Economic Loss Evaluation Research Articles

Multihazard resilience and economic loss evaluation method for cable-stayed bridges under the combined effects of scour and earthquakes

Cable-stayed bridges (CSBs) commonly experience scour-induced foundation issues during their service life, impacting both structural seismic resilience and economic losses. Nonetheless, these aspects remain inadequately addressed in existing seismic codes. This paper presents a comprehensive probabilistic multihazard fragility, resilience, and economic loss evaluation method for CSBs influenced by scour and earthquakes. Numerical models with various scour depths considering epistemic uncertainties in loads, structural properties, and soil conditions are first established using the Latin-hypercube sampling (LHS) method. Incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) are then conducted on these models in cases with near-fault and far-field bidirectional ground motions, yielding probabilistic multihazard demand models and component- and system-level multihazard fragility surfaces for diverse limit states. Subsequently, resilience and economic losses are comparatively evaluated by integrating damage probabilities with corresponding uncertain functional recovery functions. Eventually, a rapid bridge traffic capacity evaluation method based on the critical traffic capacity surface concept is devised to effectively assess CSB open patterns under various peak ground accelerations (PGAs), scour depths, and repair times. The numerical results show apparent shifts in the nonmonotonic seismic fragility, resilience, and economic loss of the case CSB due to scour effects, with the rates of change reaching 31.4 %, 34 %, and 24.8 %, respectively, associated with a critical scour depth of 12 m at IM = 0.8 g. The developed analysis framework provides a reference for the life-cycle design and maintenance of CSBs affected by multihazard scour and earthquakes.

Loss Functions for the Risk Assessment of Residential Buildings

Within the ReLUIS 2019–2021 research project (Network of the University Laboratories of Seismic Engineering) supported by the Civil Protection Department (DPC), the Work Package WP4 “Seismic Risk and Damage Maps at National scale—MARS” aimed to update the 2018 version of the National Risk Assessment (NRA). One of the goals of the WP4—MARS was to collect, analyse and upgrade loss models to estimate direct economic losses, unusable buildings and casualties (Task 4.4—“Risk: evaluation of consequences and economic losses”). Task 4.4 aimed to carry out a critical review of the models available in the literature and subsequently specific comparisons to better understand the capability and reliability of the different models, in particular those adopted to calculate the seismic losses in the 2018 NRA. Furthermore, the derivation of new models in order to improve the results of the previous study was another goal of the project. The paper focuses on the assessment and calibration of models and tools to derive human casualties (deaths and injured) and usability rating as well as repair costs and population assistance costs associated with residential buildings damaged by seismic actions. In detail, the available literature on Casualty Estimation Models (CEMs) is analysed, and an updated model is calibrated to estimate human casualties for the Italian context. The model emphasises a relationship between the casualties and the severity of the damage. A strong correlation exists between the post-earthquake usability of buildings, damage state (DS), repair costs and time required to assist the population. According to data collected in the reconstruction processes of recent Italian earthquakes, fragility curves in terms of loss-of-usability for partially unusable and unusable buildings and the correlation between usability ratings (immediately available post-earthquake) and DS (easily computable by using existing empirical- or mechanical-based fragility functions) are defined. Finally, consequence functions able to associate direct costs (repair costs) and indirect costs (population assistance) have been calibrated as a function of buildings’ usability or damage state.

Evaluation of economic loss of urban road flooding: A case of Kathmandu Metropolitan City

This paper analyzes the causes of urban road flooding and evaluates the economic cost borne by the business houses on either side of Putalisadak road section of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal as a resultant of the flood during 2018 monsoon. The calculation of losses included direct, indirect, fixed and variable cost based on before-during-after flood framework through the in-person interview conducted with systematically selected business houses in flooded studied area. The storm water runoff quantity at extreme rainfall condition exceeds the drainage discharge capacity and further gutter clogging with waste triggered the overflow of sewer mixed water causing road flood. The annual economic cost of flooding was estimated to be USD 65,579.99. Result shows that the loss of businesses depend upon the extent of vulnerability of materials towards flood and the coping strategies of the business holders. The businesses with less material damage was found to be adopting coping strategies like elevating the ground level of shops and putting glasses in the front door to prevent damages caused by water. Ironically, such urban road flooding is underrated by the Government and concerned authorities as such flood seems to be smaller in front of big river floods in Nepal. But there are huge and unseen losses due to urban floods. It is recommended that the drainage capacity should be enhanced and regularly maintained to mitigate urban flood disaster.

Seismic fragility and loss estimation of self-centering steel braced frames under mainshock-aftershock sequences

This paper highlights the importance of considering local component failure of self-centering braces (SCBs) when examining the seismic fragility and economic performance of emerging self-centering steel braced frames, with a particular focus on the influence of mainshock-aftershock (MS-AS) sequences. The design and modelling of the prototype buildings are first presented, where the failure mechanism and simulation technique for single-core and dual-core SCBs are explained. Seismic fragility analysis and economic loss evaluation are subsequently conducted, where the damage state, component fragility, and repair cost of the considered braces are comprehensively discussed. The study confirms that MS-AS sequences have a pronounced influence on various performances of the structures. Under the maximum considered earthquake (MCE), the probabilities of collapse for structures with single-core and dual-core SCBs (structures S-SCF and D-SCF) increase from 18% to 28% and from 10% to 16%, respectively, when aftershock is additionally considered. MS-AS sequences have a small influence on the peak absolute floor acceleration of both structures. When aftershock is additionally considered, the probabilities of exceedance of the 0.5% residual inter-story drift threshold increase from 25% to 31% and from 16% to 19%, respectively, for structures S-SCF and D-SCF; the 50% percentile loss ratio of the two structures increases from 0.09 to 0.16 and from 0.08 to 0.11, respectively; and the expected losses over a 50-year period of the two structures are increased by 25.7% and 22.9%, respectively. Apart from the non-negligible influence of MS-AS sequences, the importance of appropriate modelling of tendon fracture is also highlighted.

Evaluating Indirect Economic Losses from Flooding Using Input-Output Analysis: An Application to China's Jiangxi Province.

Quantifying total economic impacts of flood disaster in a timely manner is essential for flood risk management and sustainable economic growth. This study takes the flood disaster in China's Jiangxi province during the flood season in 2020 as an example, and exploits the input-output method to analyze indirect economic impacts caused by the agricultural direct economic loss. Based on regional IO data and MRIO data, a multi-dimensional econometric analysis was undertaken in terms of inter-regional, multi-regional, and structural decomposition of indirect economic losses. Our study reveals that the indirect economic losses caused by the agricultural sector in other sectors in Jiangxi province were 2.08 times the direct economic losses, of which the manufacturing sector suffered the worst, accounting for 70.11% of the total indirect economic losses. In addition, in terms of demand side and supply side indirect losses, the manufacturing and construction industries were found to be more vulnerable than other industries, and the flood disaster caused the largest indirect economic loss in eastern China. Besides, the supply side losses were significantly higher than the demand side losses, highlighting that the agricultural sector has strong spillover effects on the supply side. Moreover, based on the MRIO data of the years 2012 and 2015, dynamic structural decomposition analysis was undertaken, which showed that changes in the distributional structure appear to be influential in the evaluation of indirect economic losses. The findings highlight the spatial and sectoral heterogeneity of indirect economic losses caused by floods, and have significant implications for disaster mitigation and recovery strategies.

Measuring the Health Related Quality of Life and Economic Burden of Illness Among Migrant Workers With Pneumoconiosis.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the living status of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis (MWP) in China with regard to health-related quality of life (QOL) and economic burden of illness. An on-site investigation of 685 respondents in 7 provinces is conducted. Quality of life scores are derived using the self-made scale, and human capital method and disability-adjusted life year are applied to value the economic loss. Multiple linear regression and K-means clustering analysis are performed for further investigation. Respondents have an overall lower QOL of 64.85 ± 7.04 and significant average loss of Ұ344.5 thousand per capita, where age and provincial heterogeneity generally exist. Pneumoconiosis stage and assistance condition are 2 significant predictors affecting MWP's living conditions. The evaluation of QOL and economic loss would contribute to the formulation of targeted countermeasures for MWP to enhance their well-being.

Vulnerability and economic loss evaluation model of a typical group structure considering empirical field inspection data

Evaluating the earthquake economic loss of building clusters is an essential index to measure regional seismic risk and resilience. This study developed a rapid financial loss evaluation model based on the empirical vulnerability parameters of the group structure. The quantitative failure parameters used to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of regional group structures are optimized comprehensively, and a loss evaluation model considering the economic vulnerability index is innovatively proposed. The empirical vulnerability database (field survey data of 212 destructive earthquakes in China from 1975 to 2013 (98,916.841 × 104 m2 buildings)) of typical structures is established. An updated model for structural economic loss assessment is proposed. Using the proposed innovation model and probability statistical method, the economic loss evaluation model and database of typical group structures based on the economic vulnerability index are developed. Using the nonlinear Gaussian distribution and the actual cumulative damage quantification method, the economic loss evaluation comparison model and mean value calculation model of five typical buildings considering the empirical group structural vulnerability database are performed. Ultimately, combined with the proposed innovative quantitative model, the economic vulnerability index matrix (database) and point cloud of typical group structures of 212 destructive earthquakes in China are calculated. The proposed model can cooperate with the macroseismic intensity standard to realize the rapid economic loss assessment of typical buildings. The results of this study can contribute to the evaluation of the economic losses of building clusters in multiple macroseismic intensity regions.

Regional economic losses of China's coastline due to typhoon-induced port disruptions

Port based transportations are key elements governing the operation of global maritime logistics. In China, the southeast coastline suffers from typhoons frequently every year and causes many disruptions to port operations and thus economic losses. Quantitative evaluation of coastal ports' economic losses induced by typhoons is quite demanding and can serve as guidance for port operation planning and disaster prevention. In this paper, a framework based on a hybrid wind numerical model for assessing the direct and indirect economic losses of coastline caused by typhoon-induced extreme wind is proposed. The estimation of port disruptions and their durations is realized based on the typhoon hybrid wind numerical model. For the direct economic losses, this model considers losses to the port based on the loading/unloading operations of containers. The disruption days and economic losses of 31 ports along China's coastline are selected. These include ports from the Bohai Rim Port Cluster, Yangtze River Delta Port Cluster, Southeastern Coastal Port Cluster, Pearl River Delta Port Cluster, and Southwestern Coastal Port Cluster. The analysis takes the record of typhoons from 2006 to 2020 for this investigation. The influence of time-varying variables on economic losses, such as economic growth rate, has been considered. For the indirect economic losses, the input-output models of 11 different provinces (or municipalities) are employed to analyze each sector. Features of adopting a climate model in the economic evaluations are discussed.

Evaluation of economic loss caused by Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in agricultural land of district Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.

The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) is a vertebrate pest of agricultural lands and forest. The study was aimed to report the damage to local crops by the Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in the Muzaffarabad District. A survey was conducted to identify the porcupine-affected areas and assess the crop damage to the local farmers in district Muzaffarabad Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) from May 2017 to October 2017. Around 19 villages were surveyed, and a sum of 191 semi-structured questionnaires was distributed among farmers. Crop damage was found highest in village Dhanni where a porcupine destroyed 175 Kg/Kanal of the crops. Regarding the total magnitude of crop loss, village Danna and Koomi kot were the most affected areas. More than half (51.8%) of the respondents in the study area suffered the economic loss within the range of 101-200$, and (29.8%) of the people suffered losses in the range of 201-300$ annually. Among all crops, maize (Zea mays) was found to be the most damaged crop ranging between 1-300 Kg annually. In the study area, porcupine also inflicted a lot of damages to some important vegetables, including spinach (Spinacia oleracea), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and onion (Allium cepa). It was estimated that, on average, 511Kg of vegetables are destroyed by porcupine every year in the agricultural land of Muzaffarabad. It was concluded that the Indian crested porcupine has a devastating effect on agriculture which is an important source of income and food for the local community. Developing an effective pest control strategy with the help of the local government and the Wildlife department could help the farmers to overcome this problem.

Economic Loss Assessment and Spatial–Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Forest Fires: Empirical Evidence from China

Forest fires are a type of disaster with both human and natural factors; they differ from other forest disasters, in that they can cause significant damage not only to the ecological environments but also to the economy and society in many irreversible ways. While the risk factor of forest fires has been large, systematic studies on economic losses caused by forest fires have been lacking in recent years, and there is also a lack of analysis on forest fire economic losses in both spatial and temporal dimensions. Therefore, based on the forest fire data from 2006 to 2018, this paper establishes a forest fire economic loss evaluation system to calculate the economic losses in China and analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics and change trends of the forest fire economic losses in each province through thermal mapping. The results show the following. (1) The economic loss from forest fires in China is generally characterized by a fluctuating decline, but anomalous values due to human factors may occur. (2) The spatial heterogeneity of economic loss in China’s provinces is limited by many factors, such as the differences in resource endowments, showing the characteristics of “low in the eastern and western regions and high in the central region”. (3) Forest fires in China cause the most serious losses to forest ecological benefits. (4) Forest resources and fires are not independent of each other between regions, and areas with similar economic losses related to forest fires are often found in blocks. (5) Although the overall economic losses caused by forest fires in China are fluctuating and decreasing, some provinces are showing signs of increasing economic losses, most notably in Inner Mongolia. Therefore, this paper suggests targeted recommendations based on forest fires in different regions and with reference to the changing trends of economic loss caused by forest fires. For low-loss areas, we can further reduce the economic loss per unit area while ensuring that the losses do not increase any further. For high-loss areas, the main focus should be to find the weak points in the adaptation to forest fires. The right way to permanently reduce the damage caused by forest fires is to improve the adaptive and symbiotic capacity of the ecosystems and residential communities in relation to fires in a targeted manner and to improve the capacity for quick economic recovery after a fire.

Economic Analysis and Evaluation of Grain Losses of Two Common Straw Collecting Combine Harvester: A Case Study, Azna County, Lorestan, Iran

این مطالعه به منظور بررسی اثر سرعت پیشروی کمباین و عملکرد مزارع گندم بر میزان افت کمباین کاه‌کوب و تحلیل اقتصادی استفاده از این نوع کمباین‌ها، در شهرستان ازنا انجام شد. کمباین‌های مورد بررسی، مدل‌های جاندیر 1055 و 1165 بودند. آزمایش‌ها به صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار انجام شدند که عملکرد مزارع گندم به عنوان عامل اصلی و دو تیمار مدل کمباین کاه‌کوب و سرعت پیشروی کمباین‌ها به صورت فاکتوریل در کرت‏های فرعی قرار گرفتند. ظرفیت کمباین و اختلاف درآمدهای حاصل از برداشت با کمباین کاه‌کوب و معمولی محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد علاوه بر اثرات اصلی، اثر متقابل دوگانه و سه‏گانه تیمارها نیز بر صفات ریزش دماغه، افت‌های بدنه کمباین، انتهای کمباین، واحد کوبنده، واحد تمیزکننده، افت کل کمباین و افت کیفی کمباین کاه‌کوب معنا‏دار میباشد. افت کمباین کاه‌کوب به شدت متأثر از سرعت پیشروی و عملکرد مزارع (تغذیه) است. در مجموع، میزان افت کمباین کاهکوب حدود 22/2% بیش‌تر از کمباین معمولی به دست آمد که بیش‌ترین افت مربوط به افت انتهای کمباین کاه‌کوب بود. بررسی اقتصادی نشان داد که در مناطقی که دامپروری در کنار زراعت رواج دارد و کاه ارزش اقتصادی بالایی دارد، استفاده از کمباین کاه‌کوب اقتصادی‌تر از کمباین معمولی است.

Seismic performance assessment of reinforced concrete moment resisting frame with low strength concrete

This paper presents the performance based seismic assessment and economic loss evaluation of reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frame (MRF) structures built using low strength concrete. Shake table tests and damage mechanism of two representative two story and one bay, a code designed and a similar reinforced concrete frame model with low strength concrete, were used to develop the calibrated nonlinear numerical models and damage state scales. The performance based seismic assessment of code design and deficient RC frame has been evaluated in terms of repair to cost ratio - RCR (ratio of repair cost to the replacement cost of the structure). A similar RCR of about 9–10% in case of frequent and occasional earthquake demands, and about 17–19% in case of rare or design level earthquake shaking demands have been observed for the code designed and deficient frame structures. Although both frame structures show controlling economic loses at the design level demands, but sustained high percentages of RCR (i.e. about 31% for code conforming and 38% for deficient model) in case of very rare or maximum considered earthquake (MCE) demands.

Economic Loss of Pine Wood Nematode Disease in Mainland China from 1998 to 2017

The occurrence and prevalence of pine wood nematode disease has had a great impact on China’s forestry production and ecological environment, but the quantitative evaluation of the economic losses of this biological disease is lacking from a macro-geographic scale and long-term series perspective. This study establishes a pine wood nematode disease economic loss evaluation index system, covering the loss of natural ecology, landscape aesthetics and economic production, and quantitatively evaluates the economic losses of pine wood nematode disease in mainland China at a provincial level from 1998 to 2017. The results show that the economic losses of the pine wood nematode disease in China showed a fluctuant rising trend from 1998, since 2013, it has entered a full-scale outbreak phase, and since 2015, the economic loss has increased significantly, with a growth rate higher than 40%. The average annual total economic loss is CNY 7.17 billion, of which the direct economic losses is CNY 1.53 billion, and the indirect economic losses is CNY 5.64 billion. The loss of forest material resources, the expenditure of ineffective forest management expenditure and prevention and control expenditure were CNY 817 million, CNY 649 million, and CNY 67 million, respectively. Regulate service value loss, support service value loss and cultural service loss are CNY 3.95 billion, CNY 1.41 billion, CNY 276 million, respectively. East China and South China suffered the most due to pine wood nematode disease, and the economic loss of these regions accounted for 79.9% of the total national economic losses. Among them, Zhejiang Province, Guangdong Province and Jiangsu Province lost CNY 2.14 billion, CNY 1.81 billion, and CNY 1.22 billion, respectively, accounting for 26.8%, 22.7% and 15.3% of the total national economic loss.

Estimation of Economic Loss Due to Road Traffic Injuries using Human Capital Method

In the present scenario, Road traffic accidents (RTAs) become an alarming problem over the globe as they leads to approx. 2.6% total loss of country’s gross domestic product (GDP). It is considered as one of the leading cause of mortalities, disabilities and morbidities due to road accidents in developing countries like India. To enable governments to take policy decisions on road safety, it is necessary that good research is undertaken to estimate the cost of accidents. This study will help government to take decisions while planning investment on road safety, facilities on roads, awareness signs and board etc. Meanwhile, estimation and evaluation of economic loss due to RTAs will help governments to frame policy and take important decisions within limited economic resources. Apart from humanitarian losses, there is increase in economic loss due to RTAs because most of the victims involved in accidents are from productive age groups of a society. The main objective of this study is to estimate the cost components of road accidents in two major districts namely Haridwar and Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. The methodologies for such studies generally vary according to traffic pattern, number of accidents, black spots, population etc. This study makes use of an empirical approach as Cost benefit Analysis consist of Human Capital Approach for cost estimation which provides a vast understanding of the problem for hilly scenario. Secondary data were taken from Transport Research Wing, Government of Uttarakhand for all road accidents from 2016 to 2018 and primary data were collected from randomly selected victims through structured questionnaire and informed consent.

Effects of PM2.5 on health and economic loss: Evidence from Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have triggered severe PM2.5 pollution and induced serious health hazards and economic losses in densely populated regions. A substantial number of health-related economic loss assessment methods, which quantify economic losses caused by diverse health endpoints, have been applied. However, traditional models neglect pollutant distribution and optimization of distribution parameters, which may lead to poor estimation accuracy. In this study, a health-related economic loss evaluation system is proposed, which deals with PM2.5 distribution, optimization of distribution parameters, and evaluation of health-related economic losses. This assessment system efficiently simulated the characteristic of PM2.5 concentrations in three cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and addressed economic losses estimation problems. The results indicate that the system not only provides a novel perspective on health-related economic loss assessment, but also assists policymakers in its practical application.

Progress in Research on the Influences of Climatic Changes on the Industrial Economy in China

Global climate changes have led to ocean acidification, ice and snow melting, a continuous rise in temperature, and an increasing frequency of extreme weather events, with profound impacts on the social economic system. With the aggravation from climate changes, even the industrial fields with a relatively strong resistance to climatic changes have also suffered serious losses. At present, the vulnerability of the industrial field is growing, and the absolute economic losses are increasing. The quantitative evaluation of these industrial economic losses is therefore an important basis for formulating policies to tackle global climate change, and analyzing the current research progress can provide ideas and methods for the effective evaluation of the industrial economy. Therefore, in this paper, we summarized both the positive and negative effects of climate changes on the industrial fields and found that the influences of climatic changes on different industrial sectors are slightly variable. For example, while the mining industry, so far, has positively responded to the changing climate, severe weather events such as storms, drought, and rain could severely impede the normal production and business operation activities of the mining industry in the future. The manufacturing industry mostly involves indoor jobs, which are relatively resistant to extreme weather events, and some industries have complex response mechanisms. In terms of the construction industry, its losses are mainly indirect through increased electricity costs. The production and supply industries for electricity, heat, and water would suffer transmission supply losses in extreme weather events; and as the largest carbon emission industries, the costs of emission reduction would affect the economic growth of this sector in the short term. Overall, the industrial sectors pay relatively high costs for climate change mitigation and adaptation, and therefore, the quantitative evaluation of industrial economic losses through models is crucial for both the development of reasonable policies and ensuring a smooth and consistent growth of the industrial economy.

The social economical losses because of mortality due to alcohol-associated causes

The evaluation of social economic losses based on the analysis of mortality of alcohol-associated causes in the Republic of Buryatia was carried out. It is established that in the Republic in 1993-2017 the average mortality due to alcohol-associated causes made up to 3.52% of total population mortality. This indicator is significantly higher among died individuals of able-bodied age, reaching 6.98±0.11% in this cohort. The economic damage due to direct alcohol-associated causes of death of individuals of able-bodied age made up to 4,123.9 million rubles, including 2038.3 million rubles in male population and 319.3 million rubles in female population, considering employment of analyzed population cohort. The social and economic damage due to population premature mortality in the Republic of Buryatia and directly related to alcohol consumption was calculated on the basis of potential demography principle. In average, the annual social losses made up to 80,248.37 man-years not survived till the end of able-bodied age. In total, the concomitant economic losses for the mentioned above period made up to 4.1 billion rubles. The obtained data testify both high level of alcoholization of population of the Republic of Buryatia and necessity of the activation of activities targeted to primary prevention.

Protection from emergencies, use of natural resources and system of economic loss evaluation in Russia

In recent years, the world has experienced large-scale pollution and poisoning of environmental objects and the disappearance of certain parts of natural resources. The current research uses statistical data and methods in order to analyze the situation in the sphere of ecological and biological development on the basis of the main indicators. Among these indicators was chosen the current (operating) costs of environmental protection. The natural resource base of the Russian economy, the problems of which require immediate solutions, must be protected by the state. The country’s environmental policy is aimed at creating appropriate conditions for reducing the anthropogenic impact on the environment to an acceptable level and restructuring this impact. Maintaining the life-supporting systems of the biosphere, protecting and reproducing reserves are the primary actions that the natural resource base of the Russian economy requires. The problems facing today can be solved as follows: improving the regulatory system, developing the institution of state property, taking into account the division of competence between the state and the subjects, reforming and improving the system of economic assessment and accounting of natural resources, environmental restrictions, licensing the use of reserves, gradual changes in tax legislation, aimed at increasing the share of environmental payments while reducing rates for other fees, improving economic and financial mechanisms for the reproduction of reserves, developing the market for services and work in the field of environmental management.

Evaluation of economic losses and collapse safety of steel moment frame buildings designed for risk categories II and IV

This paper quantifies the collapse risk and earthquake-induced economic loss in low- to mid-rise steel frame buildings assigned to different risk categories, which are designed with perimeter special moment-resisting frames in highly seismic regions in North America. Each archetype building is designed in accordance with two seismic design force levels as permitted within current seismic building code provisions. For this purpose, a probabilistic framework that can explicitly account for various uncertainties inherent in seismic hazard, structural response, and resulting damage is used. It is shown that, depending on the seismic design practice, the collapse risk of the archetype buildings may be of fundamental concern. In this case, it is suggested that the upper-bound design practice, which provides the maximum strength and stiffness to the relevant building, should be used in the structural design process. For moderate-to-high seismic events, the expected economic loss due to building demolition and replacement is the greatest contributor to the total economic losses in low- to mid-rise standard office buildings of an ordinary use, whereas the repair of nonstructural components is the most significant contributor to the total loss in higher-occupancy archetype buildings. For frequent seismic events, the repair to acceleration-controlled nonstructural components accounts for most of the economic losses regardless of assigned risk category.

Fuzzy Evaluation Model of Economic Loss in High Density Marine Traffic Accidents Based on Big Data Analysis

Shi, L., 2019. Fuzzy evaluation model of economic loss in high density marine traffic accidents based on big data analysis. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 768–774. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The traditional fault tree analysis method cannot accurately evaluate the economic loss of high-density marine traffic accidents, so a fuzzy evaluation model of high-density marine traffic accident economic loss based on big data analysis is proposed. Dimensionless processing is carried out for each variable value of the economic loss evaluation index of maritime traffic accidents. According to the processing results, the absolute and relative indexes of accidents are used to reasonably convert the economic loss data of traffic accidents into safety index for calculation. On this basis, the index of the safety condition of maritime traffic is determined, and finally the construction of the fuzzy evaluation of economic loss of maritime traffic accidents is realized. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional model, the model can better reflect the actual water safety situation, and can accurately analyze and evaluate the economic losses caused by maritime traffic accidents. It shows that the model is reliable in evaluating the economic losses caused by maritime traffic accidents, and can provide a strong guarantee for maritime traffic.