Factor In Economic Development Research Articles

On Urban Development Index of a Country: A Fuzzy Logic and Python Approach

The development index (DI) of a region is defined by various elements such as geography, population density, gross domestic product (GDP), GDP per capita, natural resources, markets, economic development, and other relevant factors. The traditional approach to classification usually depends on the country’s total land area measured in square kilometers. Nevertheless, the transition points between different levels of development size (small, medium, and giant) are highly subjective, resulting in frequent inconsistencies and conflicts. Fuzzy logic, a superset of conventional (Boolean) logic, extends the framework to include partial truth values, ranging from “fully true” to “totally false”. This development is especially essential since human reasoning, particularly commonsense reasoning, is approximate rather than precise. This study offers a model that uses fuzzy logic and the Mamdani fuzzy inference system (MFIS) to evaluate nine main cities in Pakistan based on their populations (POPs), gross domestic products (GDPs), and literacy rates (LR). The model includes variables for the antecedents (inputs) and the consequences (outputs). The input variables are the population (POP), GDP, and LR, while the output variable is the DI. The MFIS is used with Python programming tools, including the scikit-fuzzy library for inference and aggregation and matplotlib for graphics.

System Dynamics-Based Integrated Benefit Analysis of Low-Carbon Management Process of Municipal Solid Waste

With rapid economic development, the amount of the municipal solid waste (MSW) generated has increased dramatically. To improve the socio-economic benefits and environmental impacts of the low-carbon management of MSW, it is crucial to identify the drivers of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from MSW treatment and assess their systematic and comprehensive benefits. The factor decomposition method is one of the most commonly used methods focused on identifying GHG emission-influencing factors, while the system dynamics (SD) method is commonly used to analyze the causal relationships between linear and nonlinear variables in complex dynamic systems. Unlike existing studies that account for and evaluate MSW from a static perspective, this paper innovatively combines the LMDI-SD model to identify and quantify the GHG emission drivers of MSW and evaluate the benefits of decarbonizing the MSW management in China from a comprehensive and systematic perspective. The results show that the dominant factor driving MSW GHG emissions from 2010 to 2022 is the economic development factor, ∆EED, while the intensity of MSW generation ∆EGI and the structure of MSW treatment ∆ETS play a stronger inhibiting role. Based on this, the SD model is constructed to simulate different scenarios, and the analysis shows that increasing the waste separation rate (S3) is the most effective measure to improve the socio-economic benefits and environmental impacts of the system. Compared with the base scenario, the socio-economic benefits and environmental impacts in 2050, for example, are increased by 82.8% and 43.4%, respectively. Improving the utilization rate of landfill gas (S1), reducing the per capita amount of MSW generated (S4) and increasing the incineration rate of MSW (S2) also have significant advantages for the improvement of benefits. Finally, some policy recommendations for the improvement of the comprehensive benefits of low-carbon MSW management systems are proposed to help policymakers make appropriate decisions.

Prioritization Suitable Hydropower Potential Sites Along the Furfuro River, Ethiopia

Energy access is a critical factor for economic development and social progress, particularly in rural areas of developing countries like Ethiopia. This study aims to identify and prioritize suitable hydropower sites along the Furfuro River using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach, specifically the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Five key criteria were considered: power, discharge, head, accessibility, and distance. A pairwise comparison matrix was constructed to assess the relative importance of these criteria. Normalization and critical weight calculation were performed to determine the weight of each criterion. The consistency of the pairwise comparison matrix was evaluated using the consistency ratio (CR), which was found to be acceptable. The site with the highest suitability index was ranked the most suitable for hydropower development. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for decision-makers in prioritizing hydropower development in the region, reducing reliance on traditional, harmful energy sources, and improving the quality of life for local communities along the Furfuro River. By considering multiple factors and employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process, this research contributes to sustainable energy planning and resource management.

The Influence of Political Factors on Economic Growth: a Study of the Interconnection Between Governance Spheres in a Global Context

Objective: The purpose is to study the interaction between global political factors and economic progress and to create a model that illustrates the interaction between political and economic development factors. Theoretical Framework: This article explores how policy decisions at different administrative levels interact with economic dynamics at the national and regional levels. Method: The study comprehensive review of academic sources, publications, reports, and statistics, and used correlation regression and statistical methods. Results and Discussion: The research ultimately revealed a critical revelation: political factors play a vital role in economic progress, shaping the investment environment, maintaining macroeconomic stability, providing human capital resources, promoting infrastructure development, and creating efficient institutional framework conditions. Research Implications: By analysing specific cases, we examine the impact of the political context on the investment environment, market regulation, trade relations and other economic aspects. The key factors linking the political sphere and economic development are highlighted, as well as their importance in developing effective management strategies in the contemporary environment. Originality/Value: Effective policies that promote economic growth can bring prosperity and improve citizens' living standards, highlighting the vital link between policy decisions and economic outcomes.

Possibilities of using the integral index of the border position of regions in econometric estimates of regional development factors

Subject. The article explores the economic development of border regions. Objectives. The study aims to substantiate the application of the integral position index of border regions in econometric estimates of regional development factors based on the analysis of panel data. Methods. The study rests on economic and statistical methods of regional economy research, the neoclassical theory of economic growth, and methods of synthesis, analysis, and generalization. Results. The study shows that using the index enables to increase the effectiveness of econometric estimates when investigating various relationships and factors describing the economic development of border regions. The results of the panel data assessment made it possible to substantiate the conclusion that in order to identify factors affecting the economic development of border regions, it is necessary to analyze panel data designed specifically for border regions. Conclusions. Factors of regional economic development are different for internal regions and for cross-border ones. The calculations helped verify that the border situation does not just affect the economic development of Russian border regions, but has a differentiated effect depending on the length of the State border coinciding with the administrative border of a particular subject of the Federation, combined with the saturation of the cross-border infrastructure.

Formation of a system of economic education in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

In the year of the ninetieth anniversary of higher education in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), it is necessary to turn to the origins of the formation of economic education in the republic, to study its current trends and development prospects. To achieve the strategic goals and objectives of the Russian Federation, specialists with economic and financial competencies are needed, which causes a high degree of urgency of the problem. The opening of the Yakut State Pedagogical Institute in 1934 and the Yakutsk State University in 1956 laid the foundations for economic education in our republic. This article defines the stages of formation of economic education in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), training of financial and economic personnel for the effective functioning of the national economy. In a short historical period of time, Yakutia has passed the path of formation not only of educational institutions of various levels, but also of the creation of a higher education system as an important factor of social and economic development. Economic education is an integral, important part of higher education. The purpose of modern economic education is to form a high level of economic thinking and professional competencies. The level of competitiveness of the modern economy is largely determined by the quality of economic education, which creates the foundation for the growth of well-being and economic development. The article uses a set of quantitative and qualitative research methods: the study of scientific literature, regulatory legal documents; statistical data in the field of economic education, analytical materials, etc.

Роль и значение международной торговли в экономическом развитии государства

This article studies the factors of international economic development based on the analysis of the dynamics of export and import of goods, taking into account the main trends in the development of the world economy. The authors examine the fundamental principles of international trade and outline the advantages of international trade. The main trends of world trade are analyzed, the main leaders in export and import are identified, and Russia's place is determined. Based on the results of the study, the authors draw a conclusion about the role and importance of international trade in the development of the state.

A Study of China's Cross-Border Data System and Compliance of Multinational Enterprises in China

In the era of digital economy, states pay more attention to data as it is the key factor of economic development. And they have also made different actions to regulate cross-border data flow. Nowadays, due to the Chinas rapidly growing digital economy, more and more multinational enterprises are choosing to invest in China. Through evaluating multinational cross-border data regulatory system and focusing on the current status of China's cross-border data system, this essay summarizes China's laws and regulations about data supervision. On this basis, this essay provides specific data compliance advice for multinational enterprises operating in China. In order to better adapt to Chinese regulatory environment, companies should accurately understand data outbound security assessment mechanism and data localization principle stipulated by Chinese law. By establishing data classification and grading the management system, regular audit and risk assessment mechanism, and employee compliance training system, the enterprise can achieve both the digital trade business growth and cross-border data security compliance.

Analysis of the Transformation of the New Energy Vehicle Industry under the Background of the Digital Economy

Today, the digital economy has become the main theme. The digital economy includes digital industrialization, industrial digitization, digital governance, and data value. In this context, data has become the kinetic energy of factors for economic development. In recent years, China's new energy vehicle industry has risen rapidly. In the 2024 "Global Top 100 Auto Supply Chain", three Chinese enterprises have entered the top 20: CATL, Weichai Group, and Huayu Automotive. This represents the profound accumulation and innovation ability of Chinese component enterprises and shows the indispensable role and status of Chinese enterprises in the global auto supply chain to the world. The development of the new energy vehicle industry has promoted the reconstruction of the auto industry chain, including the production and manufacturing of core components such as batteries, motors, and electronic controls, as well as the development of fields such as intelligent driving and intelligent interconnection. This transformation has not only promoted technological innovation and business model innovation within the industry but also driven the construction and improvement of related infrastructure, such as the construction of charging piles and battery swapping stations, as well as the development of intelligent transportation systems, providing convenience for the popularization and use of new energy vehicles.

Study on the Impact of China's Outward FDI on Carbon Emissions in the Countries Along the Belt and Road

With the strengthening of China's economic power and the further implementation of China's open-door policy, China's outward investment has increased year by year. Some international comments are only concerned about the former and there are some public opinions about China's outward investment threatening the host country's environmental quality. This paper takes the carbon emissions of 49 countries along the “Belt and Road” and the acceptance of China's outward FDI as samples, studies the impact of China's outward FDI on the carbon emissions of the relevant countries, and comes to the conclusion that: China's outward FDI is a major factor in China's economic development. It is concluded that China's OFDI increases the total carbon emissions of the countries along the Belt and Road while decreasing the carbon intensity, and the impact is carried out through the three major paths of economic scale, technological level and structural effect.

Research on the Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and Capital Driving Factors of Sustainable Economic Development in Northwest China

Frontier research has focused more on the sustainable economic development (SED) of developing countries, with slightly less attention paid to the SED of underdeveloped regions in developing countries, especially without analyzing their driving factors from the dual perspectives of domestic and international capital. In fact, as an important factor in economic growth, capital is also the core driving force for achieving SED. This paper takes the five provinces (autonomous regions) of northwest China (NC) as a case study based on unbalanced panel data from 26 cities from 2000 to 2020 and employs the dynamic degree and MSAR model to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of SED; the results indicate that the SED of NC exhibits an irregular pattern overall, the differences between provinces at the same time point are relatively small, and the same applies to prefecture-level cities. The spatial agglomeration characteristic of SED in NC is evident, with significant room for improvement. Additionally, this paper evaluates the impact of capital on the SED of NC through the two-way fixed effects model and the mediation effect model and finds that foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have a “first-rising-then-declining” impact on the SED of NC, while financing constraints (FC) play a promoting role in the SED of NC. Furthermore, FDI inflows subsequently impact the SED of NC by affecting regional FC, with FC acting as a mediating variable in the influence of FDI on the SED of NC. In terms of policy implications, NC should make rational use of FDI, control the pace of easing FC, and precisely promote the SED of NC from a capital-driven perspective. Other underdeveloped areas in developing countries can take this as a reference to promote SED.

MODELING AND FORECASTING OF TOURISM INCOME: THE CASE OF TURKEY

This study aims to identify the optimal forecasting model for predicting Türkiye's tourism income, a crucial factor for economic planning and development. This study employs different forecasting techniques, including the seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA), the additive and multiplicative Holt-Winters methods, the Exponential Smoothing State Space (ETS), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and seasonal-trend decomposition procedure based on the loess (STL)-ANN hybrid model and evaluates their performance. The methodology involves analyzing monthly tourism income data from January 2012 to December 2023, incorporating additional economic indicators such as the economic confidence index, number of visitors, consumer price index, industrial production index, and USD exchange rate, which serve as input for ANN models. The findings reveal that ANNs, particularly the model that incorporates tourism income alongside other economic indicators, outperform traditional models with the lowest Mean Absolute Scaled Error (MASE) and Root Mean Squared Scaled Error (RMSSE). Specifically, the ANN model with additional predictors demonstrates the highest forecasting accuracy. These results suggest that advanced machine learning techniques provide superior predictive capabilities compared to traditional linear models. The study underscores the importance of integrating complex models to achieve more accurate forecasting, offering valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners in the tourism sector.

Spatio-Temporal Evolution, Internal Diversity, and Driving Factors of Economy of Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration in Northwestern China Based on Nighttime Light Data

Urban agglomeration (UA) is a highly developed spatial form of urban complex, which is one of the important carriers of regional economic cooperation, international industrial division of labor, and flow of capital and information elements. In China, urban agglomerations (UAs) have become the spatial subject of the national new-type urbanization strategy since the early 21st century and have made irreplaceable contributions to China’s urbanization and economic development. The Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration (GPUA) is an important economic growth pole in northwest China and a key node in China’s open-door pattern. Exploring the spatial and temporal characteristics and driving factors of its economic development will be an important revelation for the promotion of high-quality economic development of the GPUA. This paper characterizes the level of economic development of GPUA with a long series of nighttime light data between 2002 and 2022. The standard deviation ellipse, spatial autocorrelation analysis, the economic difference index, and grey correlation analysis are used to analyze the characteristics of spatio-temporal evolution, internal diversity, and driving factors of economic development of the GPUA. The results show that the economic development level of the GPUA continued to increase from 2002 to 2022. The spatial distribution of the GPUA economy is “northeast-southwest” axial distribution, and the center of gravity of economic development gradually moves westward. The differences in the level of economic development within the GPUA show a typical core–periphery structure, but the degree of difference tends to weaken over time. The internal expansion force and economic promotion force were the dominant factors for the economic development of the GPUA in the early years. However, with the passage of time, scientific and technological support and government support have gradually become the main influencing factors for the economic development of the GPUA nowadays.

Interregional Inequality in Russia and Post-Soviet Countries in the 21st Century

The article analyzes the level and dynamics of interregional inequality in Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Belarus versus other European countries based on data from official statistics of CIS countries (1995–2022) and Eurostat (2011–2022). The Gini coefficient, weighted by population and normalized depending on the number of territorial units, is used as the main assessment parameter. In Belarus and European Union countries, the level of interregional inequality is lower, associated with high and more uniform development of the territory and a more stable economic structure. In Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the level of interregional inequality is higher and its dynamics are multidirectional, associated with the influence of resource rent on a limited number of regions. In Russia and Uzbekistan since the late 2010s, inequality has grown, decreased in Kazakhstan, and was small and stable in Belarus due to the peculiarities of the economic structure and institutional factors of development. Assessments of the impact of macroeconomic dynamics on interregional inequality have not provided clear evidence of its impact. The impact of the state’s redistribution policy can only be assessed for Russia: a significant increase in transfers during the crises of 2009 and 2020 contributed to mitigating inequality. Within Russian federal districts, differentiation is generally lower. High inequality is characteristic of the extremely heterogeneous Ural Federal District and Central Federal District, where it has been declining in recent years. In the Far Eastern Federal District, regional differentiation grew, and its gradual increase also occurred in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District.

The center-regions relations as a basis for countering external constraints on Russia's economic development

Subject. The article is devoted to acceleration of economic development of Russia as a country in transition. Objectives. The study aims to present the author's vision of conceptual approaches to organization of the economy of the country and regions on an innovative basis, in conjunction with the improvement of center-regional relations as a factor of economic and political development. Methods. The methodological basis of the research is the problem consideration in the context of the theory of peripheral economy of capitalism, and works of domestic and foreign scientists on the development of conceptual foundations for accelerating the development of countries and their regions adapting to the world economy. Results. I substantiated and presented the concept of accelerated development as an alternative to the concepts of catch-up and advanced development, reflected in the literature. The paper unveils shortcomings of the models of center-regional relations tested in the post-Soviet period, which inhibit economic development, and offers a model of reconciliation of interests and a mechanism for transition to new center-regional relations. Conclusions. The scientific research results and proposed approaches to stimulating the acceleration of economic growth in Russia and its regions can be used in the updated process of reforms on economic and social development.

HUMAN RESOURCES’ INFLUENCE ON COMPETITIVENESS OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, SERBIA AND CROATIA’S ECONOMIES

The level of competitiveness measures the success of an economy, which is one of the most important factors of economic growth and development. Competitiveness is a concept that every economy wants to increase, which is exactly why every country improves its own economic competitiveness. This paper presents a comparison of the competitiveness of Bosnia and Herzegovina and countries in the region. The aim of this paper is to show the competitiveness with the reference neighbouring countries and the impact of human resources on the overall competitiveness of the country. In order for economic growth and sustainable development to be stable and sustainable in the long run, it is necessary to establish a quality and efficient institutional environment which would create a stimulating environment for the most successful economic activities with the aim of improving competitiveness. A well-prepared human resources strategy allow the organisation to efficiently plan and manage all processes in order to support its goals and respond flexibly to any changes. In knowledgebased societies, adult education and lifelong learning have become a necessity in order to maintain and increase employee competitiveness. According to the results in this paper, it is evident that in societies based on knowledge, adult education and lifelong learning become a necessity in order to maintain and increase the competitiveness of employees.

Evolution of legal regulation of the stock market as a factor of economic development of Ukraine

Evolution of legal regulation of the stock market as a factor of economic development of Ukraine

The Role of Infrastructure in Driving Economic Growth: A Qualitative Literature Study

This research aims to explore the role of infrastructure in promoting economic growth through a qualitative literature study approach. Good infrastructure is recognized as a key factor in economic development, especially in developing countries, where accessibility and efficiency are often hampered by a lack of basic facilities. This study collects and analyzes various literature sources including scientific journals, books, and policy reports to identify how infrastructure, such as transportation, energy, and telecommunications, affect economic growth. Findings from the literature show that investments in infrastructure not only improve economic efficiency and productivity, but also contribute to reducing social and economic inequality by expanding access to markets and employment opportunities. However, challenges such as resource constraints, inefficient project management and corruption often hinder the success of infrastructure projects. This study also identifies gaps in the existing literature and provides recommendations for further research and policies that can improve the effectiveness of infrastructure development. The results of this study are expected to provide greater insight into how effective infrastructure strategies can contribute to sustainable and inclusive economic growth.

Business Process Improvement of Outpatient Unit of Type B Private General Hospital in Jakarta

Health is one of the factors in economic development and growth. The higher the quality of health, the greater the potential for economic growth and prosperity over the long term. Some important indicators to illustrate the level of health of a country are health expenditure, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy. The average health expenditure of urban residents is higher than that of rural residents. As one of the components of health expenditure, outpatient treatment was identified as one of the largest constituent components, especially for urban areas such as DKI Jakarta Province. Along with the increasing demand for outpatient services in private public hospitals in Jakarta, there is potential of the increasing end-to-end process service quality problems such as queue length and process bottlenecks. The objectives of this study include evaluating the As-Is outpatient service process, analyzing the effectiveness of the outpatient service process against potential queuing problems, analyzing the root of the problem using a Business Process Management approach that uses Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) and Value Stream Mapping. The results of the analysis on the To-Be process model show that there is potential for time efficiency in the outpatient service process that can improve overall hospital performance.

IMPACT OF HUMAN CAPITAL ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ASIAN COUNTRIES

Human capital is a critical factor of economic growth and economic development. In the last few decades, scholars, economists, and policymakers have paid close attention to the significance of human capital as they have attempted to understand the complex relationship between a country's economic growth, and quantity and quality of its labor force. Therefore, all countries are building up their economy with their spending so that they can achieve sustainable and equitable economic growth. This study aimed to investigate the impact of government spending on education and health, life expectancy at birth and secondary school enrollment on the economic growth of 48 Asian countries from 2014 to 2021. From the diagnostic test and Hausman test, the study found fixed effect model as the best model to describe regression. Due to the problem of heteroskedasticity, a robust fixed effect model was employed. The results found that gross fixed capital formation, government expenditure on health, life expectancy at birth, secondary school enrollment have positively and significantly influence economic growth, whereas government expenditure on education and population growth have negatively and significantly influence economic growth in Asian countries. Most of these countries are facing several economic, political, and social issues and among all they are facing a vicious circle of poverty. The rapid rise of the population may put strain on limited resources, while deficiencies in the distribution of funds for education could hinder economic advancement. Therefore, authorities should consider implementing population management measures and optimizing education expenditures to align with economic goals. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive and inclusive framework for understanding and fostering economic growth in Asian countries.