Economic Mindset Research Articles

Trade in the Ottoman Classical Period: A Perspective in the Context of Economic Mindset

Osmanlı Devleti’nde Klasik Dönem’de iktisadi faaliyetlerle ilgili müstakil kurumsal bir yapıdan bahsetmek mümkün değildir. Esasında bu durum, Osmanlı sosyal formasyonunun kapitalizm öncesi bir yapıda olmasından kaynaklanmıştır. Bununla birlikte Osmanlı yöneticileri tarafından ticaretin düzenlenmesiyle ilgili olarak bazı ilkelerden yararlanıldığı ileri sürülmektedir. İktisadi zihniyet ilkeleri olarak adlandırılan söz konusu ilkeler iaşe (provizyonizm), gelenekçilik ve fiskalizmdir. Çalışmada konuyla ilgili kaynakların incelenmesi ve elde edilen bulguların değerlendirilmesi şeklinde bir yöntem izlenmiştir. Elde edilen temel sonuç; Osmanlı ticari hayatının, söz konusu ilkelere bağlı olarak bütünsel bir yapı görünümünde olduğudur. Ayrıca bu bütünlüğün temelini iaşe ilkesi oluşturmuştur. Son olarak, zanaatların tedarikçileri tımar sistemine dâhil üreticiler olduğundan zanaat üretimi ile tarımsal üretim bütünleşik bir ilişki içinde olmuştur. Bu durumda Osmanlı yönetim zihniyetinin temel taşlarının tımar sistemi ve pazarlar olduğu kabul edilebilir.

History of Ottoman Tobacco Sector from the Perspective of Economic Mindset

Bu çalışmada, Osmanlı tütün sektöründeki gelişmeler üzerinden Osmanlı zihniyet ilkelerinden uzaklaşma süreci analiz edilmiştir. Osmanlı tütün sektöründe devletin kurumsal yapılanması sektörün vergilendirilmesi boyutunun ötesine geçmemiştir. Öte yandan XVIII. yüzyıldaki iktisadi gelişmelere bağlı olarak Osmanlı tütün sektöründe piyasa ilişkilerini hazırlayıcı koşulların oluştuğu gözlemlenmiştir. Osmanlı tütün sektöründe çeşitli bölgelerde piyasaya dönük üretimin yapıldığı “çiftlik” olarak adlandırılan işletmelerin başarıyla organize edilmesi fiskalizm ilkesinin sınırlanmasına, diğer ilkelerden ise uzaklaşılmasına yol açmıştır. XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun dış borçlanmaya başlaması, tütün sektörü kurumsal tarihinde dönüm noktası niteliğindedir. Bu süreçte kurulan Düyun-ı Umumiye İdaresi ve Reji Şirketinin hem devlet borçlarını geri ödemesi hem de kendi gelirlerinden devlete pay aktarması fiskalizm kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Diğer taraftan tütün kaçakçılığıyla mücadelede devletin esnek bir tutum sergilemesi, iaşe ilkesi çerçevesinde halkın geçimliğinin sağlanmasına öncelik verildiğini göstermektedir. Kaçakçılıkla mücadele için yapılan giderlerin, tütün gelirlerinden devlete aktarılacak payı düşürdüğü fakat bu durumun iaşe ilkesi uğruna fiskalizm ilkesinden ödün verilmesi olarak kabul edilebilir.

American Economic Hardship in Go Down Moses by William Faulkner

This research investigates the representation of rural life in America in Go Down Moses by William Faulkner, especially in their economic mindset because most of the people in the village have a unique mindset that they have to move to the big city to get more successful. This analysis would like to give a new perspective on this mindset that people in the village can utilize the land in their village to get more money to get more successful they do not need to move to the bigger city for they can use their land by husbandry, agriculture, and fishery. The research used American Pastoral theory and the theory of ecocriticism. Go Down Moses is a novel with seven different stories, and each story with a different conflict in each story and the investigation will focus on the background and setting of the Environment in the story. And it will give the reader a new insight into utilizing land, especially in the village. This research is important to invite people awareness of utilizing the land for their living and throw away the wrong mindset that we have to move to the big city to get a better life.

Communication approaches to enhance patient motivation and adherence in cardiovascular disease prevention.

Preventive cardiology visits have traditionally focused on educating patients about disease risk factors and the need to avoid and manage them through lifestyle changes and medications. However, long‐term patient adherence to the recommended interventions remains a key unmet need. In this review we discuss the rationale and potential benefits of a paradigm shift in the clinician‐patient encounter, from focusing on education to explicitly discussing key drivers of individual motivation. This includes the emotional, psychological, and economic mindset that patients bring to their health decisions. Five communication approaches are proposed that progress clinician‐patient preventive cardiology conversations, from provision of information to addressing values and priorities such as common health concerns, love for the family, desire of social recognition, financial stressors, and desire to receive personalized advice. Although further research is needed, these approaches may facilitate developing deeper, more effective bonds with patients, enhance adherence to recommendations and ultimately, improve cardiovascular outcomes.

ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВО: ПРИРОДА, СОДЕРЖАНИЕ И СУЩНОСТЬ

I n recent times, entrepreneurship is given a special attention to as entrepreneurship is customarily seen to be a virtually free and unlimited factor of economic growth. Meanwhile, the question of its nature, content, and essence remains unresolved. This leads not only to a misunderstanding of the entrepreneurship mechanism and the behavior of entrepreneurs, but also to mistakes in economic policy in relation to entrepreneurship, in particular, associated with over-expectations regarding the entrepreneurs’ focus on social needs. The problem is aggravated by the fact that scientific literature claims that there are at least three approaches to entrepreneurship analysis: 1) entrepreneurship as an economic category, 2) as a management method, and 3) as a type of economic mindset. Each approach has its right to exist due to the versatility of the entrepreneurship phenomenon itself. The aim of this article is to study entrepreneurship as an economic category. This is driven by the fact that the other two aspects of the analysis can be appropriately described only if they are derived from the true nature of the phenomenon. Having the principles of the systemevolutionary approach in mind, the author shows the inextricable connection between entrepreneurship and the development of exchange and market economy. At the same time, it is proven that the variety of approaches to entrepreneurship stems both from the evolution of entrepreneurship itself and from wrong exploitation of its analysis methodology. This approach is novel because the article looks at entrepreneurship as a special type of business behavior. This gives a substantial conclusion that the content side of entrepreneurship is the conquest of competitive advantages, while its essence means “non-violent acquisition”, i.e. accumulation of property through market transactions. Understanding the nature of entrepreneurship as a result of exchange process and a market change agent gives promising prospects for studies in the area of evolution of exchange forms and the forms and methods of entrepreneurship existence.

CIVILIZATION, ECONOMY AND WAQF IN OTTOMAN EUROPE

The prosperity, stability, and socio-economic balance observed throughout Ottoman history was largely sustained by several key institutions developed in accordance with emerging challenges of the time whilst functioning effectively. Both the Ottoman economic mindset and impact of those institutions on the socio-economic and financial development cannot be ignored. In addition to other significant economic, social and political institutions, the waqf (charitable endowments) played a crucial role in Ottoman society and contributed to the supply of primary social needs, whether related to education, finance, health, economy, infrastructure or social stability. This article seeks to explore the role of waqfs, especially cash waqfs throughout 15th-19th century Ottoman Europe. It concludes that the investment of those waqf-based charity institution in religious, educational, health, and socio-economic sectors allowed for invaluable contributions in social spheres and public welfare in addition to playing a crucial role in the economic and financial stability and sustainability of the Ottoman society over long periods of time.
 
 Keywords: Balkan, cash Waqf, development, endowment, Islamic finance, Ottoman civilization, Ottoman economy.
 
 Cite as: Bulut, M. (2020). Civilization, economy and waqf in Ottoman Europe. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 48-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp48-67

Hardiness of Different Generations of Russian People

For a person, belonging to a certain generation has now become an indication of having witnessed certain historic events and possessing certain social and psychological qualities. This is a marker that most company executives, advertisers, managers, marketing specialists, and teachers take in consideration. Why is investigating differences between generations relevant? On one hand, both general public and the scientific community have demonstrated a growing interest in social psychology. On the other hand, this problem has not yet been sufficiently studied. In spite of large amounts of empirical data on the psychological differences in multi-age groups, there seem to be little to no research works focused on basic social and psychological characteristics of the generations. The society today, with its swift socio-economical changes, instability, and loss of values, is becoming more and more stressogenic. Events of the recent years (economic crisis, terrorist threats, technogenic disasters, unstable political relations etc.) constitute a major factor that exerts its influence on a personality. It has been noted that people generally feel less secure and protected after experiencing those events. The science is now facing the task of revealing and processing the psychological characteristics and predispositions that ensure a person’s ability to successfully adapt to the world that is constantly changing. The capacity of dealing with life troubles depends on the personality potential of an individual, on how psychologically mature an individual is, and on their value and purpose-in-life orientations. In foreign psychology, the notion of “hardiness” is used as a synonym to the idea of the personality potential. The present research is based on the results of a diagnostic survey that was addressed to Russian citizens from different regions of the Russian Federation, aged from 18 to 75. The diagnostic survey used the following methods: the “Hardiness Test” by D. Leontyev, the “Purpose in Life Orientation Test” by D. Leontyev, and the method of “Subjective Economic Well-Being” by V. Khashchenko. Therefore, the purpose in life and the economic mindset were used as determinants of hardiness. With age, the number of factors influencing the development of hardiness becomes larger; however, age does not determine the development of hardiness as a specific personality trait. Representatives of Generation Y (young Russian people aged 18 to 34) currently show the highest level of hardiness because their personalities are dominated by the “commitment” and “control” factors. In general, the presence of components of hardiness prevents the increase of psychological tension in stress situations because such individuals are highly resilient and give less importance to stress situations, doing a better job coping with these.

Austerity versus Diversity: the Production of News Content in Televisión del Principado de Asturias

Television del Principado de Asturias (TPA) is a regional public television that has been operating in Spain since 2005 by outsourcing part of its broadcasting activities. From the perspective of the political economy of communication and culture, this article studies the evolution of TPA’s outsourcing model, taking into account the production of news content. The time of the analysis extends from the start of its broadcasting to its last tender in this respect, in 2016. Initially, with the goal of promoting the regional audiovisual sector, TPA implemented a contracting model divided into content batches that were allocated to various companies, mostly regional. By doing so, the activities of production were distributed into different territorial areas. However, after the economic crisis of 2008, the confluence of several factors (economic austerity measures, the political change in the regional government and a torrent of lawsuits for illegal transfer of workers) changed the outsourcing model. Currently, the complete activity of production is concentrated on a sole tenderer, which is part of an audiovisual conglomerate at the national level, selected because of proposing the most advantageous economic offer. This has represented a reduction in the diversity of sources of production contracted and the triumph of an economic mindset over social benefit and public service in the socio-economic contexts of austerity.

Trial and Error: The Introduction of Plants and Animals to German Micronesia 1885–1914

ABSTRACTIn the absence of real strategic interest in her Micronesian possessions, Imperial Germany set out to administer the Islands Territory of Micronesia with as little financial effort as possible. To maximize returns from the colonies, the German administrators assessed the agricultural potential of the islands and set about introducing plant varieties for trial and future commercial planting. This paper traces the history of the animal and plant introductions to Micronesia and compiles the available evidence. The administrators were caught in an economic mindset circumscribed by copra production as well as by the need to grow crops of strategic potential, such as rubber-producing plants. While initially reliant on the interest and initiative of the local administrators, agricultural experimentation became increasingly centralized. The absence of fully trained agricultural advisors, especially in the later years of the German colonial administration, meant that plants of great commercial potential, such as sugarcane in the Marianas, were never trialled.

Reframing the Decision-Makers’ Dilemma: Towards a Social Context Model of Creative Idea Recognition

Can decision-maker roles—roles with responsibility for allocating resources toward ideas—shape which ideas people in those roles view as creative? Prior theory suggests that expertise should influence creativity assessments, yet examples abound of experts in different roles disagreeing about whether the same idea is creative. We build and test a social context model of creative idea recognition to show how decision-maker roles can shift creativity assessments. In an experimental study, we show that relative to non-decision-making roles, decision-making roles inculcate an economic mindset and so lead to downgrading otherwise creative ideas with cues of low social approval. A quasi-experimental study triangulates and extends this finding showing that organizational decision-making roles can habitually evoke an economic mindset that shapes creativity assessments. In both studies, decision-maker role, economic mindset, and social approval levels were unrelated to idea usefulness ratings. By integrating work o...

‘Articles of Practical Banking Written by Practical Bankers’

This article analyses the reportage of the banking publication Bankers’ Magazine over the duration of the Great Irish Famine (1845–50). It explores attitudes to famine incidence and relief prevalent among Irish and British banking officials, as expounded in the trade publication representing their views. These professionals, employed in branch networks across both Irish and British society, were not political elites or ideologues, but rather saw themselves as ‘practical bankers’. This analysis shows that the Bankers’ Magazine reportage of the famine espoused, albeit in a measured rhetoric, the prevailing economic mindset based on self-reliance and the free market mechanism, while repeatedly acknowledging Irish famine-era suffering and reconciling itself to the expediency of ‘unproductive’ government-funded famine relief efforts. This analysis also shows the Bankers’ Magazine’s famine reportage to have largely been subsumed by its campaign against the Bank Charter Act. More generally, the article argues that the Irish banking system offers a useful, though underutilised, lens through which to view famine-era socio-economic institutional workings and public opinion.

Joanna Masel: Bypass Wall Street: A biologist’s guide to the rat race

Joanna Masel is an evolutionary biologist at the University of Arizona who dabbles in behavioral economics. Bypass Wall Street: A Biologist’s Guide to the Rat Race is her attempt to bring a biologist’s perspective to retirement planning. In particular, she believes that the “economic mindset” is biased toward assuming that competition results in greater prosperity over time, rather than simply redistributing the gains, or worse, diminishing the sum total of value in society. The book has an admirable goal: to use insights from evolutionary theory to help bamboozled investors overcome the alleged blindness of economists. There is little in the book having to do with biology per se, however, or with the author’s specialty in evolution. The well-known behavioral foibles of investor irrationality or myopia— status quo bias, confirmation bias, loss aversion, and so on—are not addressed in this volume. Instead, the link between finance and evolution rests on the author’s concern with “relative competition,” the notion that success merely means beating the other guy, not necessarily improving absolute fitness. Her overall conclusion is that the push of competition does not result in optimal outcomes. The invisible hand is no elixir, which astute followers of Adam Smith have known for some time. Appropriate institutions are also needed for competition to work well. Yet the biologist’s emphasis on competition at all costs seems overstated in some contexts, given the growing interest in social cooperation as one explanation for species success (Sober and Wilson 1999; Bowles and Gintis 2013) and the accumulating experimental evidence on Smith’s moral sentiments operating at the microeconomic level. Nevertheless, the book offers insights into financial markets and suggestions that are valuable, if not always accessible, to the average saver.

Profile of head injuries in Road Traffic Accident cases with Ocular trauma in a rural tertiary care hospital

Background Road traffic accidents form a major part of accident and emergency care not only in cities but also in rural places. Improved affordability, changed socio economic conditions, personality and mind set of the younger generation, etc.. have influenced the behavioral pattern directly & indirectly. Access to accident and emergency care in rural India is still limited; especially with regards to management of head injuries. This research was conducted as an arm of a study of ocular injuries, as it was felt that there was a close inter relation between ocular injuries & head injuries, the outcome of this research may help in drawing attention to head injuries and better management of the same. Objectives • To study profile and pattern of head injuries in relation to eye injury presenting to Accident and Emergency services of a tertiary care hospital, wherein ophthalmology reference was sought. Head injuries include both injuries to the brain and those to other parts of the head, such as the scalp and skull. • It is also useful to study common ophthalmic manifestation in various types of head injury and to attempt a correlation between the neurological signs, ocular signs, GCS (Glassgow Coma Scale). • It was a non-interventional study to analyze correlation, if any, between Ocular trauma & head injuries. • This study aims to record incidence & various modes of injury which can cause serious eye involvement with mild head injury as well as serious head injury with minimal eye involvement. Materials & Methods 60 consecutive patients presenting to Ophthalmology outpatient department or accident and emergency department of PESIMSR, with ocular trauma from the period August 2013-April 2015 were included in the study. This was an added arm of the study of ocular injuries, approved by the hospital ethical review board. And it did not include any additional intervention or investigation. Results In our study 31 patients were associated with head injury along with associated ocular injury. Out of 31, 27 were males and only 4 were females. Out of 31, 21 were two wheelerdrivers, 2 were two wheeler passengers, 4 were four wheeler passengers, 4 were pedestrians.25 patients had mild head injury, 2 patients had moderate head injury, 4 patients had severe head injury. Out of 31, 6 patients had traumatic optic neuropathy. Invariably all patients of skull fracture were associated with periorbital edema/ecchymosis. Out of 31, 20 patients had Ocular Trauma Score (OTS)-100. OTS between 80-100-1 patient. 55-80-2 patients, 45-55-4patients. Conclusion Those with head injury other than skull fractures had intraocular findings rather than extra ocular involvement. Thus it signifies the importance of intraocular findings in relation to head injury. Language: en

A Comparative Study of Effects of Time Priming and Money Priming on Pro-Social Behavior

Money and time both play important roles in people’s daily life. Many studies have demonstrated that even subtle reminder of money or time will influence human behaviors. Empirical researches suggested that money cues had triggered a state of self-sufficient economic mind-set while time priming can activate a kind of emotional mind-set. As a result, participants whose money concepts were primed showed less pro-social behavior than those who were not been primed of time. This paper is mainly to summarize previous research, and further discuss two problems: 1) the different mechanisms of time on pro-social behavior compared to money; 2) broadening our scope of research samples about time priming and money priming.

The Effects of Money Priming on Pro-social Behavior and Its Decision Mechanism

Money plays an important role in people's daily life. Many studies have demonstrated that even subtle reminder of money will influence human behaviors. Empirical researches suggested that money cues had triggered a state of self-sufficiency, economic mind-set, free-market values and self-interested identity(social-cognitive model). As a result, participants whose money concepts were primed showed less altruistic pro-social behavior, less commonweal pro-social behavior, less relationship pro-social behavior and less trait pro-social behavior than those not been primed of money. There are many questions should be further explored:(1) The effects of money on pro-social behavior being extended to cover organizational management;(2) The moderate effect of socioeconomic status between money priming and pro-social behavior;(3) The different effect of time on pro-social behavior compared to money;(4) The neural mechanisms of money priming effects on pro-social behavior.

Western economics versus Buddhist economics

The paper explores Buddhist economics as a major alternative to the Western economic mindset. Buddhism is centred on want negation and purification of the human character. Buddhist economics, developed by Schumacher, Payutto, Welford and others, challenges the basic principles of modern Western economics: (1) profit-maximisation, (2) cultivating desires, (3) introducing markets, (4) instrumental use of the world, and (5) self-interest-based ethics. Buddhist economics proposes alternative principles such as minimising suffering, simplifying desires, non-violence, genuine care, and generosity. It is suggested that Buddhist economics is not a system but a strategy, which can be applied in any economic setting.

Resource-miser business models

In 1994, the 'Factor 10-Club' was founded to draw the attention of engineers and society at large to the need to dematerialise the economies of industrialised countries by 90%, or a Factor 10. This ecology-based approach neglected the need for new business models. Around the year 2000, a new political vision of sustainable growth was formulated that was more influenced by economists and policy makers, that is still struggling today. The main challenge of resource efficiency is a change in the economic mindset that goes with it, from the industrial economy of production optimisation to a service economy optimising the performance of goods in utilisation. This paper sketches some of this challenge.

Educating Everyone in Humanities for both Post-bureaucracy and Bureaucracy

Comments on an article by John Hendry. In the main, the commentator agree with Hendry in his description of the 'intellectual tyranny of the economic mindset' and in his concern for other values and goals in business society. Management education definitely needs other than economic goals, as Hendry argues. The commentators arguments for the humanities are slightly different, though, from Hendry's, and he do not think that managers are the only group that needs education in the humanities. Finally, the commentator would like to add a few subjects and methods to those that Hendry suggests should be involved in humanities education for business students. In addition to history and literature, which Hendry suggests, the commentator also recommend education in ethics.

How Corporate Governance and Globalization Can Run Afoul of the Law and Good Practices in Business: The Enron's Disgraceful Affair

The purpose of this paper is to set out the Enron's demise into the perspective of Corporate and Global Governance. To accomplish this target, the incremental cash flow model is expanded to give room for governance issues, while a functional introduction to information sets is developed, including bounded rationality, asymmetric information, opportunistic behavior, transaction costs and agency problems. Then, corporate governance is linked to globalization by means of some recent approaches that go beyond a narrow economic mindset to encompass a far-reaching dynamics. Taking advantage of such background, the Enron's story is tracked down over a span of fifteen years since its starting day to its bankruptcy filing. Leading events are explained from corporate and global governance viewpoints, while an in-depth analysis is worked out on Enron's complex game of deception and breach of contracts: the outrageous affiliated limited partnerships, the lavish pay package to its executives, the involvement with global governance through the Indian affair and the Taliban connection. It is for the incremental cash flow model to explain malfeasance with cash flows from assets, and how cash flows to creditors were actually contrived. Furthermore, to highlight how cash flows were swindled from stockholders and, finally, how Enron made wheeling and dealing with cash flows on behalf of its managers.