Economic Processes Research Articles

Changes of the state in the commodity economy

The purpose of this article is to clarify the transformation of the state in the commodity economy, including the transformation from class domination to human management, which is the transition process from the division of labor to the regulation and distribution of society by monetary policy. To achieve this purpose, the content is approached from the methods of humanistic philosophy and social philosophy, and at the same time, uses qualitative, analytical, synthetic, and comparative methods, especially the inversion method, to clarify the transformation between the subject and the product in the means and purposes of the existence and development of the state. The results affirm that the state is a product established with a specific historical nature to serve human life. However, when each individual is a product, it carries the instinct of that state, depending on the state. Conclusion: First, the state is a product created by humans, established and produced to serve human life. Second, the state's primary function is to enforce justice, but it becomes the job of civil servants. Third, the function of the state in a commodity economy is to manage and regulate the commodity economic process according to the law and to direct and distribute it by money. Fourth, human rights are the basis for the existence and transformation of the state in a commodity economy.

Analysing the Socio-Economic Adjustment of Syrians under Temporary Protection: The Case of Ankara

The socio-economic adjustment of Syrians residing in Ulubey, Alemdağ, and Önder neighbourhoods in the Altındağ district of Ankara is the subject of this study. The study aims to examine the factors affecting the socio-economic adjustment of Syrians under temporary protection and the impact of the economic adjustment process on the social adjustment process within the framework of a mixed research method. The findings reveal that Syrian participants' legal and economic problems in the economic adjustment process affect their social adjustment process. The study is thought to shed light on the solution to these problems by providing scientific data based on the field research findings on Syrians' socio-economic adjustment process and adjustment problems.

Concept of economic crimes in legal doctrine and legislation, their differentiation

Ukraine’s transition to a market economy, the development of entrepreneurship, the promotion of competition, and the expansion of foreign trade contributed to the creation of new opportunities for criminal activity in the economic sphere. At the same time, the low probability of detection and the high profits associated with economic crime make the economic sphere very attractive to criminals. In turn, the huge losses associated with economic crime undermine social protection systems and destabilize economic systems, thus clearly indicating a failure of self-regulation. The legislator, having in mind economic crimes, operates with the concept of “CRIMINAL OFFENSES IN THE SPHERE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY” (Chapter VII of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and is limited only to their list. According to the legislative approach, an economic crime can be defined only as a socially dangerous culpable act (action or inaction) committed by the subject of the criminal offense provided for by the Criminal Code of Ukraine and provided for by the provisions of Chapter VII of the Special Part of the Criminal Code. At the same time, on the basis of the generalized data of the legislative and doctrinal approach, it is proposed to define an economic crime as a socially dangerous culpable act (action or inaction) committed by the subject of a criminal offense, which consists in the implementation of illegal economic activity (economic processes, relations, operations) or violation of requirements for legal economic activity to satisfy the selfish interests of a person or a group of persons, encroaches on the sphere of economic relations and poses a threat to the economic security of the state, leads to an imbalance of the state’s economic system. At the same time, the so-called economic crimes (Chapter VII of the Criminal Code of Ukraine - criminal offenses in the sphere of economic activity) should be separated from crimes due to which law enforcement agencies can interfere in the sphere of economic relations. Economic crimes can be differentiated according to various criteria: according to the spheres of social relations that regulate one or another type of economic activity; according to the content of the committed crime; by immediate main and additional objects; by subject characteristics; by criminal law characteristics.

Legal mechanisms of public management of financial and economic processes

The article considers the assertion that law and public administration are each an independent system inevitably interconnected in terms of scientific research or in practice. The role and nature of legal mechanisms within the frame of public administration, in particular in management of financial and economic processes, are considered through the lens of public administration transformation from New Public Management to Smart Governance paradigm.

Analysis of the impact of mechanisms of integration of university science into the regional innovation system on the spatial development of the Voronezh region

Relevance. University science is the basis for the progressive development of the regions of the Russian Federation, providing new knowledge and ideas, turning knowledge into technology and accelerated development of the cultural environment. The introduction of scientific research into the educational process is necessary and important conditions for maintaining the high professional level of teachers, the formation of professional competencies, and advanced training of future specialists. In the last few years, the main economic processes have demonstrated positive dynamics, which indicates the effectiveness of the implemented strategy of socio-economic development of the region, as well as an effective policy of spatial development of the territory are key factors in achieving a positive trend in the development of the region. Minister of Science and Higher Education V.N. Falkov in April 2024 He stated the need to transform the higher education system, focusing on specialized higher education based on an interdisciplinary approach that will more effectively integrate university science into regional spatial development and the national innovation system.The purpose of the study is to determine the mechanisms of integration of university science in the spatial development of the Voronezh region through the innovation system.Objectives: to analyze the impact of the mechanisms of integration of university science on the trends of spatial development; to analyze scientific and technological development; to formulate the main conclusions about university science as part of the socio-economic system of the territory.Methodology. The general scientific methods of logical analysis, method of desk research, method of systematization, descriptive method were used in the study. Results. The study revealed the key factors that contributed to the positive dynamics of the economy of the Voronezh region and considered the mechanisms of integration of university science into the regional innovation system.Conclusions. In the realities of scientific and technological development there is a need to improve the methods of integration of university science into the regional innovation system, and recommendations related to the optimization of spatial development of the Voronezh region in order to improve the quality and attractiveness of university science on the basis of innovative aspects functioning in the region have been proposed.

The quest for a good old age: mobility, immobility and Puerto Rican aging in the United States

ABSTRACT Mobility regimes refer to the political economic processes by which people are bounded, emplaced, forced, and permitted to move and to migrate. The literature on aging in contexts of mobility regimes has primarily focused on international migration, even though the framework is multi-scalar. This article examines how older Puerto Rican adults navigate mobility regimes in the quest for a subjective good old age. Puerto Rico is a US territory, which means that Puerto Rico-US migration does not span international borders. Drawing on remote ethnographic research with older Puerto Rican adults, I argue that political-economic processes rooted in US colonialism simultaneously condition migration as a strategy for the pursuit of a good old age and contribute to inequitable circumstances that make a good old age hard to find. These inequitable processes manifest in three ways: (1) Unequal healthcare benefits contribute to mobility; (2) Unequal social welfare benefits contribute to immobility; and (3) The meanings and mobilities associated with unequal benefits shift over the life course. By focusing on how governments differentially regulate the internal migration of their own citizens, this article advances understanding of how mobilities and immobilities operate at multiple scales, with important implications for a good old age.

Sustainable Adoption of E-Learning in Romanian Universities after the COVID-19 Outbreak

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted economic processes and various facets of daily life, including education, necessitating adjustments to help society adapt to the temporary status quo, with Romanian educational institutions being profoundly affected, and a full transition to online learning was mandated by central authorities in March 2020. The paper’s scope is to assess the sustainability of e-learning in Romanian higher education in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak. The study was conducted on bachelor students from three Romanian universities through an online questionnaire with a sample size of 505 valid responses. This study aims to investigate the relationships between information quality (IQ), system quality (SQ), service quality (SEQ), and quality of life (QL) within an integrated model, based on the variables of the technology acceptance model (TAM) and performance models of information systems (IS). Specifically, the research explores how these factors, along with the mediating roles of perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU), influence students’ behavioral intention to adopt e-learning systems (BISE) and actual use of them (EUOES) as a sustainable solution for post-pandemic COVID-19 education. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS–SEM) was the selected method for data analysis performed with SmartPLS 4.0 software. The research results demonstrated that PU and PEOU showed a positive correlation relationship and were significantly influenced by IQ, SQ, and QL in the educational setting. The study also revealed that PEOU and PU exerted a positive influence on students’ behavioral intention to adopt e-learning systems (BISE) sustainably and on their actual use (EUOES). This study benefits universities and higher education institutions by providing insights into enhancing e-learning platforms and integrating technology effectively, as well as by supporting the formulation of sustainable online learning strategies beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

Оподаткування і фіскальна соціологія: фінансова думка Заходу та уроки для України

Introduction. In the process of fair interaction between authorities and taxpayers, a relationship of trust is created. This trust ensures support for government fiscal initiatives from the business sector. Conversely, if the relationship is not transparent and equitable, it can lead to a passive or even negative attitude towards taxes, thereby reducing the efficiency of the tax system. Problem Statement. There is a gap in Ukrainian fiscal theory, which is still underdeveloped in terms of fiscal sociology. Compared to Western countries, where fiscal sociology has already become an integral part of economic analysis, in Ukraine this issue has been studied only by a narrow circle of scholars. This limitation necessitates a deeper study and integration of sociological approaches into financial science, because without it, Ukrainian researchers and policy makers lose the opportunity to gain a more complete understanding of the interaction between economic and social processes. The purpose is to substantiate the directions of integration of fiscal sociology into Ukrainian financial theory and to develop recommendations for its inclusion into Ukrainian financial practice. Methods. The methods used are systematic, structural-functional, comparative analysis, analogy, grouping, description, comparison and generalization. Results. It is proved that by integrating fiscal sociology, Ukrainian fiscal theory can benefit from a more nuanced understanding of the socio-economic factors influencing fiscal policy. Such integration could lead to more effective policy making and a deeper understanding of the economic challenges facing Ukraine. Conclusions. Ukrainian academics and policymakers should prioritize the interdisciplinary study of fiscal policy, taking into consideration the rich tradition of fiscal sociology in the West. Joint efforts should be made to develop tax policies that strengthen state legitimacy by addressing issues of fairness, transparency, and trust. Strategies for managing public debt and improving tax morale should be a central element of fiscal policy to ensure that Ukraine's financial system can withstand socioeconomic pressures and contribute to long-term stability and development.

Ecological Consequences of Changes in the Territorial and Branch Structure of Moscow Manufacturing Industry in 1990–2023

The peculiarities of the dynamics of the volume and structure of emissions from manufacturing enterprises in Moscow in 1990–2023 have been revealed. It is noted that the economic process of deindustrialization in the 1990s–2000s has been replaced in recent years by a small reverse process of reindustrialization, with an increase in the diversity of sectoral structure, and a change in the role and internal structure of machine building and chemical industry. The decrease of manufacturing industry output was noticed, while pollution from large enterprises producing products necessary for the city was preserved; at the same time, the rates of decrease in specific pollution for these enterprises have slowed down in recent years. It is concluded that during periods of crisis and recession there is a faster change in industrial structure compared to the change in pollution structure, and that during the recovery phase the pollution structure changes faster, largely due to the fact that industries are expanded initially without adequate expansion of treatment systems.

FORMALISM OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY IN MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ECONOMIC PROCESSES

Introduction: In contrast to neoclassical economics, where agents are rational, their actions are rational, and they strive for equilibrium, complex economics proposes to consider systems as evolving, complex, and not necessarily striving for equilibrium. The application of complex economics is particularly relevant in conditions of uncertainty and rapidly changing economic conditions. To develop the tools of complex economics, it is necessary to search for new mathematical approaches; a revolutionary approach in economics could be an approach based on the formalism of phenomenological theory. Methods: The formalism of phenomenological theory is used. Results: Four economic models are considered that can be built using the formalism of phenomenological theory. Using the example of analyzing changes in economic indicators caused by external factors such as magnetic storms, a modeling algorithm was implemented using phenomenological theory. Available data: No available data Discussion: The article shows that phenomenological formalism can be used in both traditional and more modern economic paradigms, expanding the boundaries of theoretical and applied analysis. Based on observed patterns and empirical data, phenomenological models allow us to study the macroscopic characteristics of economies without delving into microscopic details. As shown above, the formalism of phenomenological theory can be used both within the framework of neoclassical economics and complex economics. The phenomenological approach is universal and applicable in various areas of economic analysis, and the use of phenomenological theory allows us to take into account the elements of randomness and irrationality inherent in real economic processes, which is especially relevant for a complex economy.

The interplay between the urban development of Rome (Italy) and the Tiber River floods: A review of two millennia of socio-hydrological history.

The urban development of Rome (Italy) has been intertwined with the dynamics of the Tiber River since its foundation. In this review paper, we analyse more than 2500years of flood history and urban development to untangle the dynamics of flood risk and assess the resulting socio-hydrological phenomena. Until the 1800s, urban dwellers living in the riparian areas of the Tiber River were accustomed to frequent flooding. From the 1900s, the construction of flood walls reshaped the co-evolution of hydrological, economic, political, technological, and social processes. As a result, while the probability of flooding is currently very low, its potential adverse consequences would be catastrophic. From the analysis of the long-term feedback between urban development of Rome and flood events from ancient times to present days, it emerges the crucial need for an effective flood risk mitigation strategy that combines structural and non-structural measures. In particular, heightened flood risk awareness and preparedness to cope with rare but potentially devastating events is key to alleviate flood risk.

Development and Validation of HSPiP- and Optimization-Assisted Method to Analyze Tolterodine Tartrate in Pharmacokinetic Study

A new approach was applied for the development of a precise, simple, and economic analytical process for the accurate analysis of tolterodine tartrate (TOT) in its bulk and tablet using HSPiP- and quality by design (QbD)-assisted methods. The HSPiP program predicted several solvents and their right ratios for the mobile phase, followed by simulating the experimental solubility data in various predicted solvents. QbD was used to identify the impact of the composition and the mobile phase flow rate on the peak area and retention time. TOT was estimated using an Agilent TC C18 column employing an optimized mobile phase. The HSPiP shortened the solvent selection time with high reliability, whereas QbD identified critical factors. The optimized composition and process variables were used to develop an analytical method for TOT estimation. Various analytical validation parameters were estimated with constructed linearity of 5–30 μg/mL and a percent recovery yield value of 100.36%. To ensure the reliability of the optimized method, we estimated validation parameters (linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and ruggedness) to comply with the ICH guidelines. Considering the high recovery yield, good regression coefficient, low detection limit, and low noise ratio, the optimized method was accurate and precise with a high degree of specificity, rapid process, and reproducibility for the quantitative estimation of tolterodine from both oral analytes (I and II). The validated method was implemented for pharmacokinetic study in rats for quantitative estimation of the analytes with high accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility.

The modern methodological conceptions and the development of anglo-american economics in the 20th century

Purpose: The aim of this article is to reconstruct the basic methodological assumptions that are relevant to contemporary conceptions of the science of economics developing in English and American literature during the 20th century. Methodology/approach: The paper aims to outline the logical structure of scientific theories in economics, which determines the objectivity of this science. Theoretical testing of hypotheses is performed by referring to more general and higher theoretical knowledge. Findings: The prevalence of utilitarian attitudes described in the article, which limit economic cognition to cost and profit calculations and economic processes to activities around profit maximisation, promotes the instrumentalisation of the norms and principles of this science, and indirectly indicates the absence of other autonomous values besides profit. Practical implications: Making the starting point in this article expressed in the work of British and American classics writing in the twentieth century demonstrates that they were moderate and flexible thinkers, as the structure of their theories reflects the changes that occurred in the leading methodological currents of the time. Originality/value: In every epoch of the development of the science of economics, there are concepts that consciously need to be guarded against variability (e.g. the concept of truth) and to strive to ensure that methodological concepts form as coherent a scientific belief system as possible.

A Group of Banking Services in Islamic Banks: A Sharia and Economic Study

The banking sector is one of the most important economic sectors in all countries. It represents the backbone of economic life, as it acts as a mediator between savers and investors and provides them with many banking services to meet the requirements of the economic process. This study aimed to define the concept of financial services provided by Islamic banks, their characteristics, and their most key features, while addressing the level of quality of banking services and the extent to which they meet the desires of customers. This study was divided into two sections: Section One: The concept, characteristics, and features of banking services. Section Two: Banking services provided by Islamic banks.

Developing a green economy towards sustainability: Research in Vietnam in the context of digital transformation

In recent years, the Party and State have paid great attention to promoting green economy, circular economy and sustainable development. Thereby, many policies have been issued to orient economic development towards sustainability, environmental protection, climate change adaptation, improving investment quality and efficiency, and focusing on attracting high-quality projects. However, in reality in Vietnam, the trend of green economic development is only at the starting point, the green economic development process is still lacking in synchronization and facing barriers in terms of capital, human resources, science and technology resources... In the face of environmental and social consequences, from developing the brown economy, countries have gradually shifted to a green economy - an economy that cares about happiness, social justice and the environment in addition to economic goals. Vietnam is no exception to this trend. Green economic development has been of interest to the Party and the State since the early years of the Doi Moi period and has achieved certain successes. However, the construction of a green economy in Vietnam still faces many limitations due to many reasons, such as: lack of capital resources, labor quality, science and technology level not meeting requirements... This poses synchronous and long-term solutions with each specific step towards a green economy. The article reflects the current situation and solutions for green economic development in Vietnam. Keywords: Sustainability, Green Economy, Digital Transformation.

Post-COVID pandemic: The new normal and aftermath

ABSTRACT Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about unparalleled worldwide transformations, impacting all facets of human existence, including health systems, economies, societal norms, and individual behaviors. Aim: The goal is to comprehend the enduring alterations in public health strategies, economic recuperation processes, changes in work and education paradigms, and the psychological consequences for populations globally. Methods and Materials: This analysis uses a multidisciplinary approach by incorporating data from healthcare studies, economic reports, educational research, and psychological assessments. It aims to offer a comprehensive perspective on the world after the pandemic. Results: The findings suggest that the “New Normal” encompasses a wide range of changes, such as a greater dependence on digital technology, a transition toward remote work and learning, substantial modifications in global supply chains, and a revised outlook on health and wellness. The potential long-term consequences of these changes indicate that some may provide opportunities for innovation and expansion, whereas others present challenges that necessitate strategic planning and policy interventions. Conclusion: The aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic presents a critical moment for global leaders, policymakers, and individuals to navigate the complexities of a transformed world, emphasizing the need for resilience, adaptability, and a renewed commitment to collective well-being.

Long-Term Elasticity of Environmental Demand: Environmental Protection Expenditures in Sweden, 1972–2020

This study uses reconstructions of historical Environmental Protection Expenditure Accounts (EPEA) in Sweden from 1970–2020 to present a time series approach that analyses the demand for environmental services. The paper’s aim is to analyse environmental adaptation as a historical, economic and environmental process and to explore structural shifts suggestive of an overall periodisation of environmental demand. The article contributes to a deeper understanding of demand-side factors in environmental adaptation as part of contemporary economic history. The investigation also provides evidence that the income elasticity of environmental demand was slightly higher than 1.0 and largely stable over time, and even though we were able to detect trend breaks, there is insufficient evidence for major structural breaks suggesting sharp shifts in societal environmental preferences. Policies requiring sharply rising environmental expenditures should consider this level of historical stability. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0 .

Social Work's Role in Sustainable Agriculture: Driving Economic Self-Sufficiency and Social Integration

In the context of the social challenges of the global space for implementing projects to promote sustainable agriculture in rural areas, agriculture represents significant potential due to its multifunctionality (economic, social, ecological). In the context of agricultural projects - farms - this type of assistance can increase the labour market potential of disadvantaged populations. This is mainly through employment or social activation activities, which help improve the quality of life of socially disadvantaged people, their economic self-sufficiency, and their integration into society. In the context of sustainable development, agricultural projects play an essential role in maintaining social stability and reliability at the macro level. This paper aims to highlight the importance of social work and its position in projects promoting sustainable development. On the one hand, social work represents the position of a "transfer mechanism" between the management of economic and ecological processes with an agricultural orientation and the disadvantaged clients of social projects on the other hand. Keywords: sustainable agriculture, disadvantaged groups, client-family, human capital development, global space

One-step solution processing of printable Sb2S3 nano-rods for high-performance photoconductors

Abstract Achieving large-scale, affordable, and highly dependable production of antimony sulfide is crucial for unlocking its potential in various applications, including photoconductors, solid-state batteries, thermoelectrics, and solar cells. In our study, we introduce a straightforward, economical, and catalyst-free single-step solution process for fabricating one-dimensional Sb2S3 nanostructures on flexible polyimide substrates, and we explore their use as photoconductors in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible light spectrum. The precursor solution for creating the Sb2S3 films is prepared by dissolving specified quantities of elemental Sb and S in a solution mixture of ethylenediamine and 2-mercaptoethanol. This solution is then spin-coated onto a polyimide substrate and subsequently annealed at 300 °C for several minutes. Utilizing field emission scanning electron microscopy, grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that the Sb2S3 films possess high crystallinity, uniform morphology, and a composition that is nearly stoichiometric. Additionally, through Tauc plot analysis, we determine that the films exhibit a direct bandgap of approximately 1.67 eV, which is in close agreement with the bandgap predicted by Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof (HSE06) density-functional theory simulations. The metal-semiconductor–metal photoconductors fabricated with these films display a significant photoresponse to both UV and visible light. These devices achieve a UV on/off ratio of up to 160 at a light intensity of 30 mW cm−2, with brief rise and fall times of 44 ms and 28 ms, respectively.

Investigation of the electrical quality and long-term stability of aluminum ground stud connections in automotive applications

The rapid advancement in the electrification of modern vehicles has led to a continuous increase in electrical consumers for various comfort and safety functions. Ground studs serve as the electrical interface between the conductive vehicle body and the onboard network. Drawn arc stud welding is an economical and established joining process for producing ground stud joints. The circuits in the onboard network are increasingly subject to greater demands regarding current-carrying capacity and long-term stability. Reliable signal and power transmission require minimal contact resistance at the electrical connection points of the ground stud system and must withstand various operating and environmental conditions over the entire service life. In this study, a ground stud made of AlMg5, with a ZnNi-coated steel cap nut was used on a 2.0 mm thick sheet of AlMg3. The electrical connection of the ground studs was made using tinned copper cable lugs and 35 mm² cables. To analyze the electrical resistance behavior in an accelerated test, the ground studs were subjected to a superimposed load with a cyclic current profile for 1008 hours under changing climatic conditions. The results show that under the chosen operational and environmental conditions, accelerated aging and intermittent resistance behavior occur. A characteristic drop in resistance during the test indicates the failure point of the electrical connection. The cause of failure can be attributed to media penetration into the electrical contact zone. A failure of the electrical connection was observed after 512 hours.