Economic Necessity Research Articles

Children, common bracken and cows at work: re-considering work in multispecies relations through childhood memories

ABSTRACT Drawing on Tim Ingold’s conceptualization of taskscape, this article explores children´s being and working within the landscape through childhood memories and walking ethnography. It examines situated relationships among children, common bracken and cows as they jointly inhabited and shaped steljniki – specific patches of land in South Eastern Slovenia. In contrast to conventional perspectives that narrowly frame children’s work as either an economic necessity or an educational endeavour, our emphasis is on the symmetrical unfolding of work in the multispecies collaboration of children, common bracken and cows in shaping the landscape in keeping with the seasons, natural rhythms, topography, soil composition and temporality. Situated in the context of the subsistence agriculture of extensive farming, where children have actively participated in work for generations, our study reimagines work within multispecies relationality. This conceptual shift responds to the imperative of challenging prevailing paradigms governing the relationship between young people and the environment.

Dissolving boundaries: work, activity, and voluntariness in digitized capitalism

ABSTRACT The article focuses on voluntariness as a mode of restructuring work in 21st century digitalized capitalism. What can be observed is a blurring of the boundaries between work, reproduction, leisure and engagement. We pursue the thesis that this transformation in the ‘nature’ of work corresponds to a (newly emerging) ‘mixed-activity economy’ in which people, on the one hand, create economic value in the sphere of consumption or leisure. On the other hand, reproductive requirements and economic necessities in everyday work and life can be flexibly linked through time-flexible platform work. In any case, the forms of corporate value creation and access to human productivity are changing radically insofar as they are no longer limited to classic wage labor alone. The invocation of voluntarism plays a key legitimizing role in this transformation. Based on a theoretical reconstruction of the concept of voluntariness, we bring together new forms of value creation through appropriation of resources outside of wage labor and the systematic analysis of voluntariness as a currently significant mode of action and governance in the digital economy.

From pin money to side hustle: Rural and regional women's side businesses in Australia 1900–2023

AbstractIn the last 15 years, mainstream use of the term ‘side hustle’ has boomed. But the act of having a side hustle is not new; the term's novelty obscures a long‐established pattern of ‘sideline earning’ by Australian rural women, and indeed around the world. Through the lens of environmental, labour and gender history, and using interviews, digital media, diaries, court records, newspaper and magazine articles and other archival records, this research explores how Australian rural women have engaged in and relied on the practice of sideline earning as an economic necessity, long before it entered the mainstream economy and consciousness.

Évaluer la réponse en cancérologie : l’imagerie un outil essentiel ?

Identifying patients for whom the treatment is effective is an absolute necessity regarding the effectiveness of their care and ethics and avoiding them from losing opportunities and unnecessary adverse effects. It is also an economic necessity due to the very high cost of new treatments called “expensive molecules”, in particular immunotherapy, which poses problems of access to these treatments and constitutes a real financial challenge for health systems. In clinical routine as in research, imaging is the essential tool for deciding the success or failure of treatment, with a major medico-economic impact if we consider that these very expensive treatments are only effective in a fraction of patients and that they do not always bring a major benefit.

Empowering family resilience: Muslim women’s impact in Perbaungan

This study aimed to explore the contributions of women in Melati I Village, Perbaungan District, who engage in trade to support their family economy. The objective was to examine how these women manage the dual roles of working while maintaining their household responsibilities. A qualitative research methodology was employed, with data collected through semi-structured interviews involving five respondents. The findings indicated that women worked for a variety of reasons, including self-development, social engagement, and economic necessity. Their participation in work had a positive impact on the family's financial stability, but also posed challenges, particularly in balancing time between work, family, and community obligations. The study revealed that despite the difficulties, women were able to manage these dual roles through strategies such as open communication with their husbands, maintaining a balance between their domestic and public responsibilities, and ensuring that their work aligned with Islamic values, which emphasize the preservation of their honor and fulfillment of household duties. The research concluded that with the right strategies, women could make significant contributions to the family economy without compromising family relationships or societal values. These findings underscore the importance of further empowering women in the family economy to enhance their potential in strengthening family economic resilience.

Ten Per Cent Ballads and the ‘Shodeocracy’: Labour, Violence, and Humour

This article is based on the ‘ten per cent’ ballads contained in scrapbooks held in Lancashire Archives. The ballads were composed, printed, and sold on the streets during the Preston lock-out of 1853–1854, and were eventually collected by the union leaders Thomas Banks and George Cowell, and the mill owner Henry Ashworth. The article analyses examples of the ballads to interrogate topics including literature as labour, the role of women in the dispute, the use of violent language in permissible contexts, and the use of humour to emotionally offset these violent threats. The Preston lock-out occurred during what W.L. Burn famously defined as the ‘Age of Equipoise’ (c.1850–1867), and the political function of the ballads is considered in relation to this. Ten per cent ballads are found not just to reflect attitudes, but to be integral to the social connective tissue. Functions included enhancing solidarity, maintaining the good humour of strike meetings, as well as the economic necessity of raising funds for suffering workers. It is also argued that the singing of the ballads represented emotionally imperative voicing of physical threat in a controlled mode, and that this contributed to the relative lack of violence during the lock-out.

STATE DEBT MANAGEMENT POLICY IMPROVEMENT PROSPECTS

This article describes the economic importance and necessity of public debt in developing the national economy. The scientific approaches of economists to the effective management of state internal and debt have been researched and conclusions have been drawn. In recent years, the trends of changes in public debt in the Republic of Uzbekistan have been analyzed. Findings on the implementation of the public debt management strategy and its main directions are based. A scientific proposal and practical recommendations on improving the mechanism of efficient management and distribution of state debts have been developed.

Joining late, leaving early? Immigrant-native disparities in labor market exit

The retirement behavior of immigrants has received limited attention, despite many countries seeing rising immigrant shares in their aging populations. Population-wide data for Sweden reveals that the retirement hazard rate is higher among immigrants as early as age 50. Approaching age 65, marginal migrant groups are instead more likely to remain in the labor force rather than conform to retirement age norms. While education and family circumstances explain little of these retirement gaps, labor market history, health, and occupation are important determinants. Immigrant-native differences are more pronounced among men than women. Findings suggest that economic necessity or opportunity, rather than varying preferences, are the driving factors behind the observed retirement disparities.

A Critical Appraisal of Obligatory Bequest as Prevalent in Muslim Countries

The obligatory bequest has been adopted by legal force in several Muslim states. The basic purpose of this adoption is to overcome the economic grievances of orphaned grandchildren. This reform seems to be justified from an Islamic perspective because it does not radically interfere with the Islamic law of inheritance. Orphaned grandchildren who are excluded under the traditional law of inheritance are its beneficiaries. These grandchildren inherit the share of their predeceased parent within the bequeathable limit of one-third of their grandparent’s estate. However, if the grandparent does not make any bequest in their favour, the court will assume that the grandparent has made the bequest and enforce it. Pakistani courts have preferred obligatory bequest over Section 4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961. However, obligatory bequest is not an ideal solution; it has restricted its benefit to grandchildren only and no provision is made for spouses and surviving parents. Additionally, both these reforms of obligatory bequest and Section 4 suffer from similar anomalies of representational succession. However, the state is the ultimate guardian of all deprived and needy classes. Therefore, the most appropriate way to tackle the economic necessities of orphaned grandchildren is through the welfare and development programmes of Muslim states. This article thoroughly analyses the obligatory bequest and discusses the different models applicable to Muslim countries. Moreover, the article probes the arguments for and against obligatory bequest and examines their implications.

Community development of a business ecosystem in planting media commodities (Goatthai) with One Village One CEO Program: a case study of Cianjur

Abstract In challenging economic conditions, with 11.74 million urban residents and 14.16 million rural residents in poverty as of March 2023, innovation in natural resource management is critical. This study investigates how the agricultural community in Sukanagalih, Cianjur, uses husk charcoal to create sustainable and economically beneficial planting media. This study discovered that economic necessities has driven farmers in Sukanagalih to develop and use husk charcoal as a planting medium, not only for the domestic market but also for the international market, using a survey approach with purposive selection. Community income increased significantly, from IDR 1,450,000 in 2019 to IDR 3,300,000 in 2021, supported by assistance in husk charcoal production, packaging branding, and marketing network expansion through the “One Village One CEO” program. These findings demonstrate that community empowerment through innovation and business assistance is the key to developing a sustainable and profitable business ecosystem.

천총·숭덕 연간(1627-1643) 청-조선 會寧 開市 질서의 형성 과정

During the Tiancong era(1627-1636), the demand for a trade market in Hoeryong(會寧) by Later Jin was not merely an economic necessity but a strategic move to advance the repatriation of Warka. In contrast, Joseon, grappling with a deteriorating economic situation in the northern area, was hesitant to engage with the Hoeryong trade market. Later Jin attempted to conduct the trade market by dispatching envoys from Shenyang(瀋陽) to Hoeryong. Due to this dispatch of envoys, Joseon had to treat Later Jin personnel and provide food to their attendants. Furthermore, the personnel dispatched to the Hoeryong trade market posed various challenges for Joseon. These challenges were often based on the prestige of having been dispatched under the orders of Hong Taiji, with even a 'fake envoy' who forged Hong Taiji's orders appearing at the Hoeryong trade market. The issue of food provision also became a point of contention. In the second year of Tiancong(1628), the two countries agreed not to provide food to merchants who accompanied them. However, in the 5th year of Tiancong(1631), a Later Jin envoy arbitrarily demanded that food be provided to its merchants, and in the 6th year of Tiancong(1632), Later Jin officially demanded that food be provided to its merchants. As a result, Joseon ended up paying not only envoys but also merchants, adding to their economic burden. To address the economic burden caused by the Hoeryong trade market on the northern border, Joseon proposed the concept of 'envoy trade' as an alternative. This involved conducting trade by accompanying merchants on envoys traveling between the two countries, a proposal that was first made in the 5th year of Tiancong. When the two countries agreed to proceed with the envoy trade, in the 8th year of Tiancong(1634), Joseon attempted to abolish the Hoeryong trade market by using the implementation of the envoy trade as leverage. However, the 'local demand' that existed in Ningguta and other areas related to the Hoeryong trade market could not be replaced by envoy trade, leading to active opposition from Later Jin against the abolition of the Hoeryong trade market. In the 9th year of Tiancong(1635), Joseon attempted to resolve the problems caused by the Later Jin envoys dispatched to the trade market by converting the order of the Hoeryong trade market into free trade. Hong Taiji also sympathized with the problems of dispatching envoys from Shenyang. However, in consideration of maintaining order in the trade market, Later Jin promoted the transition to a plan in which local officials of both countries mutually control the trade market. After the 1637 Qing Invasion of Joseon, the Hoeryong trade market was reopened in the 3rd year of Chongde(1638). Qing gave an official letter from the Board of Revenue to an official in the Ningguta region and dispatched it to the Hoeryong trade market. However, the Qing did not notify Joseon of their participation in the trade market. Qing personnel incorrectly reported the documents they brought as royal edicts, causing Joseon to experience twists and turns in preparing the trade market and hosting Qing personnel. In this process, the two countries reorganized procedures related to the Hoeryong trade market. At that time, the protocol for treating Qing personnel appeared to be at the level that Later Jin tried to implement in Joseon during the Tiancong era. Through the incident that occurred at the Hoeryong trade market in the 7th year of Chongde(1642), it can be seen that there is a situation in which Joseon has established a specific protocol for the treatment of Qing personnel dispatched to the Hoeryong trade market. However, there were also circumstances in which it was impossible to comply with the set amount of food provided due to the unfavorable economic situation in the northern region.

Embracing Survivalist Entrepreneurship: How African American Men Leverage Business Ownership out of Economic Necessity

There has been extensive research and examination dedicated to the advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurship, both in general and specifically for African Americans. Significant research has been devoted to understanding the economic outcomes of African American men, and there is an area of opportunity to study how African American men, specifically, can leverage entrepreneurship to increase the probability of successful economic outcomes for themselves and their families. Entrepreneurial research has the potential to be leveraged to combat waning labor force participation rates and heightened unemployment rates among African American men. Leveraging the theories of Trust, Goal-Orientation, Logotherapy, and Social Identity Theory, a study was conducted among United States-based business owners. The sample size was forty-one African American male business owners. The results demonstrate how these African American men have leveraged entrepreneurship to build social capital and wealth, while improving their standard of living, as well as highlight the hurdles and barriers they have endured during the process of business ownership. The majority of African American owned business are owned by African American men, and this study provides insights into the phenomenology of African American male entrepreneurs.

A Study on Welfare Measures for Women Employees at Manufacturing Industry

The participation of women in the workforce has witnessed a remarkable surge in recent decades, driven by societal shifts, economic necessities, and the pursuit of gender equality. However, despite significant progress, women employees continue to face unique challenges and obstacles that hinder their professional growth and wellbeing. This research study aims to investigate the welfare measures specifically designed for women employees and their effectiveness in creating an inclusive and supportive work environment. The study’s primary objective is to assess the current state of welfare measures for women employees across various sectors and industries. It explores the types of initiatives implemented by organizations, such as maternity leave policies, childcare facilities, flexible work arrangements, and programs promoting career advancement and leadership development for women. Furthermore, the study examines the extent to which these measures align with relevant legal and regulatory frameworks, as well as industry best practices. Thisquantitaive data provides valuable insights into the awareness, utilization, and perceived effectiveness of existing welfare measures.The findings of this study have significant implications for policymakers, human resource professionals, and organizational leaders, as it sheds light on the critical importance of tailored welfare measures in attracting, retaining, and nurturing a diverse and talented pool of women employees.

Secondhand consumption: A systematic literature review and future research agenda

AbstractSecondhand purchasing, once associated primarily with financially marginalized individuals driven by economic necessity, has now emerged as a popular choice even among affluent consumers with sustainability concerns. This significant shift in consumer behavior underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive review that consolidates the fragmented literature on secondhand consumption, integrating its theoretical foundations and intellectual structure. In response to this imperative, our research, utilizing a theory‐context‐characteristics‐methodology framework, fills this critical gap and sets a pioneering precedent as the first systematic literature review on this topic. Through a content analysis of 105 publications from 59 journals spanning over three decades, our findings unveil more than 70 influential factors shaping secondhand purchases and consumptions. Moreover, our research illuminates noteworthy trends in theories, contextual considerations, consumer traits, and methodological approaches, offering a holistic view of the past, present, and future thematic developments in secondhand consumption research. Scholars will find these insights invaluable for positioning their future studies. Furthermore, we outline compelling directions for future research, proposing a deeper exploration of consumer values, social influences, advertising appeals, religiosity, and green consumerism to unlock novel avenues for understanding and strengthening consumer motivations for secondhand products. By shedding light on this vibrant and evolving field, our research not only fills a critical void but also paves the way for meaningful contributions to the expanding realm of secondhand consumption.

A framework for investigating new firm entry: The (limited) overlap between informal-formal and necessity-opportunity entrepreneurship

We analyse entrepreneurial entry along the dimensions of informal-formal and necessity-opportunity entrepreneurship, distinguishing between them yet considering them jointly. While the dominant view in the literature conflates necessity with informal entry, and opportunity with formal entry, we hypothesise that informal entrepreneurship may be attractive to higher-income individuals as a testing ground for entrepreneurial ideas. We also explain why higher-income individuals may undertake necessity entrepreneurship. We utilise individual Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data from Chile (2019–2021), which identifies informal-formal and necessity-opportunity entrepreneurial entry modes, to test hypotheses on the role of individuals´ income in the four types of entrepreneurial entry. We also consider changes in entrepreneurial entry during a crisis and a non-crisis periods. Our results confirm that the patterns in the data are consistent with hypotheses derived from our proposed theoretical framework. Executive summaryEmerging markets economies have very large informal sectors, and their entrepreneurial entry is often motivated by economic necessity rather than by business opportunity. But neither informal nor necessity entrepreneurship are usually expected to generate the positive benefits for growth and development predicted for formal and opportunity entrepreneurship. We argue that the dominant stream in the literature actually conflates informal and necessity entrepreneurship, both of which have been associated with low human and financial capital and productivity. We propose that the appropriate typology is more complex than this because there are examples of successful and dynamic informal firms. This leads us to identify four categories of entrepreneurial entry: informal-necessity (Type 1), formal-opportunity (Type 2), informal-opportunity (Type 3), and formal-necessity (Type 4). While necessity entrepreneurship has typically been associated with low-income individuals, we propose that formal-necessity entrepreneurship may be an entry path for both low- and high-income individuals, though for different reasons. Informal opportunity entry may likewise be an option for people with low-income as well as high-income.We therefore seek to disentangle the analysis of opportunity-necessity and of formal-informal entry and to demonstrate that the two less explored entry modes - informal-opportunity, and formal-necessity - are of considerable theoretical and practical significance in emerging economies. We test our framework in the emerging market economy setting of Chile, one of the more prosperous and open economies in Latin America. We use Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data which uniquely for Chile allow us to distinguish between individuals along both the formal-informal and the necessity-opportunity dimensions. On this basis, we distinguish empirically between these four categories of entrepreneurial entry and explain how higher-income individuals may use informal-opportunity entrepreneurial entry as a “seed bed” to test their new business ideas. At the same time, we show that necessity entrepreneurship may be attractive to both lower- and higher-income individuals.We also show that the interplay between individuals´ income groups and four entrepreneurial entry modes is stable over “normal times” versus “crisis periods”. We observe that in response to a crisis, individuals with lower-incomes are likely to engage more in informal-necessity entrepreneurship while opportunity-informal entry by higher-income individuals will decline. These changes represent a more complex adjustment pattern than has been identified for developed economies, where entrepreneurial activity has been found to be countercyclical. Thus, in emerging markets, informal-necessity entrepreneurship plays a stabilizing role for those individuals with a more marginal position in the labor market during the crisis. In contrast, for those individuals who have access to higher household income, all forms of entrepreneurship become a less attractive option. We interpret this as indicating that these individuals have the option to wait for higher return opportunities to re-emerge. This is one of the first papers to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship in an emerging market economy.

Certificate of Need and the labor market

AbstractThirty‐five U.S. states currently have Certificate‐of‐Need (CON) laws, which require health care providers to prove their “economic necessity” to a state board before they can legally open or expand. While dozens of articles have evaluated the effect of CON on hospitals and consumers, no published article has evaluated its effect on health care workers. We argue that the sign of the effect of CON on both the wages and employment is theoretically ambiguous. We conduct an empirical analysis of CON laws using 1979–2019 data from the Current Population Survey. We find that CON does not significantly affect the employment or wages of health care workers.

A successful transnational cold war intervention? Revisiting the Heung Yee Kuk’s “goodwill” tour of Britain’s Chinatowns, 1967–1970

ABSTRACT Most ethnic Chinese living and working in Britain in the late 1960s were from Hong Kong’s New Territories. Many of these British migrants blamed the Hong Kong government for importing cheap foodstuffs and driving farmers off the land to build new infrastructural projects. In 1967, Hong Kong experienced a wave of social and political unrest commonly referred to as the 1967 Leftist Riots. The unrest spread to parts of Britain’s Chinatown, where a leftist movement emerged in sympathy with the anti-colonial rioters. In response, the Heung Yee Kuk, a legal advisory organisation that represented established interests in the New Territories, proposed to send a ‘goodwill tour’ to Britain’s Chinatowns to demonstrate that the Hong Kong government was committed to their welfare. The unlikely alliance proved politically expedient as both had good reason to foster the political loyalty of Britain’s migrant Chinese. In particular, both parties understood the economic necessity of quieting the unrest to ensure the continued flow of remittance back to the colony. The detailed report of migrant Chinese grievances with the British and Hong Kong governments produced by the Heung Yee Kuk delegates led to welfare reforms for the Chinese communities of Hong Kong and Britain.

Insights from 30 Years of Land Use/Land Cover Transitions in Jakarta, Indonesia, via Intensity Analysis

Here, we assess land use/land cover (LULC) transitions over the last 30 years in Jakarta, Indonesia. Land cover maps were prepared for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 using seven categories of Landsat satellite image: bare land, built-up, cropland, green area, mangrove, water body, and pond. LULC changes were assessed through intensity analyses at the interval and transition levels. LULC changes were initially rapid (1990–1995) and then more gradual (1995–2000, 2000–2005, and 2005–2010). Unlike in previous intervals, annual changes were uniformly distributed over time in 2010–2015 and 2015–2020. Driven by high population and economic growth, built-up land was identified as an active gainer in all intervals except 2010–2015. Alongside built-up areas, cropland was the main supplier of other categories, including bare land, pond, built-up, and green areas. The largest transition area occurred in pond and green areas during 2005–2010 and in built-up land during 2015–2020. High demand for built-up land was observed in land changes driven by high population growth triggered by economic necessity. Economic and population growth exhibited a positive correlation (R2 = 0.78, t = 9.996). This study elucidates spatiotemporal LULC transition patterns over 30 years in a rapidly growing city.

EMPOWERMENT OF SAUDI WOMEN FOR LEADERSHIP POSITION: IMPACTS AND CHALLENGES

When women are empowered, that means empowering an entire nation. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia realized that empowering Saudi women to leadership roles is a societal, economic, and cultural necessity, which prompted officials in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to develop actual plans to empower women to lead. The purpose of this paper is to understand the importance of empowering Saudi women in leadership positions in organizations and the impact of this empowerment on organizational and societal performance. Also, this paper aims to review the challenges facing Saudi women when assuming leadership positions and to suggest some solutions to them. Moreover, this study highlights the role of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 in achieving women's empowerment.

Women on the move: Understanding the female face of migration to develop targeted policies

Women migrants and refugees are playing an increasingly important socio-economic role in our societies. As gender has an impact on their experience and on their integration process, it is necessary to develop a gender-sensitive, targeted approach, which enables their contribution to society to be fully appreciated. Female migrants and refugees may face stronger, and double, discrimination and experience further barriers to integration in their host countries. Yet, the societal inclusion of women is key for their families; has multiplier effects; and can stimulate changes in social norms, gender relations and discriminatory practices. Furthermore, investing in women contributes to economic growth, social cohesion and stability. Therefore, promoting gender mainstreaming in migration policies is both a social and an economic necessity. It must not be overlooked.