Indicators Of Economic Development Research Articles

Slowing the expansion of impervious surfaces: the key to promoting high-quality and sustainable regional development.

Sponge cities are disaster-resilient and sustainable infrastructure, and the emergence of impervious surfaces hinders the construction of sponge cities. In response to the United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, the study of the spatio-temporal evolution and influencing factors of impervious surfaces provides an effective basis for the construction of sponge cities. In this paper, multi-source remote sensing images (Landsat 4-5 TM was used in 2000 and 2010, Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS was used in 2020) were used as data sources to construct a multi-feature impervious surface estimation model. By combining and refining the advantages of MISI, NDBI, and BUAI feature indices, we obtained the impervious surface cover of Nanchang City in 2000, 2010, and 2020. And its spatio-temporal evolution characteristics were analyzed by using the ESDA. The main factors of the impervious surface were analyzed by using the ordinary panel data model and the spatial durbin model. Results: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the impervious surface area of Nanchang City increased from 516.13 to 1075.12 km2. The overall impervious surface distribution in Nanchang City expressed a significant neighborhood distribution; (2) socio-economic factors had a positive role in promoting the impervious surface of Nanchang City. Among them, the correlation coefficient of the economic development index (0.2332), real estate investment (0.1518), and gross industrial output value (0.0453) were the most significant in the local areas; (3) the economic development index (0.2307), real estate investment (0.0251), and passenger volume (0.1679) stimulated the growth of impervious surfaces in adjacent areas, and the total population (-0.8074) had a buffering effect on adjacent areas. In order to promote the sustainable development of the region, it is necessary to propose corresponding measures and suggestions based on the impervious surface of Nanchang City.

Digital Economy Development and Green Innovation Efficiency from a Two-Stage Innovation Value Chain Perspective

Resolving the conflict between economic growth and ecological sustainability is crucial when transitioning from traditional economic development towards a sustainable green model. In this context, the super-NSBM model was applied to measure the efficiency of green innovation technology research and development. Additionally, it was applied to measure the efficiency of the green innovation achievement transformation among 30 Chinese provinces. This evaluation was conducted for the period from 2011 to 2021, and it utilized a two-stage innovation value chain perspective. The entropy method was used to comprehensively calculate the digital economy development index, and the impact of digital economy development on the two-stage green innovation effect was empirically explored using SDM. The findings revealed the following: Firstly, both two-stage green innovation efficiency and digital economy development exhibited significant spatial characteristics. Secondly, digital economy development had a positive effect on two-stage green innovation efficiency not only in the local region but also in neighboring regions. This conclusion remained valid throughout a series of robustness tests. Thirdly, in terms of regional heterogeneity, the eastern region and non-resource-based regions had greater digital economy development dividends than the central, western, and resource-based regions; therefore, the effect on two-stage green innovation efficiency was more significant. Lastly, both intellectual property protection and data factor endowment exerted positive moderating effects on the influence of the digital economy on two-stage green innovation efficiency. The conclusions of this research provide a theoretical backing for and empirical proof of the mechanism of digital economy development and its impact on two-stage green innovation efficiency. Policy implications are suggested based on these findings, such as reinforcing digitalization, establishing targeted policies, and fostering a favorable external environment conducive to technological innovation.

Analisis Determinan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Inklusif Di Pulau Sumatera

This research is used to determine the factors that influence inclusive economic growth on the island of Sumatra. The analysis used is panel data regression analysis using panel data with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) method with time series data from 2012 to 2021 and cross-section data for ten provinces on Sumatra Island. The analysis results explain that the Labor Force Participation Rate does not affect the Inclusive Economic Development Index. Meanwhile, the average length of schooling, the poor population, and the Open Unemployment Rate significantly impact the Inclusive Economic Development Index.

Investment in tertiary education in OECD countries: Student spending and public support, allocation of education funding by resource category

Subject. This article discusses the issues of financing and ensuring the accessibility of higher education, and getting the balance between higher education spending and other public spending. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the major economic indicators of the higher education system's development in some countries and regions. Methods. For the study, I used the general scientific research methods. Results. The article describes different combinations of students' tuition costs and ways to find the optimal balance between different forms of learning support undertaken by governments of different countries. Conclusions. The high quality of higher education is recognized as an absolute priority. In the coming decade, higher education ecosystems will change in many countries, driven by changes in demand for higher education. More flexible and diverse financing modalities are needed, taking into account the practices of different countries.

Regional Differences and Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Digital Economy Development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Digital economy has emerged as one of the primary driving forces for economic globalization. However, assessing digital economy development in a robust and scientific manner remains a great challenge. This paper proposes an evaluation system with measurement errors correction to accurately research the regional differences in and the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of digital economy development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB), combining the entropy method, the Dagum–Gini coefficient, an σ convergence model and grey correlation analysis. The results present that the digital economy development index in the YEB rose from 2012 to 2021, with the greatest weight being social livelihood benefits. Meanwhile, there were noticeable regional differences in digital economy development in the YEB; in particular, the middle reaches showed obvious convergence. The grey correlation degree between the influence factors and the digital economy development ranged from 0.5286 to 0.9144, demonstrating a robust positive correlation. The theoretical framework of this paper integrates economic development models with advanced statistical analysis techniques, providing a robust analytical perspective for examining the complexities of digital economy evolution. The insights offer a blueprint for policymakers seeking to foster a robust and equitable digital economy, underscoring the potential of data-driven policy formulations in navigating the intricate landscape of economic globalization.

Digital ecosystem, entrepreneurial ecosystem and economic development as enablers of digital technology entrepreneurship

AbstractThis paper analyses the digital ecosystem (DES), entrepreneurial ecosystem (EES) and economic development (ED) indicators as key determinants of digital technology entrepreneurship (DTE) across the globe. The correlation matrix depicts an important relationship between DTE, DES, EES and ED. Further, the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS‐SEM) results show that DES and EES have a favourable and significant influence on the establishment of digital technology entrepreneurship (DTE) globally. However, the ED, though, has a positive and significant impact on EES and DES, not directly impacting DTE. The study is useful to various stakeholders such as entrepreneurs, funding agencies, policymakers and researchers in their decision‐making process.

Роль политических институтов в экономическом развитии Юга России в условиях новой реальности

Introduction. Ineffective resolution of economic problems by political institutions can jeopardize a country’s technological sovereignty in the face of existing geopolitical challenges. The purpose of the article is to identify areas for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of political institutions from the point of view of ensuring the economic security of the southern Russian regions, considering the challenges of socio-economic development that exist for them. Methodology and methods. This study centers on the Southern Federal District, which acts as an administrative entity responsible for implementing regional-level economic policies. The research utilized content analysis of scientific publications and comparative analysis of regional socio-economic indicators of economic development as part of implementing economic policy. The method for analyzing the influence of political institutions on economic development was based on the principle of balancing the combination of tactical and strategic decisions in assessing the effectiveness of implemented measures and was based on the basic principles of the theory of factors of production. Analysis. An analysis of the results of the economic policy pursued in the southern Russian regions showed that a relatively high level of resistance to sanctions challenges is ensured mainly by the export capabilities of agricultural products. However, the continued high level of import dependence on production increases the risk of conflict over the use of production factors between exportoriented companies and companies oriented to the domestic market, which creates significant threats to the implementation of national growth models. The turn of state economic policy towards the global East and South poses the tasks of the authorities of the southern Russian regions to develop transport infrastructure, as well as state support for companies participating in the construction of new production and supply chains. At the same time, increasing migration flows from border areas requires solving the problem of ensuring the socio-economic well-being of both the people moving and the host community. Results. It was found that the existing political risks to the economic development of southern Russian regions are associated with a lack of balance between the political decisions made and the strategic objectives of achieving technological sovereignty. It is concluded that the conditions of modern economic reality require economic and political mobilization to achieve value consensus and consolidation in society in order to solve the problems of economic development, implemented through the responsibility and patriotic position of political and economic elites at all levels of government. Authors’ contribution. I.V. Mitrofanova: development and justification of the concept; interpretation and synthesis of research results; O.A. Chernova: formation of methodology; development of research design; content analysis; formulation of conclusions.

A cross-national performance comparison universal healthcare systems of Chile, Costa Rica, Italy, and Spain using OECD data

Abstract Objectives To analyze Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) indicators for the Health Systems of Costa Rica, Spain, and Italy, focusing on year-to-year changes. Study design and methods Examining each country’s healthcare systems utilizes a value-for-money approach, aiming to outline their healthcare expenditures relative to the OECD average, while also assessing the value obtained from these investments. This involves contrasting reported indicator values for each country and the OECD average during a year close to the last decade’s outset (year 1) with data around 2020 (year 2). Results Results obtained are based on different indicators and the countries being examined. Costa Rica stood out with lowest healthcare investment, while Chile had the less population coverage for a set core of services. Italy and Spain achieved 100% healthcare coverage. All four regions reported decreased tobacco consumption in terms of non-medical determinants of health. Costa Rica showcased the highest vaccination coverage and experienced the most significant increase in this aspect within healthcare utilization. In the context of resource accessibility, waiting times from specialist assessment to treatment increased the most for hip replacement procedures in Chile, Costa Rica, Italy, and Spain. The Pharmaceutical Consumption analysis highlighted agents acting on the Renin-Angiotensin system as the most widely consumed category. Conclusion This analysis helps reveal the workings of diverse health systems, allowing us to pinpoint areas for potential improvement within each region. By examining the achievements and obstacles faced by other nations, policymakers and healthcare stakeholders acquire a valuable foundation on which to enact reforms.

Sustainability of development of economic entities in partially autarkic economy

Subject. The article considers the methodology for assessing the sustainability of business entities’ development in modern Russia, characterized by elements of autarky. Objectives. Our aims are to reveal the specifics of sustainable development in a closed economy, determine the degree stakeholders’ interests coordination as a basis for identifying sustainability of their development, elaborate a methodology for determining the sustainability of development of economic entities in a partially autarkic economy. Methods. We employ general scientific methods, i.e. scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis, as well as approaches to determining the influence of behavioral motives of decision-makers when identifying the effectiveness of economic entities’ development. Results. The paper underpinned the need to determine the impact of the degree of coordination of stakeholders' interests in determining the sustainability of development of market actors; offered a classification of stakeholders' interests; developed the traditional concept of triple bottom line that rests on identification of economic, social, and environmental indicators of development on the basis of supplementing the assessment of sustainability by the results of stakeholder interests coordination. Conclusions. In addition to the impact of social, environmental and economic factors, it is necessary to determine the level of coordination of stakeholders' interests, as well as stakeholder risk.

Decoupling carbon emissions from the economy and low-carbon ecological city construction-based on 196 cities in China

In pursuit of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, significant efforts have been directed towards economic, policy, and technical dimensions in China. This study mainly focuses on the decoupling of urban carbon emissions from economic development, and the low-carbon ecological cities (LCEC) construction, aiming at the early realization of high-quality development of urban carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. We firstly calculated the Tapio decoupling index of economic development and carbon emission, and the construction level of low carbon ecological cities in 196 cities, then constructed a panel quantile regression model to empirically analyze the main influencing factors of the LCEC construction, and finally predicted the LCEC construction levels in 2030 by using a gray prediction model. The research results show that (1) the majority of the cities achieved carbon emissions decoupling between 2005 and 2019, although a few cities in the Northeast still exhibit negative decoupling. (2) The levels of LCEC construction are notably higher in the eastern and southern regions compared to the west and north, with cities showing higher LCEC construction levels also demonstrating more robust decoupling. (3) Promoting carbon reduction and economic development is crucial for enhancing the LCEC construction levels. However, there are regional differences in the impact factors such as housing investment, energy endowment, foreign investment, and environmental focus on the LCEC construction levels within each economic zone. Therefore, each economic zone should formulate tailored development strategies based on its unique characteristics. (4) The Grey prediction model predicts that 69 cities will achieve medium to high levels of LCEC construction by 2030. These results would provide policy recommendations for local governments to promote comprehensive and sustainable urban development.

Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Coupling Coordination in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urban Agglomeration: Ecology, Environment and Economy

With the rapid growth and development of urban areas, the economy has often been prioritized at the expense of the environment and ecological systems. However, it is essential to delve deeper into the relationship between the economy and the ecological environment. Therefore, this study introduces a comprehensive evaluation system that encompasses economic, ecological, and environmental factors in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration in China. The Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) method is utilized to determine the weights of various indicators, and coupling as well as coupling coordination models are employed to investigate the spatiotemporal trends and interrelationships of the three factors. The results indicate that the economic development index has displayed a consistent uptrend since 2000, with the economic development index from 2015–2020 increasing by approximately four times compared to 2000–2005. The ecological status index has also increased in the last five years, with a rise of about 0.05 from 2015–2020 compared to 2000–2005. The environmental status index has fluctuated but generally increased, with a rise of approximately 5.6 times from 2015–2020 compared to 2000–2005. The coupling degree of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration is relatively high, with intense coupling from 2005–2020, and moderate coupling from 2000–2005. Furthermore, the coupling coordination has continuously improved from mild maladjustment to barely coordinated from 2000 to 2020, indicating the enhancement of the coupling coordination of the three factors. It is crucial to acknowledge that there exists spatial heterogeneity in both the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree. This heterogeneity stems from the uneven progress in economic development, ecological conditions, and environmental status across various cities. Additional endeavors are required to foster the harmonized advancement of these factors across the entire region.

A comparative analysis and prediction of the economic growth of Pakistan using machine learning models

This article investigates a comparative analysis of machine learning models for Pakistan's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), an important indicator of the nation's economic development. GDP is crucial to assess well-versed decisions. Since machine learning techniques are more sophisticated, much interest has been developed in predicting GDP to handle complex data patterns and enhance prediction accuracy. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a variety of machine learning algorithms like Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), double exponential smoothing, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Neural Network Auto-Regressive (NNAR), and hybrid machine learning models on data from 1960 to 2022. The MLP used in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) outperforms based on the outcomes. This comparative analysis provides insights into the most suitable model for accurate prediction of Pakistani GDP for the years 2023 to 2032. This article provides a detailed analysis of various machine learning models used to predict Pakistan's GDP accurately. GDP prediction is an essential indicator of a nation's economic development and is crucial in making informed decisions. With the advancements in machine learning techniques, there has been a growing interest in predicting GDP due to their efficiency in handling complex data patterns and improving prediction accuracy.

A study on comparison of economic and scientific performances of BRICS countries

PurposeThis study investigates the correlation between economic development and scientific knowledge production indicators in the BRICS countries from 2000 to 2020, highlighting the importance of human resources, natural resources, and innovation. Addressing a gap in the existing literature, this study aims to contribute significantly to understanding this relationship.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a descriptive statistical approach, this study utilizes GDP and per capita income as economic indicators and scientific data from WoS and SCOPUS databases, focusing on scientific document production and citations per document.FindingsThe analysis reveals a strong correlation between economic development and scientific performance within the BRICS nations during the specified period. It emphasizes the interdependence of economic progress and scientific prowess, underscoring that they cannot be considered independently.Research limitations/implicationsHowever, limitations exist, notably the reliance on specific databases that might not cover the entire scientific output and the inability to capture all factors influencing economic and scientific development.Originality/valueUnderstanding this interdependence has crucial originality. Policymakers and stakeholders in BRICS countries can leverage these insights to prioritize investments in human capital development and scientific research. This approach can foster sustainable economic growth by reducing reliance on natural resources.

The Influence of Digital Economy on The Vitality of Urban Double Innovation

Under the new development pattern, the rapid development of digital economy is becoming the core force to change the global economic and social structure. At the same time, China is speeding up the conversion of old and new kinetic energy, and how to activate China's dual-innovation vitality is the focus of attention from all walks of life. Based on this, this project, based on the panel data of 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2011 to 2019, studies the influence of regional digital economic development index on urban innovation vitality through two-way fixed effect model and intermediary effect model. It is found that the digital economy can promote the promotion of urban innovation vitality, and this conclusion is still valid after replacing the robustness test of the explained variables. The further mechanism test shows that the upgrading of industrial structure is an important intermediary variable for the digital economy to enhance the dual-innovation vitality of cities, and the digital economy can promote the dual-innovation vitality of cities through the upgrading of industrial structure.

Review of the Technical and Economic Evaluation of the Use of Means of Simultaneous Independent Operation for Solving Technical Problems

In the context of developing multilayer deposits in Turkmenistan, the technical and economic evaluation of technique used in simultaneous and independent operation represents an important area of work. Most of the oil and gas fields both in our country and abroad are multi-layered. At the same time, several productive layers are located layer by layer one above the other. From the point of view of rational development, the development of such deposits by independent grids of wells drilled for each individual reservoir is the most preferable. However, the experience of oilfield development shows that more than half of all capital investments are spent on drilling wells. Therefore, the development of multilayer deposits by independent well grids for each formation requires huge capital expenditures and is not always economically and technologically justified. In this regard, when developing multi-layer deposits, several productive formations are often combined into one operational facility, which makes it possible to shorten the time of field development, reduce capital investments for drilling wells and field development, etc. At the same time, simultaneous development of several formations by one object is possible only with the same physico-chemical properties of oils in the combined formations, if the inflow of oil and gas is sufficient from each formation at an acceptable bottom-hole pressure in the well, with close values of reservoir pressure in the combined formations, excluding oil flows between the formations, and close values of reservoir waterlogging. If the above conditions are not met, then multidimensional deposits are developed using the method of simultaneous and independent operation (hereinafter referred to as SIO) with one well. Depending on the specific geological and technical conditions for the development of deposits, technical and operational characteristics of wells, one of the currently available SIO schemes is used. Mandatory requirements for all SIO schemes are the possibility of separate development and commissioning of each reservoir, measurement of oil flow rates of each reservoir separately, as well as separate measurement of each reservoir for waterlogging, gas content and examination of each reservoir for oil and gas inflow. When deciding on the use of the SIO method, the degree of depletion of reserves, the proximity of the oil content contour to wells, the presence of resins and paraffin in the extracted oils, the thickness of the productive layers and the impermeable interlayers separating them, the condition of the production column of wells, etc. Productive horizons have different capacities from one to several tens of meters; their operation is carried out from the bottom up according to the traditional scheme. Such a traditional scheme of operation of multilayer deposits provides for the development of a grid of vertical wells for each operational facility, which leads to an increase in capital costs for drilling wells and a decrease in the profitability of the products obtained. Accordingly, in the production of hydrocarbons, the main cost item is the construction of new production wells. It is necessary to solve the problem of reducing construction costs almost immediately with the introduction of wells into drilling. The simplest way is to combine several oil-saturated horizons into several development facilities. Simultaneous and independent operation (SIO) and dual water injection operation (DIO) can be applied to regulate the zone development by layers (uniform exploration of layers, intensification of one of the layers). In these cases, the application of SIO and DIO methods aims to increase the current oil production. Savings in this case are generated by increasing the fluid oil production, both from intensifying development and preventing premature well flooding. The goal and objective of this scientific review are the technical and economic evaluation of the application of simultaneous and independent operation means and incorporation of productive horizons to increase hydrocarbon production during the development of deposits in the initial and late stages of operation. The economic efficiency of such regulation of production is determined by comparing the technical and economic indicators of the zone's development without regulation, calculated considering the actual ratio of technological and economic indicators with the actual technical and economic indicators. Incorporating productive horizons can play a significant role in increasing current oil production, and in some cases, enhancing the oil recovery of the incorporated zone, through the most effective utilization of previously drilled wells on the field. One of the key current technological indicators of incorporation is the additional well production rate, i.e. the increase in current production achieved through the implemented measures. The practical significance of this work lies in the technical and economic evaluation of a more efficient and sustainable oil and gas production technology developed in Turkmenistan, leading to increased production and reduced capital investments at the early and late stages of field development.

DOES ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PRESENT A PROMISING TREND OF RURAL DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT? ATTITUDES OF VOJVODINA RURAL RESIDENTS

To be considered sustainable, tourism in rural destinations should provide long-term economic benefits and have a push-up effect on the population’s determination to engage in sustainable tourism. Also, sustainable tourism must reduce the negative effects of business activities on the natural environment and improve the quality of life as well as the standard of living of the local population. In order to check the impact of sustainable tourism on the development of rural destinations, economic indicators of sustainability are most often used, as measurable indicators of sustainable development. In the paper, we examined the attitudes of 421 local residents using the TIAS scale, in 17 Vojvodina villages. Only those who declared that they are involved in the tourism economy were taken for further analysis. It was concluded that positive economic indicators of sustainable development are “wind in the sails” of the development of rural destinations, and that sustainable tourism is a desirable economic activity in the villages of Vojvodina to whom more and more residents are turning, especially women as of very sensitive category.

THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS ON FRESHWATER ABSTRACTION FROM THE EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE

Water scarcity is a growing concern across the globe due to climate change and demands for increased economic development. This paper analyses the relationship between economic development and freshwater abstraction in order to investigate its European impact. The analysis focuses on a total of 19 European countries, including 18 EU member states and one candidate, from 2007 to 2018. Using a panel dataset, the impact of a diverse selection of indicators of economic development (per capita GDP, the Human Development Index - HDI, water productivity and volume of international trade) on freshwater abstraction, our analysis finds that all explanatory variables are significant for cross-country variations except for international trade. To maintain scope, the analysis is limited to economicdevelopment indicators themselves, excluding the effects of climate change and the availability of water resources.

Multivariate Analysis of Food Security and Its Driving Factors

The main objective of the presented paper was the analysis of the current state of food security in the world, segmentation of 100 selected countries and determination of its main driving factors. The analysis used 27 indicators covering 5 basic areas: agricultural production, poverty, demography, economic development, and environmental indicators. The analysis was based on data from the FAO and World Bank for the most recent available period, which was year 2020. The data dimension was reduced with the application of factor analysis, and the main driving factors of food sufficiency were determined. The result was 6 factors: technological development, economic development, agricultural production, environmental factor, and physical quality of life and environment. To group similar countries in terms of selected indicators, a cluster analysis was performed, whereby countries were grouped by similarity into three clusters. The 1st cluster consisted of the most economically developed countries, where only 2.54% of the population suffers from malnutrition. The countries in this cluster were characterized by high levels of economic development, high caloric intake of the population, and high, life expectancy. On the other hand, they recorded negative development in demographic indicators such as fertility and birth rates. The 2nd cluster included the poorest areas of the African continent, which were most endangered by direct food insufficiency (23.74% of the population). In contrast to the first cluster, these countries were characterized by low levels of economic development, high prices, and low-calorie intakes of the population, as well as low life expectancy, while on the other hand, these countries had high fertility and birth rates. The third largest cluster consisted of countries with a medium threat of food insufficiency, where 6.37% of the population suffers from malnutrition. The countries in the third cluster excelled in terms of crop and livestock production volumes, but in contrast to this, they achieved lower levels of fat, protein, and calorie intake of population.

Ассимиляционный потенциал природы и территорий: нетривиальные следствия управления устойчивым эколого-экономическим развитием

Ecological-economic systems, which are in a state of unstable dynamic equilibrium under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, strive for sustainability if human economic activity is able to maintain the assimilation potential at the level of reproduction of natural resources and environmental quality by devoting part of the income to the environmental agenda. Within the framework of the law of balanced environmental management T=1.618·t·a, sustainable environmental and economic development is achieved by allocating funds at the level (t) of the GDP growth rate (T) to the environmental agenda for the regions. The value of the ecological situation coefficient (ESC) in the law of balanced environmental management for the Russian Federation varies around the golden numbers 0.618, 1.618, 2.618, depending on the level of economic development in the biosphere, artificial maintenance of the quality of the environment in it, as well as in the future possibility of terraforming the solar planets systems. An indicator of sustainable, harmonious environmental and economic development is a linear relationship between the assimilation potential (a) and the EES at the level of golden numbers 0.618, 1.618, 2.618. In this case, sustainable environmental and economic development can be achieved in any environmental condition as long as balance is maintained between the rate of economic growth and allocations of funds for the restoration of the assimilation function of nature. But they must be directed to the environmental agenda in strict accordance with the golden proportion relative to the main directions of environmental activities, even in conditions of transformed (converted) nature, and in the near future, in conditions of terraforming. However, then all development costs will go exclusively to maintaining the habitat in multiples of the golden numbers of 1.618 and 2.618 in the coefficient of the law of balanced environmental management.

New evidence on the real role of digital economy in influencing public health efficiency

In recent years, the rapid advancement of digital technology has supported the growth of the digital economy. The transformation towards digitization in the public health sector serves as a key indicator of this economic shift. Understanding how the digital economy continuously improves the efficiency of public health services and its various pathways of influence has become increasingly important. It is essential to clarify the impact mechanism of the digital economy on public health services to optimize health expenditures and advance digital economic construction. This study investigates the impact of digital economic development on the efficiency of public health services from a novel perspective, considering social media usage and urban–rural healthcare disparities while constructing a comprehensive index of digital economic development. The findings indicate that the digital economy reduces the efficiency of public health services primarily through two transmission mechanisms: the promotion of social media usage and the widening urban–rural healthcare gap. Moreover, these impacts and transmission pathways exhibit spatial heterogeneity. This study unveils the intrinsic connection and mechanisms of interaction between digital economic development and the efficiency of public health services, providing a theoretical basis and reference for government policy formulation. However, it also prompts further considerations on achieving synergy and interaction between the digital economy and public health services.