. Discussions of reconstruction include renewed interest in moving beyond GDP and recognizing “human capital”, “brain capital”, “mental capital”, and “wellbeing” as assets fundamental to economic reimagining, productivity, and prosperity. This paper describes how the conceptualization of Mental Wealth provides an important framing for measuring and shaping social and economic renewal to underpin healthy, productive, resilient, and thriving communities. We propose a transdisciplinary application of systems modeling to forecast a nation's Mental Wealth and understand the extent to which policy-mediated changes in economic, social, and health sectors could enhance collective mental health and wellbeing, social cohesion, and national prosperity. Specifically, simulation will allow comparison of the projected impacts of a range of cross-sector strategies (education sector, mental health system, labor market, and macroeconomic reforms) on GDP and national Mental Wealth, and provide decision support capability for future investments and actions to foster Mental Wealth. Finally, this paper introduces the Mental Wealth Initiative that is harnessing complex systems science to examine the interrelationships between social, commercial, and structural determinants of mental health and wellbeing, and working to empirically challenge the notion that fostering universal social prosperity is at odds with economic and commercial interests.

Industrial and regional strategies for economic renewal

The 2007-09 global financial crisis and recession were caused by the current free-market form of globalisation. That crisis, and the subsequent decade of austerity, left society and the economy ill-equipped to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic. What we need now is to abandon that ‘capitalism unleashed’ form of globalisation, and instead develop and implement industrial and regional strategies to create an alternative, socially and environmentally sustainable form of development around a global Green New Deal. Such strategies could deliver immediate benefits — and would also help create the potential for transformative change over the longer term, to create a socially and environmentally sustainable future.

АКТУАЛЬНІ ПИТАННЯ СЬОГОДЕННЯ ЗМІШАНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ПРИМУСОВОГО ВИКОНАННЯ : УМОВИ І СТАН ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ , ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ

The current state and problematic aspects of a mixed system of the enforcement of decisions in Ukraine were highlighted, the attention was focused on development prospects. The article aims at reviewing and scientific rethinking of transition exclusively to the private system of the enforcement of decisions on demand of international authorities. The methodological basis of the research is comparative, dialectical, systemicstructural, normative and logical scientific research methods. A decrease in the total number of enforcement proceedings to recover the debt was stated doubly, which was caused by the set of changes in their influence on the state of the enforcement of decisions in connection with russian invasion of Ukraine. Diverse options for the expansion of the terms of reference of private executors were analysed, namely: inclusion of their authorized activities to the list to pursue assets in favour of the government; the recovery of fines; establishment of facts concerning, primarily damage or destruction of property due to the military aggression of the russian federation and determination the amount of damages. It was identified that regarding the undeniable role and importance of the private system of the enforcement of decisions plaid, private executors and their activities require the support during the period of economic renewal by solving a range of issues, namely a connection of all private executors to Automated system of enforcement proceedings, a solution to the question concerning the possibility to change the enforcement district by private executors from the occupied territories, a resolution of the issue regarding a monitoring the activities of private executors etc. It was suggested settling the issue regarding the expanding types of activities of private executors in order to implement alternative ways to make profit, in particular empowerment them to certification of facts by analogy to the practice of European colleagues.

Inclusive innovation editorial: The promise of inclusive innovation

Innovation is an elusive concept that is widely viewed as a panacea for economic renewal. Public-sector institutions invest heavily in innovation even as private-sector actors and interests dominate innovation policy and its rewards, especially at the local scale. But in a moment when planners and policy makers are under pressure to promote economic inclusion, we must also ponder the prospects for innovation to be inclusive and equitable. In this opening editorial to this special issue on “Inclusive Innovation,” we sketch out a tentative vision for “inclusive innovation” beginning with the problems that can lead innovation to instead be exclusive and unequal. We conclude by summarizing the contributions of the authors to this special issue, which underscore not only the diverse dimensions of inclusive innovation but also the critical importance of policy-led institutions to facilitate this goal.

AQRAR SAHƏDƏ SAHİBKARLIQ FƏALİYYƏTİNİN İNNOVATİV İNKİŞAF PERSPEKTİVLƏRİ

The experience of developed countries in recent years convincingly shows that increasing the efficiency of agro-industrial production is achieved mainly due to the intensification of the successful activities of innovators (i.e., the scientific and technical sphere of industry). The end result of innovation is the creation of innovations and their direct development in production, which will contribute to a systematic and increasingly progressive organizational, economic, technical and technological renewal and increase in the efficiency of agro-industrial production. Key words: entrepreneurship, innovative development, efficiency, business, production

DOMESTIC POLITICAL PARTIES ON THE STATE STRUCTURE OF RUSSIA IN THE PRE-OCTOBER PERIOD

The purpose of the research. The choice of this topic is due to the fact that the issues of the state structure of Russia are constantly the subject of close attention of scientists. This is mainly due to the fact that there is a huge practical experience here, when virtually every period of Russian history represented something bright and new. These issues are the subject of close attention not only of domestic, but also of foreign scientists (Emons T., Thatcher I., etc.). The article is devoted to the analysis of the positions of all-Russian, national political parties in our country in the second half of the 90s of the XIX century. - October 1917. on the state structure of Russia. This period was filled with a number of important events that had a fundamental impact on them. For example, the economic renewal of the country in the capitalist direction, with an acute struggle against the remnants of serfdom; the Russian-Japanese War; the First World War; two bourgeois-democratic, one socialist revolutions; the transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, a bourgeois republic, a Soviet republic; the emergence of various political parties. Results. The conclusion is presented that the overwhelming majority of all-Russian parties, the majority of national parties were supporters of a single, unitary state. Few people supported the federation, and even then very limited, carefully. Based on this, the position of almost all parties in relation to autonomy was also built. It was actually supported only in Finland, but with the emphasis on maintaining strong ties with Russia. Views on self-government, for or against, were actually equally divided. The evidence here, in particular, is that the program documents of seven of the 16 largest all-Russian parties do not actually contain any provisions on self-government. It is also important to conclude that the positions of the parties on the state structure have changed. Especially noted is the RSDLP, which after the October Revolution of 1917 became the leading, ruling party in our country, and chose for it a federal form of government. As you know, until February 1917 it advocated the right of nations to self-determination, a unitary form of Government, and broad self-government. Since February 1917, a clear course for the federation has been taken. First of all, three main scientific methods were used: dogmatic, historical, and comparative. The article is of interest to lawyers and historians-theorists and practitioners, and all those who are interested in Russian history.