State Intervention Research Articles

Economic Policy in the Conception of the Mexican National State through Globalization

The objective of this essay is to contribute briefly to the understanding of the conception of the Mexican State from the perspective of economic policy, under the premise of the struggle between two ideological currents: 1) the one that promotes the intervention of the State in the economy and in the market and 2) the liberal one, which, as a political strategy, it changed its name to neoliberalism in 1938, and whose purpose lies in the liberation of markets and the restriction of the role of the State in public affairs. In this sense, this text also addresses some relations between Mexico and the United States, as well as global events as important factors in the construction of the national state. The essay is presented in three sections: 1) Welfare State: the development of its conception from the conflict. 2) Neoliberalism and the deconstruction of the State and 3) New perspectives on a global State. In addition to an introduction that puts into perspective the problem of the formation of the State since the Independence of Mexico.

Explaining Union Decline: Remaking Power Relations in the Pilbara Iron Ore Industry

How have scholars tried to explain marked union membership decline in the Global North, and how have they assessed consequent “union renewal” strategies? In this journal in 2020, Bowden argued that most accounts of unionism failed to explain decline, relied too much on state policy as causation and were too optimistic about those renewal strategies. One way to respond to these important general claims is to assess, as this article does, a striking and important local instance of decline and unsuccessful strategy – Pilbara unionism, once an archetype of mining workers’ power – and to do so over the entire history of an industry. In explaining the fall of the Pilbara mining unions, which for 20 years until 1986 had seemed so strong, “power resources” and geography itself were remade by capital in ways that were entwined with, but did not always rely on, state action. This argument recasts debate about decline in two ways: by drawing on a longer timeframe than is common in industrial relations scholarship and by adopting a more theoretically explicit, and inter-disciplinary, framing than is usual in the labour historiography addressing these issues. The explanation offered here shows how, after just 20 years of mining, union power in the Pilbara unravelled. Employer strategy, the precise nature and timing of state intervention, and the geographically textured nature of employer and union power explain the rise and fall of these unions.

Application of Hedonic Pricing Model and Geographic Information System on Property Valuation in Yogyakarta

This study aims to: 1) identify the differences in housing choices between Generation Z (students) and the previous generation (parents or guardians); 2) determine the factors influencing housing purchase decisions; and 3) map the areas of interest for Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) students based on price. The research employs a combination of the Hedonic Pricing Model (HPM) and Geographic Information System (GIS), a method that remains limited in the field of property research. The findings reveal that significant factors affecting property prices are building area and location, with the majority of UGM students choosing to reside in Ngaglik District, Sleman Regency. Sleman Regency is also the predominant area where UGM students purchase housing in Yogyakarta. Key attributes influencing UGM students' housing decisions include a safe neighbourhood, residential environment, and distance from waste centers. This research contributes valuable information to property appraisers regarding property price distribution in Yogyakarta and its influencing factors, and provides crucial insights for effective decision-making and policy implementation in regional economic development planning, especially in less popular areas.

Differentials in Countries’ Total Factor Productivity and the Factors Influencing Them

The diminishing potential for enhancing productive resources in order to sustain economic growth demands greater emphasis on how efficiently they are used as measured by total factor productivity (TFP). Long-term trends, differences between countries, and macro-level factors were assessed using qualitative and quantitative analysis of economic and financial indicators for a sample of 74 countries from 1978 to 2022. The article confirms that Russia and most other countries have been experiencing a steady downturn in total factor productivity. In some cases, productivity has been falling since the 2008 global financial crisis because key factors changed in the post-crisis period. In particular, growth of TFP has become correlated with increasing fixed investment, a high level of domestic financial development and protection of property rights, and limitation of state intervention in the economy, as well as with following a model of capitalism that allows for a moderate level of state ownership. Those developing countries of Central and Eastern Europe that have consistently implemented market-oriented reforms have also been able to sustain growth. The increasing importance of highly country-specific variables suggests that countries are trying to make greater use of domestic economic policies to support TFP growth and thus counteract the global productivity decline observed by many economists. Although individual countries may succeed in maintaining their growth, such measures are not sufficient to prevent a global slowdown.

The Russia-Ukraine conflict, soaring international energy prices, and implications for global economic policies

This study examines the economic impact of soaring international energy prices during the Russia-Ukraine conflict from February 23, 2022, to May 31, 2022. Notably, by applying a CGE model, this study offers insights into energy policies at both macroeconomic and industrial levels, emphasizing the model's utility in analyzing complex economic interactions under geopolitical stress. Findings indicate that: (1) Russia, a critical energy-producing country, faced severe economic setbacks due to sanctions, with its GDP contracting by 5.5 %, household income decreasing by 4 %, and consumer spending dropping by 3.5 %. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in domestic investment by 6 %, a decline in output by 5 %, and a decrease in societal welfare indicators. (2) Other energy-producing countries or regions, such as the Middle Eastern oil-producing countries, Australia, Canada, Mexico, and Southeast Asia, experienced economic benefits from the global energy market's “crowding-out effect.” These regions saw an increase in GDP ranging from 2 % to 4.5 %, output growth by 3 %–6 %, and household income and consumption improvements by approximately 3 %–5 %. However, these benefits were tempered by a 1 %–2.5 % decline in domestic investment due to rising local energy costs. (3) Developed and developing regions, suffered adverse impacts, including the US, UK, EU, Japan, China, South Asia, Middle Eastern non-oil-producing countries, and Africa. These regions reported a decrease in GDP by 0.5 %–3 %, a decline in household income by 2 %–4 %, and lower consumption rates by 1.5 %–3.5 %. The economic strain was further exacerbated by an inflation increase of up to 2 % across these economies. This research offers valuable insights for governments and policymakers globally to address the challenges posed by the Ukraine crisis-induced energy crisis, underscoring the need for strategic energy policy adjustments and economic resilience planning.

Malaysia’s ICT sector policymaking: toward a developmental network state

The history of Malaysia’s efforts to develop an internationally competitive information and communication technology (ICT) sector demonstrates how state interventionism has shaped its development trajectory. Early ambitions to ‘leapfrog’ Malaysia’s development by launching a cutting-edge innovation-based ICT sector failed, yet recent dynamism has established an internationally competitive shared services/global business process outsourcing sub-sector, as well as created a thriving eco-system for ICT-based start-up entrepreneurship in industries such as digital platform services and creative content. The renovation of the state’s role exemplifies key features of O’Riain’s model of the developmental network state (DNS) including the decentralization and networking of public agencies implementing industrial policy across the enterprise development life cycle, as well as a fast-follower approach to targeting. Unlike the DNS model, however, in Malaysia an enterprise ecosystem policy approach has not eroded the state’s overall economic leadership by embedding public authority in networks with private business interest group constituencies.

Modeling the United Oscillation and Wave of economic policy and urban planning employing spatial population dynamics.

Modern urban dynamics are increasingly shaped by the interplay between economic policy and urban planning, yet often lack an integrated approach. This study bridges this gap by examining the dynamic equilibrium between these two realms using the "Oscillation and Wave Framework." Specifically, we focus on the impact of variations in congestion parameter λ on urban sectoral spatial distribution and population dynamics. Our approach utilizes an advanced agent-based model to simulate interactions within an urban economic landscape, offering a detailed analysis of the relationship between agglomeration economies and congestion diseconomies. The results highlight the significant influence of congestion parameter adjustments on urban patterns, particularly in terms of cluster density and development. Therefore, this study not only provides a deeper understanding of the intricate balance between economic and urban planning factors but also emphasizes the necessity of incorporating these insights into urban planning and policy formulation for sustainable urban development. The findings also have important practical implications for addressing the dynamic complexities of urban environments, especially the interactions between different industries and their role in shaping urban structures.

An energy system model-based approach to investigate cost-optimal technology mixes for the Cuban power system to meet national targets

Cuba's power supply is characterized by the dependence on imported oil, outdated power plants and frequent power curtailment. Cuba's government aims at changing this situation through the National Economic and Social Development Plan, which targets a renewable share of 37 % in 2030. In the longer term, the Cuban government has already acknowledged the goal of 100 % renewable electricity supply. This work reviews the current ambitions of the Cuban government and provides a scientific approach to identifying the most cost-effective 100 % renewable energy system in 2030. First, we study whether the generation mix proposed by the Cuban government to reach 37 % renewables is the most cost-effective. Second, we run a simulation that considers fossil and renewable energy technologies purely to optimize costs. Third, we investigate the renewable future for Cuba with a simulation under the constraint of a 100 % renewable energy share. Our results suggest that energy sector plans should be reconsidered from a techno-economic point of view: With the overall cost-optimization, we find that much higher renewable energy shares of over 80 % are possible at lower overall costs. Finally, we analyze that the cost viability of a 100 % renewable electricity depends largely on the ability to use Cuba's biomass resources to balance solar generation.

Micro and Small Companies: Economic Impacts of Differentiated Legislation and Government Interventions

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the economic analysis of law as a methodological framework to evaluate state intervention in favor of micro (ME) and small businesses (EPP), with the aim of understanding how such interventions can influence growth, the innovation and competitiveness of these companies, as well as their contribution to economic development. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. Public policy theories, development economics and organizational theory stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the impact of state interventions on ME and EPP. Theoretical models and case studies illustrate a variety of approaches and results. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a deductive study, using both quantitative and qualitative data. Data collection was carried out through documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires applied to ME and EPP representatives, in addition to statistical analyzes to evaluate indicators of growth, innovation, employment capacity and financial sustainability. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that state intervention, through subsidies, advantageous tax policies, training programs and facilitating access to public purchases, can have significant impacts on ME and EPP. The analysis showed sustainable growth, innovation and job creation, although the effectiveness of interventions is intrinsically linked to factors such as appropriate policy design, effective coordination between government bodies and the ability to adapt to the specific needs of each sector and region. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of economic development and public policy for ME and EPP. These implications could range from improving existing policies, formulating new state intervention strategies, and identifying areas for future research. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the importance of the economic analysis of law in the evaluation of public policies aimed at ME and EPP. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the innovative approach and findings that can impact the formulation and implementation of effective policies, promoting the sustainable growth and competitiveness of these companies.

The effectiveness of applying the economic and technological dimensions of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s vision 2030 to achieve the competitive advantage of the Hail Region

This research focuses on examining the impact of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 on the energy industry, specifically in the Hail region, by exploring the role of technological and economic strategies in fostering sustainable energy development. The study aims to identify key factors that facilitate the implementation of Vision 2030 to assess the current energy landscape in Saudi Arabia. By delving into the economic and technological dimensions of Vision 2030, the research seeks to determine the essential components that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia needs to establish systems and initiatives that align with global scientific and technological advances, ensuring competitiveness and progress in the global arena. By surveying 60 faculty members from Hail University, the study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to unravel how economic activities and technological advancements collaborate to shape a sustainable and competitive energy sector. The findings highlight the crucial role of technological innovations, including advances in administrative processes, human resource management, regulatory frameworks, and technical infrastructure related to energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. Furthermore, the study evaluates economic aspects such as labor market reforms, skill development programs, and support for emerging energy enterprises. The results underscore the positive impact of technological and economic interventions on the energy sector in the Hail region, with significant improvements in energy project management efficiency and the creation of a conducive environment for sustainable energy practices. The study reveals that the integration of technological and economic initiatives has led to notable improvements in the energy sector, reflected in average values ranging from 68% to 84%. These results underscore the fundamental role of Vision 2030 in advancing sustainable energy development and underscore the importance of leveraging economic and technological strategies to achieve energy sustainability and competitive advantage. This research contributes to understanding how Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 is driving progress in the energy industry and emphasizes the importance of integrating economic and technological approaches in shaping a sustainable energy landscape. The findings provide valuable information for policymakers and stakeholders in the energy sector, highlighting the need for concerted efforts to harness economic and technological advancements to promote sustainable energy development. By showcasing the transformative impact of Vision 2030 on the energy sector in the Hail region, this study underscores the originality and importance of research in advancing the goals of sustainable energy development in Saudi Arabia.

Sizing of storage‐based renewable off‐grid system according to supply of electrical and thermal energies considering unscented transformation‐based stochastic optimization: A case study

AbstractThe paper presents the planning (sizing) of a hybrid islanded system containing only renewable sources including wind turbines, photovoltaics, and bio‐waste energy units for the simultaneous supply of electrical and thermal energy. The mentioned renewable sources are used to supply electrical energy. The bio‐waste unit (BEU) is equipped with combined electrical and thermal technology. It is used along with heat pumps to supply thermal energy. Electrical and thermal storage are employed to make the renewable power output as close as possible to the demand level. Electric storage can be either stationary (e.g., battery) or mobile (e.g., electric vehicles), but thermal storage is as stationary type of storage. In the following, the proposed scheme minimizes construction and maintenance costs imposed by power sources, storage devices, and power electronic converters, and expected storage degradation cost. This plan is bound to the model of operation of sources, storage devices, and power electronic converters. In this model, renewables are the main source of power to supply consumers, where storage is adopted to increase the generation level to make it as close as possible to the demand curve. The uncertain parameters are imposed by the load, renewable phenomena, and mobile storage parameters. To model these uncertainties, stochastic optimization based on unscented transformation is used. Finally, the findings of the paper demonstrate that the suggested scheme succeeds in the economic planning of the system with a simultaneous supply of electrical and thermal energy. The BEU equipped with a combined electricity and heat system along with thermal storage and a heat pump to supply thermal load besides providing electric energy can reduce the planning cost by 2.9% compared with the case with only electrical energy. Also, the mobile storage presence in the hybrid system can reduce the number of stationary storage devices, which alone results in a 7.7% decrease in the planning cost of the hybrid system.

Perception of Housing Policy in the Context of Poles’ Political Views in 2022: Between Human Needs and the Free Market

Polish housing policy, which was implemented after 1989, gradually evolved towards reducing the scale of state intervention in terms of the instruments used and the directions of influence on how to meet housing needs. The aim of the article is to analyze survey data collected in 2022, which indicate how adult residents of Poland perceive and evaluate activities implemented at the national and local level in this area of social policy, taking into account their declared political views. The results of the analysis indicate that this factor is not associated with clearly different assessments and expectations in this area of people with left-wing or right-wing political views.

Regional disparities in BCG vaccination coverage and tuberculosis incidence in infants among Brazilian states.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination and tuberculosis (TB) incidence in children under 1 year of age are critical public health indicators in Brazil. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disrupted vaccination coverage (VC), potentially impacting TB incidence. Understanding regional disparities in VC and TB incidence can inform targeted interventions. We conducted an observational and ecological study using BCG vaccination data (2019-21) and TB incidence (2020-22) for all births in Brazil. Data were collected from public health databases, stratified by state, and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics to explore VC and TB incidence. Between 2019 and 2021, average BCG VC was 79.59%, with significant variation among states (P < .001). Only four states achieved minimum recommended coverage (>90%). TB incidence varied significantly among states (P = .003). There was a notable decline in VC from 2019 (90.72%) to 2021 (78.67%) (P < .001). This study highlights regional disparities in BCG VC and TB incidence among Brazilian states. Lower VC post-pandemic may increase TB incidence, requiring targeted interventions in states with inadequate coverage. The findings underscore the importance of sustaining vaccination programs amidst public health crises and implementing strategies to enhance access and uptake.

M62 - Pilot Trial of a Behavioral Economic Intervention to Promote Cannabis-Free Activities for Non-Treatment Seeking Adults With Cannabis Use Disorder

M62 - Pilot Trial of a Behavioral Economic Intervention to Promote Cannabis-Free Activities for Non-Treatment Seeking Adults With Cannabis Use Disorder

Nickel Downstreaming in Indonesia: Reinventing Sustainable Industrial Policy and Developmental State in Building the EV Industry in ASEAN

The developmental state concept, which entails proactive government support for economic structural transformation, remains contentious today. Some scholars vigorously argue that government intervention in the economy was indispensable to the success of East Asian countries, whereas others are critical of the practice, arguing that it tends to neglect sustainability dimensions and contending that government intervention in the market is often unwarranted. In this study, the authors analyse how Indonesia’s nickel ‘downstreaming’ strategy represents a new developmental state model that considers the aforementioned discourse on the merit of industrial policy. The new model aligns the classical developmental state concept with the need to address pressing environmental and social concerns, which are widely recognized as being of paramount importance. Through an integrative literature review and secondary data analysis, the study reveals that Indonesia’s downstreaming strategy does exemplify a new developmental state model, as the government does not aim just to stimulate economic growth but also to contribute to the energy transition with EV battery manufacturing and to invigorate social inclusion by ameliorating inequality particularly in Eastern Indonesia. Nevertheless, the application of the new developmental state model through the downstreaming strategy uncovers some areas where improvement is necessary. The policy needs to be continuously refined so that its negative environmental and social externalities can be mitigated, and it can serve as a better example of a new developmental state model.

The Emigration Conundrum: EU Countries of Origin of Migrants Between Integration and Demarcation

AbstractBased on an analysis of parliamentary debates and party manifestos from 2000 to 2022 in three EU countries of emigration, this article responds to the following question: How emigration is discussed in the political discourse, by whom and why? The research on Poland, Portugal and Romania reveals that parties of the left and right address the societal impacts of emigration whilst simultaneously acknowledging the appreciation of citizens of EU freedoms. Tackling this conundrum, parties call for domestic demarcation for an issue that is partially European. They advocate for state intervention to improve working and living conditions and express concern for the sustainability of the national community responding to demographic changes. The variation amongst the case countries is evident in the dominance of a rightist framing in Central and Eastern Europe, emphasizing state intervention and concerns for the nation, and a leftist framing in Southern Europe, advocating solely for state intervention into the economy. Differently structured party systems and strength of cleavages explain this variation.

Universal Human Rights and socioeconomic disparities in Brazil: Dystopia to be propagated by the State

Universal Human Rights are the basic rights and freedoms necessary for all human beings to live with dignity. They are also those that oblige the State to promote the population's access to opportunities of all kinds, to the overcoming of social inequalities, to transparency in the use of power and to countless other rights. Thus, Brazilian society being placated by great socioeconomic differences and different social classes, in the face of the countless ills that engulf its population, because there is an urgent need for state intervention in favor of social welfare and popular participation in the democratic affairs of the State, so that the most serious problems of our society are diluted to the point of becoming non-existent. The effectiveness of Human Rights requires, therefore, efficient public policies on the part of the constituted power and organized civil society fighting for what is their right.

Beijing Forest Carbon Storage Potential Capacity

Forests serve as a crucial carbon reservoir. Therefore, optimizing forest carbon storage is a pathway towards achieving carbon neutrality. In this study, the Forest Simulation Optimization System (FSOS) was used to simulate the carbon storage in Beijing forests over 250 years (2018-2268). It was found that under the no management scenario, carbon storage fluctuates with the natural growth and death of trees, with peaks of more than 90 million tons. It proves that forests have a strong capacity of carbon storage. In the management scenario, harvest trees and make them into furniture, total carbon storage is high and maintains a stable level of 108 million tons. This is almost 1.6 times higher than in the no management scenario on average. In addition, the growth rate of carbon storage is fastest in the middle-aged forest and the near-mature forest. Therefore, in order to optimize the carbon sequestration benefits of forests, the forestry sector must pay attention to the age structure of forests in the future. Based on the results of this study, recommendations were made to optimize carbon storage in Beijing forests and to integrate forest managements of Beijing forests into regional economic and environmental planning.

Forecasting the Unemployment Rate in the Philippines using Box-Jenkins Methodology: Advancing Economic Strategies for Sustainable Development Goals

Unemployment remains a critical macroeconomic issue in Southeast Asia, significantly impacting the Philippines. This study aims to forecast the unemployment rate in the Philippines using ARIMA models to inform policy decisions and economic planning. The study utilized ARMA model for time series forecasting, leveraging past values and error terms to predict future data points. The methodology involved identifying suitable models through stationarity tests and autocorrelation analyses, estimating model parameters, and conducting diagnostic checks to ensure accuracy. Finally, the models were used to forecast future values and compute confidence intervals, providing insights into potential future trends. Monthly unemployment data from 2019 to 2023 was analyzed using the ARIMA (1,1,0) model, selected for its optimal fit based on statistical criteria. Initial findings indicated non-stationary unemployment data, necessitating first differencing to achieve stationarity. The ARIMA (1,1,0) model showed robustness, evidenced by diagnostic checks and Portmanteau test results confirming white noise residuals. Forecasts from 2024 to 2050 suggest fluctuating unemployment rates until 2034, followed by a gradual decline, indicating potential economic growth and improved labor market conditions. These forecasts align with the broader goal of sustainable economic development and highlight the importance of strategic policy interventions to foster job creation and economic stability in the Philippines. The study highlights the efficacy of ARIMA models in capturing unemployment trends and aiding policymakers in mitigating the socio-economic impacts of unemployment.

La felicidad social como fundamento en el diseño de políticas públicas :Una revisión sistemática

This paper examines the literature on social happiness as a basis for designing public policies. The systematic review initiated with a Scopus search using Boolean criteria, covering the period from 2013 to 2023. 49 out of 943 articles were selected through inclusion and exclusion criteria using RAYYAN software for data management and extraction, and the PRISMA model as a guide to ensure the replicability of the research. The descriptive findings reveal that most publications are from Latin America, showing a consistent increase in scientific output over the years, with 2021 being the peak year for related publications. This paper identifies debates on the viability of using happiness as a foundation in public policy design, importance of impact evaluation, and experimental methods. The document categorizes the macroeconomic, institutional and governmental, sociodemographic, psychological, and environmental and sustainability variables that interrelate with happiness, including factors such as income, economic stability, wealth distribution, state intervention, among other relevant factors. The literature reveals gaps, such as the lack of a universally accepted definition of social happiness and a shortage of longitudinal and experimental studies. Recommendations include a multidimensional approach, consideration of cultural and socioeconomic context, use of experimental methodologies, citizen participation, and incorporating happiness into the political agenda. Final reflections underscore transformative potential of integrating subjective well-being into the government agenda and the associated challenges, such as resistance to change and the lack of consensus on how to define and measure social happiness.